From 0f781f567953b5631593ae8db6b0f69d1069faad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lzy <949777411@qq.com> Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2025 10:23:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=97=AE=E9=A2=98=E5=88=86=E7=B1=BB?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- layer1/ALL-merge/classify.py | 126 + layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.log | 3214 ++ layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.py | 157 + layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.log | 2289 ++ layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.py | 169 + layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json | 40222 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 46177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 layer1/ALL-merge/classify.py create mode 100644 layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.log create mode 100644 layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.py create mode 100644 layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.log create mode 100644 layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.py create mode 100644 layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json diff --git a/layer1/ALL-merge/classify.py b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba0c022 --- /dev/null +++ b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify.py @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +import json +from openai import OpenAI +import time +import os +from tqdm import tqdm +import pandas as pd +import re + +API_KEY="sk-oYh3Xrhg8oDY2gW02c966f31C84449Ad86F9Cd9dF6E64a8d" +BASE_URL="https://vip.apiyi.com/v1" +MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3="deepseek-chat" +CATEGORIES = ['Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Biological', 'Unknown'] +# 加载JSON数据 +def load_data(file_path): + with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + data = json.load(f) + return data + +def classify_question(idx, len,question, options): + prompt = f""" + Please classify the given question into one of these three categories: 'Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Biological' or 'Unknown'.\n + Please format your response by wrapping the category name with the tags [CATEGORY] and [\CATEGORY]. For example, your response should look like one of these:\n + - [CATEGORY]Physics[\CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Chemistry[\CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Biological[\CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Unknown[\CATEGORY] + Question: {question}\n + Options: {options}\n + + """ + client = OpenAI(api_key = API_KEY,base_url = BASE_URL) + # 重试机制 + max_retries = 3 + for attempt in range(max_retries): + try: + response = client.chat.completions.create( + model= MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3, + messages=[ + {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful educational assistant."}, + {"role": "user", "content": prompt} + ], + temperature=0.3, + stream = False, + ) + + classification = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + extracted_category = string_extraction(idx,len,classification) + if extracted_category in CATEGORIES: + return extracted_category + else: + print(f"Invalid category '{extracted_category}' returned. Retrying. {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}") + continue + + except Exception as e: + print(f"Error on attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}: {e}") + if attempt == max_retries - 1: + return 'Error' # 如果达到最大重试次数，返回错误 + + # 在重试之前等待 + time.sleep(2) + + return 'Error' +def string_extraction(idx,len,classification): + pattern = r'\[CATEGORY\](.*?)\[\\CATEGORY\]' + match = re.search(pattern, classification) + print(f"{idx + 1}/{len}: {match.group(1)}") + # if match: + # return match.group(1) + # else: + # return "Unknown" + + return match.group(1) if match else 'Unknown' + +def main(): + # 加载数据 + file_path = '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged.json' # 替换为你的JSON文件路径 + data = load_data(file_path) + data_length = len(data) + # 创建结果列表 + results = [] + + # 处理每个问题 + for i, item in enumerate(tqdm(data, desc="Classifying questions")): + question = item.get('question', '') + text = item['choices']['text'] + label = item['choices']['label'] + formatted_choices = " ".join([f"({lbl}) {txt}" for lbl, txt in zip(label, text)]) + # correct_answer = item.get('correct_answer', '') + + classification = classify_question(i, data_length,question,formatted_choices) + # 添加分类结果 + item_with_classification = item.copy() + item_with_classification['subject_category'] = classification + results.append(item_with_classification) + + # 每处理100个问题，保存一次中间结果 + if (i + 1) % 100 == 0: + # with open('interim_results.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + # json.dump(results, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4) + + # 可选：分析中间结果 + categories = {'Physics': 0, 'Chemistry': 0, 'Biological': 0, 'Unknown': 0} + for item in results: + categories[item.get('subject_category', 'Unknown')] += 1 + + print(f"Processed {i+1} questions. Current distribution:") + for category, count in categories.items(): + print(f"{category}: {count}") + + # API速率限制处理 + time.sleep(0.5) + + # 保存最终结果 + with open('/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged_classified.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + json.dump(results, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4) + + # 分析结果 + df = pd.DataFrame(results) + category_counts = df['subject_category'].value_counts() + print("\nFinal distribution of questions by category:") + print(category_counts) + + print("\nTask completed. Results saved to 'classified_questions.json'") + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.log b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b41804 --- /dev/null +++ b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.log @@ -0,0 +1,3214 @@ +Starting classification with 10 threads... +1/3023: Chemistry +4/3023: Chemistry +3/3023: Physics +5/3023: Physics +6/3023: Physics +8/3023: Physics +10/3023: Physics +9/3023: Chemistry +7/3023: Chemistry +2/3023: Chemistry +15/3023: Chemistry +13/3023: Chemistry +14/3023: Chemistry +16/3023: Chemistry +11/3023: Physics +18/3023: Chemistry +12/3023: Chemistry +20/3023: Chemistry +19/3023: Chemistry +17/3023: Chemistry +26/3023: Physics +22/3023: Chemistry +24/3023: Chemistry +25/3023: Chemistry +21/3023: Physics +23/3023: Chemistry +29/3023: Physics +28/3023: Physics +30/3023: Physics +27/3023: Chemistry +31/3023: Chemistry +32/3023: Chemistry +33/3023: Chemistry +34/3023: Chemistry +36/3023: Physics +35/3023: Chemistry +39/3023: Chemistry +37/3023: Physics +40/3023: Chemistry +38/3023: Chemistry +42/3023: Physics +41/3023: Chemistry +46/3023: Chemistry +45/3023: Chemistry +47/3023: Chemistry +51/3023: Physics +49/3023: Chemistry +48/3023: Chemistry +44/3023: Physics +43/3023: Biological +52/3023: Chemistry +50/3023: Chemistry +54/3023: Physics +53/3023: Chemistry +55/3023: Biological +56/3023: Physics +57/3023: Physics +58/3023: Physics +59/3023: Physics +62/3023: Chemistry +65/3023: Chemistry +60/3023: Chemistry +61/3023: Physics +66/3023: Biological +67/3023: Chemistry +68/3023: Chemistry +63/3023: Physics +70/3023: Chemistry +64/3023: Chemistry +72/3023: Chemistry +73/3023: Physics +69/3023: Physics +71/3023: Chemistry +74/3023: Physics +75/3023: Physics +81/3023: Chemistry +77/3023: Physics +85/3023: Chemistry +84/3023: Physics +79/3023: Physics +80/3023: Physics +78/3023: Physics +76/3023: Chemistry +83/3023: Physics +88/3023: Physics +87/3023: Chemistry +89/3023: Chemistry +91/3023: Chemistry +92/3023: Chemistry +94/3023: Chemistry +86/3023: Chemistry +95/3023: Biological +82/3023: Physics +99/3023: Chemistry +96/3023: Chemistry +101/3023: Chemistry +90/3023: Chemistry +97/3023: Chemistry +100/3023: Chemistry +93/3023: Biological + +Processed 100 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 35 +Chemistry: 60 +Biological: 5 +Unknown: 0 +102/3023: Physics +104/3023: Chemistry +108/3023: Chemistry +111/3023: Chemistry +105/3023: Physics +106/3023: Physics +109/3023: Physics +110/3023: Physics +107/3023: Chemistry +98/3023: Physics +112/3023: Chemistry +115/3023: Physics +103/3023: Biological +116/3023: Chemistry +118/3023: Biological +117/3023: Chemistry +113/3023: Physics +120/3023: Chemistry +121/3023: Chemistry +114/3023: Chemistry +123/3023: Biological +125/3023: Chemistry +122/3023: Physics +119/3023: Chemistry +124/3023: Physics +126/3023: Biological +127/3023: Chemistry +129/3023: Chemistry +132/3023: Chemistry +130/3023: Biological +134/3023: Chemistry +128/3023: Physics +131/3023: Chemistry +133/3023: Physics +137/3023: Chemistry +138/3023: Chemistry +135/3023: Physics +136/3023: Chemistry +140/3023: Physics +139/3023: Chemistry +142/3023: Physics +141/3023: Physics +145/3023: Physics +143/3023: Physics +144/3023: Physics +147/3023: Chemistry +148/3023: Physics +146/3023: Physics +150/3023: Physics +149/3023: Chemistry +153/3023: Physics +152/3023: Physics +154/3023: Physics +157/3023: Physics +151/3023: Physics +155/3023: Chemistry +156/3023: Chemistry +160/3023: Physics +158/3023: Chemistry +162/3023: Chemistry +159/3023: Chemistry +161/3023: Chemistry +163/3023: Chemistry +166/3023: Chemistry +164/3023: Chemistry +165/3023: Chemistry +171/3023: Chemistry +167/3023: Physics +169/3023: Chemistry +168/3023: Physics +170/3023: Chemistry +172/3023: Physics +174/3023: Chemistry +173/3023: Physics +175/3023: Physics +176/3023: Chemistry +179/3023: Biological +178/3023: Unknown +181/3023: Physics +177/3023: Chemistry +182/3023: Chemistry +180/3023: Physics +183/3023: Chemistry +185/3023: Chemistry +184/3023: Chemistry +187/3023: Biological +188/3023: Chemistry +186/3023: Chemistry +189/3023: Biological +190/3023: Physics +191/3023: Chemistry +192/3023: Physics +194/3023: Physics +193/3023: Physics +198/3023: Physics +195/3023: Physics +197/3023: Chemistry +196/3023: Physics +199/3023: Physics +200/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 200 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 78 +Chemistry: 108 +Biological: 13 +Unknown: 1 +201/3023: Chemistry +203/3023: Chemistry +204/3023: Biological +202/3023: Chemistry +206/3023: Biological +208/3023: Chemistry +205/3023: Physics +207/3023: Chemistry +210/3023: Chemistry +214/3023: Physics +211/3023: Chemistry +209/3023: Physics +212/3023: Chemistry +215/3023: Biological +213/3023: Physics +217/3023: Physics +216/3023: Chemistry +218/3023: Physics +219/3023: Chemistry +222/3023: Physics +221/3023: Biological +223/3023: Physics +220/3023: Chemistry +224/3023: Chemistry +228/3023: Physics +227/3023: Chemistry +225/3023: Physics +226/3023: Physics +229/3023: Physics +233/3023: Physics +231/3023: Chemistry +230/3023: Physics +235/3023: Chemistry +234/3023: Physics +232/3023: Chemistry +236/3023: Physics +237/3023: Physics +239/3023: Chemistry +240/3023: Chemistry +238/3023: Chemistry +242/3023: Physics +243/3023: Physics +247/3023: Physics +245/3023: Chemistry +244/3023: Physics +241/3023: Physics +246/3023: Chemistry +248/3023: Physics +249/3023: Physics +250/3023: Chemistry +255/3023: Chemistry +251/3023: Chemistry +253/3023: Physics +252/3023: Physics +254/3023: Chemistry +257/3023: Physics +259/3023: Biological +256/3023: Physics +260/3023: Chemistry +258/3023: Physics +261/3023: Chemistry +263/3023: Chemistry +265/3023: Chemistry +262/3023: Physics +266/3023: Chemistry +268/3023: Physics +264/3023: Physics +269/3023: Chemistry +270/3023: Physics +267/3023: Physics +273/3023: Physics +272/3023: Physics +271/3023: Chemistry +274/3023: Biological +275/3023: Chemistry +276/3023: Chemistry +277/3023: Chemistry +278/3023: Physics +280/3023: Chemistry +283/3023: Physics +282/3023: Chemistry +281/3023: Chemistry +279/3023: Chemistry +284/3023: Physics +289/3023: Chemistry +285/3023: Chemistry +287/3023: Physics +286/3023: Physics +290/3023: Chemistry +288/3023: Biological +291/3023: Chemistry +293/3023: Biological +296/3023: Chemistry +295/3023: Biological +294/3023: Chemistry +292/3023: Chemistry +298/3023: Biological +297/3023: Chemistry +299/3023: Physics +300/3023: Biological + +Processed 300 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 120 +Chemistry: 155 +Biological: 24 +Unknown: 1 +301/3023: Physics +302/3023: Physics +307/3023: Chemistry +303/3023: Chemistry +308/3023: Physics +304/3023: Chemistry +305/3023: Chemistry +306/3023: Biological +311/3023: Chemistry +310/3023: Biological +309/3023: Physics +312/3023: Physics +313/3023: Chemistry +314/3023: Chemistry +315/3023: Physics +317/3023: Chemistry +316/3023: Chemistry +319/3023: Physics +321/3023: Physics +320/3023: Chemistry +318/3023: Chemistry +322/3023: Physics +323/3023: Chemistry +325/3023: Chemistry +324/3023: Physics +328/3023: Physics +326/3023: Physics +329/3023: Biological +327/3023: Chemistry +331/3023: Chemistry +334/3023: Physics +335/3023: Chemistry +333/3023: Chemistry +330/3023: Chemistry +332/3023: Physics +338/3023: Physics +339/3023: Physics +337/3023: Chemistry +340/3023: Chemistry +336/3023: Chemistry +345/3023: Chemistry +342/3023: Chemistry +344/3023: Chemistry +341/3023: Physics +347/3023: Physics +348/3023: Chemistry +343/3023: Chemistry +349/3023: Chemistry +346/3023: Chemistry +350/3023: Chemistry +352/3023: Chemistry +354/3023: Chemistry +353/3023: Chemistry +356/3023: Physics +359/3023: Physics +358/3023: Chemistry +361/3023: Physics +363/3023: Chemistry +362/3023: Chemistry +365/3023: Chemistry +351/3023: Chemistry +364/3023: Chemistry +366/3023: Chemistry +357/3023: Chemistry +367/3023: Chemistry +371/3023: Chemistry +373/3023: Chemistry +370/3023: Chemistry +374/3023: Chemistry +372/3023: Chemistry +375/3023: Biological +360/3023: Physics +369/3023: Chemistry +380/3023: Physics +379/3023: Chemistry +381/3023: Chemistry +368/3023: Chemistry +378/3023: Biological +382/3023: Chemistry +383/3023: Chemistry +386/3023: Chemistry +376/3023: Physics +388/3023: Chemistry +377/3023: Unknown +387/3023: Physics +385/3023: Physics +384/3023: Chemistry +389/3023: Chemistry +390/3023: Physics +392/3023: Chemistry +395/3023: Chemistry +393/3023: Physics +394/3023: Chemistry +391/3023: Chemistry +396/3023: Physics +400/3023: Chemistry +399/3023: Chemistry +397/3023: Physics +401/3023: Physics +398/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 400 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 151 +Chemistry: 218 +Biological: 29 +Unknown: 2 +404/3023: Physics +402/3023: Chemistry +403/3023: Chemistry +408/3023: Chemistry +409/3023: Chemistry +406/3023: Biological +407/3023: Unknown +405/3023: Physics +410/3023: Chemistry +411/3023: Chemistry +412/3023: Physics +414/3023: Physics +413/3023: Chemistry +416/3023: Physics +417/3023: Physics +415/3023: Chemistry +419/3023: Physics +420/3023: Chemistry +423/3023: Chemistry +418/3023: Chemistry +422/3023: Chemistry +421/3023: Chemistry +355/3023: Chemistry +424/3023: Physics +426/3023: Physics +425/3023: Chemistry +427/3023: Physics +431/3023: Chemistry +429/3023: Physics +428/3023: Physics +432/3023: Physics +430/3023: Chemistry +433/3023: Physics +434/3023: Chemistry +436/3023: Chemistry +439/3023: Physics +435/3023: Physics +438/3023: Physics +437/3023: Physics +442/3023: Physics +441/3023: Chemistry +440/3023: Chemistry +443/3023: Physics +444/3023: Chemistry +448/3023: Chemistry +447/3023: Chemistry +449/3023: Chemistry +446/3023: Chemistry +445/3023: Chemistry +453/3023: Biological +452/3023: Physics +451/3023: Physics +450/3023: Physics +455/3023: Chemistry +454/3023: Physics +458/3023: Physics +456/3023: Chemistry +457/3023: Physics +460/3023: Chemistry +459/3023: Chemistry +461/3023: Physics +462/3023: Chemistry +465/3023: Physics +463/3023: Physics +464/3023: Chemistry +468/3023: Physics +466/3023: Chemistry +470/3023: Chemistry +467/3023: Biological +469/3023: Chemistry +473/3023: Chemistry +472/3023: Physics +471/3023: Chemistry +474/3023: Chemistry +478/3023: Physics +475/3023: Physics +476/3023: Chemistry +477/3023: Physics +479/3023: Chemistry +480/3023: Chemistry +481/3023: Physics +483/3023: Physics +482/3023: Chemistry +487/3023: Physics +484/3023: Physics +485/3023: Chemistry +490/3023: Physics +486/3023: Chemistry +489/3023: Physics +491/3023: Chemistry +488/3023: Chemistry +492/3023: Physics +493/3023: Physics +496/3023: Physics +495/3023: Biological +494/3023: Chemistry +497/3023: Physics +499/3023: Physics +502/3023: Chemistry +498/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 500 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 196 +Chemistry: 268 +Biological: 33 +Unknown: 3 +501/3023: Chemistry +500/3023: Physics +504/3023: Physics +506/3023: Physics +503/3023: Physics +505/3023: Chemistry +509/3023: Physics +507/3023: Chemistry +508/3023: Chemistry +511/3023: Chemistry +510/3023: Physics +514/3023: Chemistry +515/3023: Chemistry +516/3023: Chemistry +519/3023: Physics +513/3023: Physics +518/3023: Physics +512/3023: Chemistry +517/3023: Physics +520/3023: Physics +521/3023: Physics +522/3023: Physics +525/3023: Physics +524/3023: Chemistry +523/3023: Chemistry +527/3023: Chemistry +526/3023: Biological +529/3023: Chemistry +531/3023: Chemistry +528/3023: Chemistry +530/3023: Chemistry +536/3023: Physics +532/3023: Physics +534/3023: Chemistry +533/3023: Physics +537/3023: Physics +535/3023: Physics +540/3023: Chemistry +539/3023: Chemistry +538/3023: Chemistry +545/3023: Chemistry +541/3023: Chemistry +542/3023: Physics +543/3023: Chemistry +544/3023: Physics +546/3023: Chemistry +547/3023: Physics +549/3023: Chemistry +548/3023: Physics +551/3023: Chemistry +550/3023: Physics +552/3023: Physics +555/3023: Biological +554/3023: Chemistry +553/3023: Chemistry +557/3023: Physics +558/3023: Chemistry +556/3023: Physics +559/3023: Physics +560/3023: Biological +561/3023: Physics +563/3023: Chemistry +562/3023: Physics +564/3023: Chemistry +565/3023: Physics +566/3023: Physics +568/3023: Chemistry +571/3023: Chemistry +572/3023: Physics +569/3023: Physics +567/3023: Chemistry +570/3023: Chemistry +574/3023: Chemistry +573/3023: Chemistry +576/3023: Physics +575/3023: Physics +577/3023: Chemistry +578/3023: Chemistry +579/3023: Physics +580/3023: Physics +581/3023: Physics +582/3023: Physics +583/3023: Chemistry +585/3023: Chemistry +584/3023: Physics +588/3023: Chemistry +587/3023: Physics +586/3023: Physics +589/3023: Biological +591/3023: Chemistry +592/3023: Chemistry +590/3023: Physics +593/3023: Chemistry +594/3023: Physics +599/3023: Chemistry +598/3023: Physics +595/3023: Chemistry +597/3023: Physics +596/3023: Chemistry +600/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 600 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 243 +Chemistry: 317 +Biological: 37 +Unknown: 3 +601/3023: Physics +602/3023: Physics +603/3023: Physics +604/3023: Physics +607/3023: Physics +605/3023: Physics +606/3023: Chemistry +609/3023: Physics +608/3023: Chemistry +610/3023: Physics +611/3023: Chemistry +615/3023: Physics +612/3023: Chemistry +614/3023: Chemistry +613/3023: Physics +616/3023: Chemistry +620/3023: Chemistry +618/3023: Chemistry +619/3023: Chemistry +617/3023: Biological +622/3023: Chemistry +626/3023: Chemistry +621/3023: Chemistry +624/3023: Chemistry +627/3023: Chemistry +629/3023: Chemistry +623/3023: Physics +632/3023: Chemistry +633/3023: Chemistry +631/3023: Chemistry +634/3023: Chemistry +625/3023: Chemistry +635/3023: Chemistry +636/3023: Chemistry +638/3023: Chemistry +641/3023: Chemistry +643/3023: Chemistry +637/3023: Chemistry +644/3023: Chemistry +645/3023: Physics +646/3023: Chemistry +647/3023: Chemistry +630/3023: Chemistry +639/3023: Chemistry +648/3023: Chemistry +649/3023: Physics +640/3023: Chemistry +651/3023: Physics +652/3023: Chemistry +656/3023: Chemistry +653/3023: Chemistry +657/3023: Chemistry +642/3023: Chemistry +654/3023: Chemistry +662/3023: Chemistry +660/3023: Chemistry +663/3023: Chemistry +655/3023: Chemistry +665/3023: Chemistry +666/3023: Chemistry +667/3023: Chemistry +650/3023: Chemistry +661/3023: Chemistry +664/3023: Chemistry +658/3023: Chemistry +668/3023: Chemistry +669/3023: Chemistry +670/3023: Chemistry +673/3023: Physics +672/3023: Physics +674/3023: Chemistry +678/3023: Chemistry +675/3023: Chemistry +680/3023: Chemistry +671/3023: Chemistry +679/3023: Physics +676/3023: Chemistry +677/3023: Chemistry +682/3023: Chemistry +681/3023: Chemistry +684/3023: Chemistry +686/3023: Chemistry +683/3023: Chemistry +688/3023: Chemistry +687/3023: Chemistry +685/3023: Chemistry +690/3023: Chemistry +689/3023: Chemistry +691/3023: Chemistry +693/3023: Chemistry +696/3023: Chemistry +695/3023: Chemistry +694/3023: Chemistry +692/3023: Physics +698/3023: Chemistry +699/3023: Chemistry +697/3023: Chemistry +702/3023: Physics +701/3023: Chemistry +703/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 700 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 262 +Chemistry: 397 +Biological: 38 +Unknown: 3 +700/3023: Chemistry +704/3023: Physics +706/3023: Chemistry +705/3023: Chemistry +707/3023: Chemistry +708/3023: Chemistry +711/3023: Chemistry +709/3023: Chemistry +713/3023: Chemistry +710/3023: Chemistry +712/3023: Chemistry +714/3023: Chemistry +715/3023: Chemistry +718/3023: Physics +717/3023: Chemistry +716/3023: Chemistry +722/3023: Chemistry +723/3023: Chemistry +721/3023: Chemistry +720/3023: Chemistry +719/3023: Chemistry +725/3023: Chemistry +724/3023: Chemistry +727/3023: Chemistry +726/3023: Chemistry +729/3023: Physics +728/3023: Physics +732/3023: Chemistry +730/3023: Chemistry +734/3023: Chemistry +731/3023: Physics +733/3023: Chemistry +735/3023: Chemistry +738/3023: Chemistry +736/3023: Chemistry +739/3023: Biological +737/3023: Chemistry +740/3023: Biological +742/3023: Chemistry +741/3023: Biological +746/3023: Chemistry +744/3023: Chemistry +747/3023: Chemistry +743/3023: Chemistry +748/3023: Chemistry +745/3023: Chemistry +750/3023: Chemistry +749/3023: Chemistry +751/3023: Chemistry +752/3023: Chemistry +755/3023: Chemistry +753/3023: Chemistry +756/3023: Chemistry +758/3023: Chemistry +754/3023: Chemistry +759/3023: Chemistry +757/3023: Chemistry +761/3023: Chemistry +760/3023: Chemistry +762/3023: Chemistry +763/3023: Chemistry +765/3023: Physics +766/3023: Chemistry +767/3023: Chemistry +764/3023: Chemistry +768/3023: Chemistry +769/3023: Chemistry +770/3023: Chemistry +771/3023: Chemistry +775/3023: Chemistry +772/3023: Chemistry +776/3023: Chemistry +773/3023: Chemistry +774/3023: Chemistry +777/3023: Chemistry +778/3023: Chemistry +782/3023: Chemistry +783/3023: Chemistry +779/3023: Physics +780/3023: Chemistry +784/3023: Chemistry +781/3023: Chemistry +785/3023: Chemistry +786/3023: Chemistry +790/3023: Chemistry +787/3023: Chemistry +788/3023: Chemistry +789/3023: Chemistry +792/3023: Chemistry +791/3023: Chemistry +793/3023: Chemistry +794/3023: Chemistry +798/3023: Chemistry +795/3023: Chemistry +797/3023: Chemistry +796/3023: Chemistry +799/3023: Chemistry +800/3023: Chemistry +802/3023: Chemistry +801/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 800 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 269 +Chemistry: 487 +Biological: 41 +Unknown: 3 +805/3023: Chemistry +804/3023: Chemistry +806/3023: Chemistry +803/3023: Chemistry +807/3023: Chemistry +809/3023: Chemistry +808/3023: Chemistry +810/3023: Chemistry +812/3023: Chemistry +814/3023: Chemistry +815/3023: Chemistry +811/3023: Chemistry +813/3023: Chemistry +816/3023: Chemistry +819/3023: Chemistry +817/3023: Chemistry +820/3023: Chemistry +818/3023: Chemistry +821/3023: Chemistry +823/3023: Chemistry +824/3023: Chemistry +822/3023: Chemistry +825/3023: Chemistry +826/3023: Chemistry +829/3023: Chemistry +827/3023: Chemistry +830/3023: Chemistry +828/3023: Chemistry +832/3023: Chemistry +831/3023: Chemistry +834/3023: Chemistry +833/3023: Chemistry +836/3023: Chemistry +839/3023: Physics +837/3023: Chemistry +838/3023: Chemistry +835/3023: Chemistry +842/3023: Chemistry +840/3023: Chemistry +841/3023: Chemistry +843/3023: Chemistry +846/3023: Chemistry +844/3023: Chemistry +845/3023: Chemistry +847/3023: Chemistry +850/3023: Physics +848/3023: Physics +849/3023: Physics +851/3023: Physics +853/3023: Physics +854/3023: Physics +852/3023: Physics +858/3023: Physics +855/3023: Physics +856/3023: Physics +628/3023: Chemistry +857/3023: Physics +860/3023: Physics +864/3023: Physics +862/3023: Physics +863/3023: Chemistry +867/3023: Physics +861/3023: Physics +866/3023: Physics +865/3023: Chemistry +870/3023: Physics +869/3023: Physics +871/3023: Chemistry +873/3023: Physics +872/3023: Unknown +859/3023: Physics +875/3023: Physics +874/3023: Chemistry +876/3023: Biological +877/3023: Chemistry +868/3023: Chemistry +878/3023: Chemistry +879/3023: Physics +880/3023: Chemistry +882/3023: Physics +881/3023: Physics +886/3023: Chemistry +884/3023: Chemistry +887/3023: Chemistry +885/3023: Physics +888/3023: Physics +889/3023: Physics +891/3023: Chemistry +892/3023: Chemistry +659/3023: Chemistry +894/3023: Physics +883/3023: Physics +895/3023: Physics +896/3023: Chemistry +890/3023: Physics +893/3023: Chemistry +899/3023: Physics +897/3023: Chemistry +900/3023: Physics +898/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 900 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 304 +Chemistry: 550 +Biological: 42 +Unknown: 4 +902/3023: Biological +905/3023: Biological +908/3023: Chemistry +907/3023: Physics +906/3023: Physics +910/3023: Chemistry +901/3023: Biological +909/3023: Chemistry +903/3023: Biological +904/3023: Biological +914/3023: Chemistry +913/3023: Unknown +917/3023: Physics +916/3023: Physics +912/3023: Unknown +915/3023: Physics +911/3023: Unknown +920/3023: Biological +918/3023: Physics +919/3023: Physics +921/3023: Physics +925/3023: Biological +922/3023: Physics +923/3023: Biological +924/3023: Chemistry +927/3023: Biological +926/3023: Biological +928/3023: Biological +931/3023: Chemistry +929/3023: Chemistry +930/3023: Chemistry +934/3023: Chemistry +935/3023: Chemistry +933/3023: Chemistry +932/3023: Chemistry +939/3023: Chemistry +937/3023: Chemistry +938/3023: Chemistry +936/3023: Chemistry +940/3023: Chemistry +942/3023: Chemistry +947/3023: Physics +941/3023: Chemistry +945/3023: Chemistry +944/3023: Chemistry +943/3023: Chemistry +948/3023: Physics +946/3023: Chemistry +949/3023: Chemistry +950/3023: Chemistry +951/3023: Chemistry +956/3023: Chemistry +954/3023: Chemistry +953/3023: Chemistry +952/3023: Physics +958/3023: Physics +955/3023: Chemistry +957/3023: Physics +960/3023: Chemistry +962/3023: Biological +963/3023: Chemistry +959/3023: Physics +961/3023: Chemistry +966/3023: Physics +965/3023: Chemistry +964/3023: Chemistry +967/3023: Physics +968/3023: Biological +972/3023: Biological +969/3023: Biological +971/3023: Biological +970/3023: Biological +975/3023: Chemistry +973/3023: Biological +977/3023: Physics +974/3023: Chemistry +978/3023: Biological +976/3023: Physics +979/3023: Physics +980/3023: Physics +982/3023: Chemistry +981/3023: Chemistry +985/3023: Physics +984/3023: Chemistry +983/3023: Physics +987/3023: Chemistry +986/3023: Physics +988/3023: Chemistry +990/3023: Chemistry +989/3023: Physics +991/3023: Chemistry +992/3023: Physics +993/3023: Chemistry +995/3023: Chemistry +994/3023: Chemistry +997/3023: Chemistry +998/3023: Chemistry +1001/3023: Physics +999/3023: Physics +996/3023: Physics + +Processed 1000 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 333 +Chemistry: 599 +Biological: 61 +Unknown: 7 +1000/3023: Physics +1003/3023: Chemistry +1002/3023: Chemistry +1005/3023: Chemistry +1004/3023: Chemistry +1011/3023: Physics +1010/3023: Chemistry +1007/3023: Chemistry +1008/3023: Biological +1013/3023: Chemistry +1009/3023: Physics +1012/3023: Physics +1006/3023: Chemistry +1014/3023: Physics +1017/3023: Chemistry +1016/3023: Chemistry +1015/3023: Chemistry +1018/3023: Chemistry +1019/3023: Chemistry +1023/3023: Physics +1021/3023: Chemistry +1020/3023: Chemistry +1022/3023: Physics +1025/3023: Physics +1026/3023: Chemistry +1024/3023: Chemistry +1028/3023: Physics +1031/3023: Physics +1027/3023: Chemistry +1030/3023: Physics +1033/3023: Chemistry +1032/3023: Chemistry +1029/3023: Chemistry +1034/3023: Chemistry +1036/3023: Physics +1035/3023: Chemistry +1040/3023: Physics +1037/3023: Physics +1038/3023: Chemistry +1041/3023: Chemistry +1039/3023: Physics +1043/3023: Chemistry +1042/3023: Chemistry +1044/3023: Chemistry +1045/3023: Physics +1046/3023: Chemistry +1047/3023: Chemistry +1050/3023: Chemistry +1052/3023: Physics +1048/3023: Chemistry +1051/3023: Chemistry +1049/3023: Chemistry +1053/3023: Chemistry +1054/3023: Chemistry +1055/3023: Physics +1057/3023: Chemistry +1056/3023: Chemistry +1060/3023: Physics +1059/3023: Chemistry +1058/3023: Chemistry +1062/3023: Chemistry +1061/3023: Physics +1064/3023: Physics +1066/3023: Chemistry +1067/3023: Physics +1065/3023: Chemistry +1063/3023: Chemistry +1068/3023: Chemistry +1070/3023: Biological +1069/3023: Chemistry +1073/3023: Chemistry +1074/3023: Unknown +1071/3023: Chemistry +1076/3023: Chemistry +1077/3023: Chemistry +1075/3023: Chemistry +1072/3023: Physics +1078/3023: Chemistry +1079/3023: Chemistry +1080/3023: Physics +1083/3023: Physics +1084/3023: Chemistry +1081/3023: Chemistry +1086/3023: Physics +1082/3023: Biological +1085/3023: Chemistry +1088/3023: Chemistry +1087/3023: Chemistry +1089/3023: Chemistry +1090/3023: Chemistry +1091/3023: Biological +1092/3023: Chemistry +1096/3023: Chemistry +1093/3023: Chemistry +1094/3023: Chemistry +1095/3023: Chemistry +1097/3023: Biological +1098/3023: Chemistry +1099/3023: Chemistry +1100/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1100 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 359 +Chemistry: 667 +Biological: 66 +Unknown: 8 +1101/3023: Chemistry +1102/3023: Physics +1103/3023: Physics +1106/3023: Physics +1107/3023: Chemistry +1105/3023: Physics +1104/3023: Physics +1109/3023: Chemistry +1108/3023: Chemistry +1111/3023: Physics +1114/3023: Chemistry +1110/3023: Chemistry +1112/3023: Chemistry +1113/3023: Physics +1116/3023: Physics +1117/3023: Biological +1115/3023: Chemistry +1121/3023: Physics +1122/3023: Chemistry +1124/3023: Chemistry +1125/3023: Chemistry +1127/3023: Physics +1123/3023: Chemistry +1126/3023: Physics +1120/3023: Chemistry +1129/3023: Physics +1130/3023: Physics +1136/3023: Physics +1133/3023: Physics +1135/3023: Chemistry +1134/3023: Physics +1118/3023: Chemistry +1119/3023: Chemistry +1132/3023: Physics +1128/3023: Physics +1137/3023: Physics +1138/3023: Physics +1131/3023: Chemistry +1143/3023: Chemistry +1140/3023: Chemistry +1142/3023: Chemistry +1141/3023: Biological +1144/3023: Chemistry +1145/3023: Physics +1146/3023: Physics +1148/3023: Physics +1149/3023: Biological +1150/3023: Chemistry +1139/3023: Chemistry +1151/3023: Physics +1155/3023: Chemistry +1156/3023: Physics +1147/3023: Chemistry +1157/3023: Chemistry +1152/3023: Chemistry +1154/3023: Chemistry +1153/3023: Chemistry +1159/3023: Chemistry +1158/3023: Chemistry +1162/3023: Chemistry +1160/3023: Chemistry +1166/3023: Chemistry +1164/3023: Chemistry +1161/3023: Biological +1165/3023: Physics +1163/3023: Physics +1169/3023: Chemistry +1167/3023: Physics +1168/3023: Chemistry +1170/3023: Chemistry +1174/3023: Chemistry +1176/3023: Physics +1173/3023: Chemistry +1171/3023: Physics +1175/3023: Chemistry +1172/3023: Physics +1177/3023: Chemistry +1178/3023: Physics +1179/3023: Chemistry +1180/3023: Chemistry +1184/3023: Chemistry +1181/3023: Physics +1182/3023: Chemistry +1186/3023: Biological +1183/3023: Chemistry +1187/3023: Chemistry +1185/3023: Chemistry +1188/3023: Biological +1191/3023: Biological +1189/3023: Biological +1192/3023: Biological +1190/3023: Chemistry +1193/3023: Chemistry +1194/3023: Biological +1197/3023: Biological +1198/3023: Biological +1195/3023: Biological +1196/3023: Chemistry +1201/3023: Biological +1203/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1200 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 392 +Chemistry: 720 +Biological: 80 +Unknown: 8 +1199/3023: Chemistry +1204/3023: Chemistry +1202/3023: Chemistry +1200/3023: Chemistry +1208/3023: Chemistry +1207/3023: Biological +1206/3023: Chemistry +1205/3023: Biological +1209/3023: Biological +1211/3023: Chemistry +1210/3023: Biological +1214/3023: Biological +1213/3023: Biological +1212/3023: Chemistry +1215/3023: Biological +1218/3023: Biological +1217/3023: Biological +1219/3023: Chemistry +1220/3023: Chemistry +1216/3023: Chemistry +1221/3023: Chemistry +1223/3023: Chemistry +1225/3023: Physics +1228/3023: Chemistry +1227/3023: Chemistry +1222/3023: Chemistry +1224/3023: Chemistry +1226/3023: Chemistry +1231/3023: Chemistry +1233/3023: Chemistry +1229/3023: Chemistry +1232/3023: Physics +1230/3023: Chemistry +1234/3023: Chemistry +1237/3023: Chemistry +1236/3023: Chemistry +1235/3023: Chemistry +1240/3023: Physics +1238/3023: Chemistry +1239/3023: Chemistry +1244/3023: Chemistry +1245/3023: Chemistry +1242/3023: Chemistry +1243/3023: Chemistry +1241/3023: Chemistry +1247/3023: Chemistry +1246/3023: Chemistry +1250/3023: Chemistry +1254/3023: Chemistry +1248/3023: Chemistry +1249/3023: Chemistry +1251/3023: Chemistry +1252/3023: Chemistry +1253/3023: Chemistry +1255/3023: Chemistry +1257/3023: Chemistry +1256/3023: Chemistry +1258/3023: Chemistry +1261/3023: Chemistry +1260/3023: Chemistry +1259/3023: Chemistry +1262/3023: Chemistry +1264/3023: Chemistry +1265/3023: Chemistry +1263/3023: Chemistry +1266/3023: Chemistry +1267/3023: Chemistry +1268/3023: Chemistry +1270/3023: Chemistry +1269/3023: Physics +1271/3023: Chemistry +1272/3023: Physics +1273/3023: Chemistry +1275/3023: Chemistry +1278/3023: Chemistry +1274/3023: Chemistry +1277/3023: Chemistry +1279/3023: Chemistry +1276/3023: Chemistry +1280/3023: Chemistry +1282/3023: Chemistry +1283/3023: Chemistry +1281/3023: Chemistry +1287/3023: Chemistry +1286/3023: Chemistry +1285/3023: Chemistry +1284/3023: Chemistry +1289/3023: Chemistry +1292/3023: Chemistry +1290/3023: Chemistry +1288/3023: Chemistry +1294/3023: Chemistry +1295/3023: Chemistry +1293/3023: Physics +1296/3023: Chemistry +1297/3023: Chemistry +1291/3023: Chemistry +1298/3023: Chemistry +1300/3023: Chemistry +1299/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1300 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 398 +Chemistry: 805 +Biological: 89 +Unknown: 8 +1302/3023: Chemistry +1303/3023: Physics +1304/3023: Chemistry +1301/3023: Chemistry +1306/3023: Chemistry +1305/3023: Chemistry +1307/3023: Chemistry +1308/3023: Chemistry +1309/3023: Chemistry +1311/3023: Physics +1310/3023: Chemistry +1315/3023: Chemistry +1312/3023: Chemistry +1314/3023: Chemistry +1313/3023: Chemistry +1318/3023: Chemistry +1316/3023: Chemistry +1319/3023: Chemistry +1317/3023: Chemistry +1320/3023: Chemistry +1323/3023: Chemistry +1325/3023: Chemistry +1322/3023: Chemistry +1321/3023: Chemistry +1327/3023: Chemistry +1328/3023: Chemistry +1324/3023: Chemistry +1326/3023: Physics +1329/3023: Physics +1330/3023: Chemistry +1332/3023: Chemistry +1331/3023: Chemistry +1333/3023: Chemistry +1334/3023: Chemistry +1335/3023: Chemistry +1336/3023: Chemistry +1337/3023: Chemistry +1338/3023: Chemistry +1339/3023: Chemistry +1340/3023: Chemistry +1344/3023: Chemistry +1345/3023: Chemistry +1341/3023: Chemistry +1343/3023: Chemistry +1347/3023: Chemistry +1346/3023: Chemistry +1342/3023: Chemistry +1351/3023: Chemistry +1349/3023: Chemistry +1348/3023: Chemistry +1352/3023: Chemistry +1350/3023: Chemistry +1356/3023: Chemistry +1353/3023: Chemistry +1354/3023: Chemistry +1355/3023: Chemistry +1358/3023: Chemistry +1360/3023: Chemistry +1357/3023: Chemistry +1359/3023: Chemistry +1362/3023: Chemistry +1361/3023: Chemistry +1365/3023: Chemistry +1366/3023: Chemistry +1363/3023: Chemistry +1364/3023: Chemistry +1367/3023: Chemistry +1368/3023: Chemistry +1370/3023: Chemistry +1369/3023: Chemistry +1372/3023: Chemistry +1371/3023: Chemistry +1376/3023: Chemistry +1373/3023: Chemistry +1374/3023: Chemistry +1375/3023: Physics +1377/3023: Physics +1380/3023: Chemistry +1378/3023: Physics +1382/3023: Chemistry +1381/3023: Chemistry +1379/3023: Chemistry +1383/3023: Chemistry +1385/3023: Chemistry +1384/3023: Chemistry +1387/3023: Physics +1386/3023: Chemistry +1388/3023: Chemistry +1389/3023: Chemistry +1390/3023: Chemistry +1393/3023: Chemistry +1391/3023: Chemistry +1392/3023: Chemistry +1394/3023: Chemistry +1395/3023: Chemistry +1396/3023: Chemistry +1398/3023: Chemistry +1397/3023: Chemistry +1399/3023: Chemistry +1400/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1400 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 406 +Chemistry: 897 +Biological: 89 +Unknown: 8 +1401/3023: Chemistry +1402/3023: Physics +1403/3023: Chemistry +1406/3023: Chemistry +1404/3023: Chemistry +1409/3023: Chemistry +1405/3023: Chemistry +1407/3023: Chemistry +1410/3023: Chemistry +1412/3023: Chemistry +1408/3023: Chemistry +1413/3023: Chemistry +1411/3023: Chemistry +1415/3023: Chemistry +1414/3023: Chemistry +1420/3023: Chemistry +1416/3023: Chemistry +1418/3023: Physics +1421/3023: Chemistry +1423/3023: Physics +1426/3023: Chemistry +1424/3023: Chemistry +1417/3023: Chemistry +1427/3023: Chemistry +1429/3023: Chemistry +1425/3023: Chemistry +1419/3023: Chemistry +1422/3023: Chemistry +1431/3023: Chemistry +1428/3023: Chemistry +1432/3023: Chemistry +1434/3023: Chemistry +1433/3023: Chemistry +1435/3023: Physics +1436/3023: Chemistry +1439/3023: Chemistry +1437/3023: Chemistry +1442/3023: Chemistry +1441/3023: Chemistry +1440/3023: Chemistry +1443/3023: Chemistry +1430/3023: Chemistry +1445/3023: Chemistry +1446/3023: Chemistry +1438/3023: Chemistry +1444/3023: Chemistry +1454/3023: Chemistry +1447/3023: Chemistry +1455/3023: Chemistry +1451/3023: Chemistry +1452/3023: Physics +1448/3023: Chemistry +1450/3023: Physics +1449/3023: Chemistry +1457/3023: Chemistry +1456/3023: Chemistry +1458/3023: Chemistry +1453/3023: Chemistry +1459/3023: Chemistry +1461/3023: Chemistry +1460/3023: Chemistry +1462/3023: Chemistry +1464/3023: Chemistry +1463/3023: Biological +1466/3023: Chemistry +1467/3023: Chemistry +1465/3023: Physics +1471/3023: Chemistry +1470/3023: Chemistry +1473/3023: Chemistry +1468/3023: Chemistry +1469/3023: Chemistry +1474/3023: Chemistry +1475/3023: Physics +1472/3023: Chemistry +1476/3023: Chemistry +1480/3023: Chemistry +1482/3023: Chemistry +1479/3023: Chemistry +1477/3023: Chemistry +1481/3023: Chemistry +1478/3023: Chemistry +1483/3023: Chemistry +1485/3023: Chemistry +1486/3023: Chemistry +1484/3023: Chemistry +1492/3023: Chemistry +1488/3023: Chemistry +1487/3023: Chemistry +1491/3023: Chemistry +1493/3023: Chemistry +1490/3023: Chemistry +1489/3023: Chemistry +1494/3023: Chemistry +1495/3023: Chemistry +1496/3023: Chemistry +1498/3023: Chemistry +1501/3023: Chemistry +1499/3023: Chemistry +1500/3023: Physics + +Processed 1500 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 415 +Chemistry: 987 +Biological: 90 +Unknown: 8 +1497/3023: Chemistry +1502/3023: Chemistry +1503/3023: Chemistry +1504/3023: Chemistry +1505/3023: Physics +1506/3023: Chemistry +1508/3023: Chemistry +1507/3023: Chemistry +1509/3023: Chemistry +1515/3023: Chemistry +1511/3023: Chemistry +1513/3023: Chemistry +1510/3023: Physics +1512/3023: Chemistry +1516/3023: Chemistry +1514/3023: Chemistry +1518/3023: Chemistry +1519/3023: Chemistry +1517/3023: Chemistry +1524/3023: Chemistry +1523/3023: Physics +1526/3023: Chemistry +1521/3023: Chemistry +1520/3023: Chemistry +1525/3023: Chemistry +1522/3023: Chemistry +1527/3023: Chemistry +1528/3023: Chemistry +1530/3023: Chemistry +1529/3023: Chemistry +1532/3023: Chemistry +1534/3023: Chemistry +1535/3023: Chemistry +1537/3023: Chemistry +1531/3023: Chemistry +1533/3023: Chemistry +1536/3023: Chemistry +1539/3023: Chemistry +1540/3023: Chemistry +1538/3023: Chemistry +1543/3023: Chemistry +1542/3023: Chemistry +1541/3023: Chemistry +1546/3023: Chemistry +1545/3023: Chemistry +1547/3023: Chemistry +1544/3023: Chemistry +1554/3023: Chemistry +1552/3023: Chemistry +1551/3023: Chemistry +1549/3023: Chemistry +1550/3023: Chemistry +1555/3023: Chemistry +1548/3023: Chemistry +1556/3023: Chemistry +1557/3023: Chemistry +1553/3023: Chemistry +1560/3023: Chemistry +1561/3023: Chemistry +1558/3023: Chemistry +1559/3023: Chemistry +1564/3023: Chemistry +1562/3023: Physics +1565/3023: Chemistry +1563/3023: Chemistry +1567/3023: Chemistry +1566/3023: Chemistry +1570/3023: Chemistry +1569/3023: Chemistry +1571/3023: Chemistry +1572/3023: Chemistry +1574/3023: Chemistry +1573/3023: Chemistry +1575/3023: Chemistry +1568/3023: Chemistry +1576/3023: Chemistry +1580/3023: Chemistry +1577/3023: Chemistry +1578/3023: Chemistry +1579/3023: Chemistry +1582/3023: Chemistry +1583/3023: Chemistry +1584/3023: Chemistry +1581/3023: Chemistry +1585/3023: Chemistry +1586/3023: Chemistry +1589/3023: Chemistry +1592/3023: Chemistry +1593/3023: Chemistry +1587/3023: Chemistry +1588/3023: Chemistry +1594/3023: Chemistry +1591/3023: Chemistry +1590/3023: Chemistry +1595/3023: Chemistry +1597/3023: Physics +1596/3023: Chemistry +1601/3023: Chemistry +1602/3023: Chemistry +1598/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1600 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 420 +Chemistry: 1082 +Biological: 90 +Unknown: 8 +1600/3023: Chemistry +1599/3023: Chemistry +1603/3023: Chemistry +1607/3023: Chemistry +1604/3023: Chemistry +1606/3023: Physics +1605/3023: Chemistry +1612/3023: Chemistry +1609/3023: Chemistry +1610/3023: Chemistry +1608/3023: Chemistry +1611/3023: Chemistry +1613/3023: Physics +1616/3023: Chemistry +1615/3023: Chemistry +1614/3023: Chemistry +1619/3023: Chemistry +1617/3023: Physics +1618/3023: Chemistry +1620/3023: Chemistry +1623/3023: Chemistry +1621/3023: Physics +1624/3023: Chemistry +1622/3023: Chemistry +1628/3023: Chemistry +1627/3023: Chemistry +1625/3023: Physics +1629/3023: Chemistry +1626/3023: Chemistry +1631/3023: Chemistry +1632/3023: Chemistry +1630/3023: Chemistry +1634/3023: Chemistry +1637/3023: Biological +1636/3023: Chemistry +1635/3023: Chemistry +1633/3023: Chemistry +1638/3023: Chemistry +1639/3023: Chemistry +1642/3023: Chemistry +1640/3023: Physics +1641/3023: Chemistry +1645/3023: Chemistry +1643/3023: Chemistry +1648/3023: Chemistry +1649/3023: Physics +1647/3023: Chemistry +1644/3023: Chemistry +1646/3023: Physics +1650/3023: Chemistry +1651/3023: Chemistry +1654/3023: Chemistry +1652/3023: Chemistry +1656/3023: Chemistry +1659/3023: Chemistry +1658/3023: Chemistry +1653/3023: Chemistry +1660/3023: Chemistry +1657/3023: Chemistry +1655/3023: Chemistry +1661/3023: Chemistry +1664/3023: Chemistry +1662/3023: Chemistry +1666/3023: Chemistry +1665/3023: Chemistry +1663/3023: Chemistry +1667/3023: Physics +1668/3023: Chemistry +1670/3023: Chemistry +1669/3023: Physics +1671/3023: Chemistry +1674/3023: Chemistry +1675/3023: Chemistry +1672/3023: Chemistry +1673/3023: Physics +1677/3023: Chemistry +1676/3023: Chemistry +1678/3023: Chemistry +1679/3023: Chemistry +1682/3023: Chemistry +1685/3023: Chemistry +1684/3023: Chemistry +1681/3023: Chemistry +1680/3023: Chemistry +1683/3023: Chemistry +1688/3023: Chemistry +1686/3023: Chemistry +1687/3023: Physics +1689/3023: Chemistry +1691/3023: Chemistry +1692/3023: Chemistry +1690/3023: Chemistry +1695/3023: Chemistry +1696/3023: Chemistry +1693/3023: Chemistry +1694/3023: Chemistry +1697/3023: Chemistry +1698/3023: Chemistry +1699/3023: Chemistry +1700/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1700 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 432 +Chemistry: 1169 +Biological: 91 +Unknown: 8 +1705/3023: Chemistry +1703/3023: Chemistry +1701/3023: Chemistry +1702/3023: Chemistry +1707/3023: Chemistry +1709/3023: Chemistry +1710/3023: Chemistry +1708/3023: Chemistry +1706/3023: Chemistry +1704/3023: Chemistry +1711/3023: Physics +1713/3023: Chemistry +1714/3023: Chemistry +1712/3023: Chemistry +1716/3023: Chemistry +1715/3023: Chemistry +1718/3023: Chemistry +1717/3023: Physics +1720/3023: Chemistry +1721/3023: Chemistry +1723/3023: Chemistry +1724/3023: Chemistry +1727/3023: Chemistry +1728/3023: Chemistry +1725/3023: Chemistry +1722/3023: Chemistry +1719/3023: Chemistry +1731/3023: Chemistry +1733/3023: Chemistry +1732/3023: Chemistry +1726/3023: Chemistry +1735/3023: Chemistry +1734/3023: Chemistry +1729/3023: Chemistry +1738/3023: Chemistry +1740/3023: Chemistry +1730/3023: Chemistry +1739/3023: Chemistry +1745/3023: Chemistry +1742/3023: Chemistry +1743/3023: Chemistry +1744/3023: Chemistry +1737/3023: Chemistry +1746/3023: Chemistry +1736/3023: Chemistry +1747/3023: Physics +1749/3023: Chemistry +1750/3023: Chemistry +1752/3023: Chemistry +1754/3023: Chemistry +1741/3023: Chemistry +1755/3023: Chemistry +1748/3023: Chemistry +1756/3023: Chemistry +1751/3023: Chemistry +1753/3023: Chemistry +1759/3023: Chemistry +1762/3023: Chemistry +1761/3023: Chemistry +1757/3023: Chemistry +1765/3023: Chemistry +1764/3023: Chemistry +1758/3023: Chemistry +1760/3023: Chemistry +1766/3023: Physics +1767/3023: Chemistry +1768/3023: Chemistry +1770/3023: Chemistry +1763/3023: Chemistry +1769/3023: Chemistry +1774/3023: Chemistry +1775/3023: Chemistry +1773/3023: Chemistry +1772/3023: Chemistry +1771/3023: Chemistry +1776/3023: Chemistry +1777/3023: Chemistry +1778/3023: Chemistry +1781/3023: Chemistry +1780/3023: Chemistry +1779/3023: Chemistry +1787/3023: Chemistry +1786/3023: Chemistry +1784/3023: Chemistry +1782/3023: Chemistry +1785/3023: Chemistry +1788/3023: Chemistry +1783/3023: Chemistry +1791/3023: Chemistry +1789/3023: Chemistry +1793/3023: Chemistry +1792/3023: Chemistry +1796/3023: Chemistry +1794/3023: Chemistry +1790/3023: Chemistry +1797/3023: Chemistry +1799/3023: Chemistry +1798/3023: Chemistry +1800/3023: Chemistry +1801/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1800 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 436 +Chemistry: 1265 +Biological: 91 +Unknown: 8 +1803/3023: Chemistry +1795/3023: Chemistry +1804/3023: Chemistry +1805/3023: Chemistry +1802/3023: Chemistry +1806/3023: Chemistry +1807/3023: Chemistry +1809/3023: Chemistry +1811/3023: Chemistry +1810/3023: Chemistry +1813/3023: Physics +1812/3023: Chemistry +1808/3023: Physics +1814/3023: Chemistry +1815/3023: Chemistry +1818/3023: Chemistry +1816/3023: Chemistry +1819/3023: Physics +1817/3023: Chemistry +1820/3023: Chemistry +1821/3023: Chemistry +1824/3023: Chemistry +1823/3023: Chemistry +1822/3023: Chemistry +1825/3023: Chemistry +1827/3023: Chemistry +1828/3023: Chemistry +1826/3023: Chemistry +1833/3023: Chemistry +1832/3023: Chemistry +1829/3023: Chemistry +1830/3023: Chemistry +1831/3023: Chemistry +1835/3023: Chemistry +1834/3023: Chemistry +1836/3023: Physics +1838/3023: Chemistry +1837/3023: Chemistry +1839/3023: Biological +1840/3023: Chemistry +1841/3023: Chemistry +1844/3023: Physics +1846/3023: Chemistry +1842/3023: Physics +1845/3023: Chemistry +1849/3023: Chemistry +1843/3023: Chemistry +1847/3023: Chemistry +1848/3023: Chemistry +1850/3023: Chemistry +1851/3023: Chemistry +1854/3023: Chemistry +1855/3023: Chemistry +1852/3023: Chemistry +1856/3023: Chemistry +1853/3023: Chemistry +1859/3023: Chemistry +1860/3023: Chemistry +1861/3023: Chemistry +1858/3023: Chemistry +1863/3023: Chemistry +1857/3023: Chemistry +1862/3023: Chemistry +1865/3023: Chemistry +1864/3023: Chemistry +1866/3023: Chemistry +1869/3023: Chemistry +1868/3023: Chemistry +1867/3023: Chemistry +1870/3023: Chemistry +1871/3023: Chemistry +1872/3023: Chemistry +1873/3023: Chemistry +1875/3023: Chemistry +1874/3023: Chemistry +1880/3023: Chemistry +1878/3023: Chemistry +1876/3023: Chemistry +1879/3023: Chemistry +1877/3023: Chemistry +1882/3023: Chemistry +1881/3023: Chemistry +1885/3023: Chemistry +1884/3023: Chemistry +1887/3023: Chemistry +1883/3023: Chemistry +1886/3023: Chemistry +1888/3023: Chemistry +1891/3023: Chemistry +1892/3023: Chemistry +1890/3023: Chemistry +1889/3023: Chemistry +1893/3023: Chemistry +1897/3023: Chemistry +1894/3023: Chemistry +1896/3023: Chemistry +1895/3023: Chemistry +1900/3023: Chemistry +1898/3023: Physics +1901/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 1900 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 443 +Chemistry: 1357 +Biological: 92 +Unknown: 8 +1902/3023: Chemistry +1899/3023: Chemistry +1903/3023: Chemistry +1905/3023: Chemistry +1906/3023: Chemistry +1908/3023: Chemistry +1904/3023: Chemistry +1913/3023: Chemistry +1909/3023: Chemistry +1912/3023: Chemistry +1910/3023: Chemistry +1907/3023: Chemistry +1911/3023: Physics +1916/3023: Physics +1915/3023: Chemistry +1914/3023: Chemistry +1917/3023: Chemistry +1919/3023: Chemistry +1921/3023: Chemistry +1920/3023: Chemistry +1918/3023: Chemistry +1923/3023: Chemistry +1922/3023: Chemistry +1924/3023: Chemistry +1927/3023: Chemistry +1925/3023: Chemistry +1929/3023: Chemistry +1926/3023: Chemistry +1930/3023: Chemistry +1931/3023: Chemistry +1932/3023: Chemistry +1928/3023: Chemistry +1933/3023: Physics +1934/3023: Chemistry +1938/3023: Chemistry +1936/3023: Chemistry +1935/3023: Chemistry +1939/3023: Chemistry +1937/3023: Chemistry +1942/3023: Chemistry +1943/3023: Chemistry +1940/3023: Chemistry +1941/3023: Chemistry +1946/3023: Chemistry +1948/3023: Chemistry +1945/3023: Chemistry +1944/3023: Chemistry +1950/3023: Chemistry +1949/3023: Chemistry +1947/3023: Chemistry +1951/3023: Chemistry +1952/3023: Chemistry +1955/3023: Physics +1953/3023: Chemistry +1954/3023: Chemistry +1957/3023: Chemistry +1959/3023: Chemistry +1956/3023: Chemistry +1960/3023: Chemistry +1958/3023: Chemistry +1961/3023: Chemistry +1965/3023: Chemistry +1964/3023: Chemistry +1970/3023: Chemistry +1963/3023: Physics +1962/3023: Chemistry +1968/3023: Chemistry +1967/3023: Physics +1969/3023: Chemistry +1966/3023: Physics +1972/3023: Chemistry +1971/3023: Chemistry +1978/3023: Chemistry +1976/3023: Chemistry +1973/3023: Chemistry +1974/3023: Chemistry +1975/3023: Chemistry +1977/3023: Chemistry +1980/3023: Chemistry +1979/3023: Chemistry +1982/3023: Chemistry +1984/3023: Chemistry +1987/3023: Chemistry +1986/3023: Chemistry +1985/3023: Chemistry +1981/3023: Chemistry +1988/3023: Chemistry +1990/3023: Chemistry +1983/3023: Chemistry +1991/3023: Chemistry +1989/3023: Chemistry +1992/3023: Chemistry +1997/3023: Chemistry +1995/3023: Chemistry +1993/3023: Chemistry +1999/3023: Chemistry +2000/3023: Chemistry +1994/3023: Chemistry +2002/3023: Chemistry +1996/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2000 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 450 +Chemistry: 1450 +Biological: 92 +Unknown: 8 +1998/3023: Physics +2005/3023: Physics +2001/3023: Chemistry +2007/3023: Physics +2008/3023: Chemistry +2009/3023: Chemistry +2004/3023: Chemistry +2011/3023: Physics +2010/3023: Chemistry +2006/3023: Chemistry +2012/3023: Chemistry +2019/3023: Chemistry +2016/3023: Chemistry +2015/3023: Chemistry +2003/3023: Biological +2020/3023: Chemistry +2014/3023: Chemistry +2013/3023: Chemistry +2018/3023: Chemistry +2017/3023: Chemistry +2022/3023: Chemistry +2021/3023: Chemistry +2025/3023: Chemistry +2023/3023: Chemistry +2024/3023: Chemistry +2027/3023: Physics +2029/3023: Chemistry +2028/3023: Chemistry +2026/3023: Chemistry +2030/3023: Chemistry +2031/3023: Chemistry +2032/3023: Chemistry +2033/3023: Chemistry +2035/3023: Chemistry +2034/3023: Chemistry +2037/3023: Chemistry +2038/3023: Chemistry +2039/3023: Chemistry +2036/3023: Chemistry +2044/3023: Chemistry +2040/3023: Chemistry +2043/3023: Chemistry +2041/3023: Chemistry +2045/3023: Chemistry +2042/3023: Chemistry +2047/3023: Chemistry +2050/3023: Chemistry +2046/3023: Chemistry +2048/3023: Chemistry +2051/3023: Chemistry +2049/3023: Chemistry +2052/3023: Physics +2053/3023: Chemistry +2055/3023: Chemistry +2054/3023: Chemistry +2056/3023: Chemistry +2060/3023: Chemistry +2057/3023: Chemistry +2061/3023: Chemistry +2058/3023: Chemistry +2059/3023: Chemistry +2062/3023: Chemistry +2065/3023: Chemistry +2063/3023: Chemistry +2066/3023: Chemistry +2064/3023: Chemistry +2069/3023: Chemistry +2071/3023: Biological +2067/3023: Chemistry +2072/3023: Chemistry +2068/3023: Chemistry +2070/3023: Chemistry +2073/3023: Chemistry +2075/3023: Chemistry +2078/3023: Chemistry +2074/3023: Physics +2076/3023: Chemistry +2077/3023: Chemistry +2080/3023: Chemistry +2082/3023: Chemistry +2079/3023: Chemistry +2081/3023: Chemistry +2083/3023: Chemistry +2086/3023: Chemistry +2087/3023: Chemistry +2084/3023: Chemistry +2088/3023: Chemistry +2091/3023: Chemistry +2085/3023: Chemistry +2089/3023: Chemistry +2090/3023: Chemistry +2093/3023: Chemistry +2092/3023: Chemistry +2098/3023: Chemistry +2096/3023: Chemistry +2094/3023: Chemistry +2099/3023: Chemistry +2095/3023: Chemistry +2097/3023: Chemistry +2103/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2100 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 457 +Chemistry: 1541 +Biological: 94 +Unknown: 8 +2100/3023: Chemistry +2102/3023: Chemistry +2101/3023: Physics +2104/3023: Chemistry +2105/3023: Chemistry +2106/3023: Chemistry +2107/3023: Chemistry +2111/3023: Chemistry +2109/3023: Chemistry +2108/3023: Chemistry +2110/3023: Chemistry +2112/3023: Chemistry +2115/3023: Biological +2114/3023: Chemistry +2116/3023: Chemistry +2113/3023: Chemistry +2118/3023: Chemistry +2117/3023: Chemistry +2120/3023: Chemistry +2119/3023: Chemistry +2122/3023: Chemistry +2121/3023: Physics +2125/3023: Chemistry +2130/3023: Chemistry +2127/3023: Chemistry +2128/3023: Chemistry +2126/3023: Chemistry +2123/3023: Chemistry +2124/3023: Chemistry +2129/3023: Chemistry +2131/3023: Chemistry +2132/3023: Chemistry +2136/3023: Chemistry +2133/3023: Chemistry +2135/3023: Chemistry +2139/3023: Chemistry +2140/3023: Chemistry +2134/3023: Chemistry +2137/3023: Chemistry +2141/3023: Chemistry +2142/3023: Chemistry +2138/3023: Chemistry +2143/3023: Chemistry +2144/3023: Chemistry +2148/3023: Chemistry +2146/3023: Physics +2151/3023: Chemistry +2145/3023: Physics +2147/3023: Chemistry +2150/3023: Chemistry +2153/3023: Chemistry +2149/3023: Chemistry +2152/3023: Chemistry +2159/3023: Chemistry +2155/3023: Chemistry +2154/3023: Chemistry +2158/3023: Chemistry +2160/3023: Chemistry +2162/3023: Chemistry +2156/3023: Chemistry +2157/3023: Chemistry +2163/3023: Physics +2161/3023: Chemistry +2165/3023: Chemistry +2164/3023: Chemistry +2167/3023: Chemistry +2171/3023: Chemistry +2166/3023: Chemistry +2172/3023: Physics +2169/3023: Chemistry +2168/3023: Chemistry +2170/3023: Chemistry +2176/3023: Chemistry +2173/3023: Chemistry +2177/3023: Chemistry +2174/3023: Chemistry +2178/3023: Chemistry +2175/3023: Chemistry +2179/3023: Chemistry +2181/3023: Chemistry +2180/3023: Chemistry +2182/3023: Chemistry +2183/3023: Chemistry +2186/3023: Chemistry +2189/3023: Chemistry +2190/3023: Chemistry +2187/3023: Chemistry +2184/3023: Chemistry +2185/3023: Chemistry +2192/3023: Chemistry +2188/3023: Chemistry +2191/3023: Chemistry +2194/3023: Chemistry +2193/3023: Chemistry +2195/3023: Chemistry +2199/3023: Chemistry +2197/3023: Chemistry +2196/3023: Chemistry +2200/3023: Chemistry +2198/3023: Physics + +Processed 2200 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 464 +Chemistry: 1633 +Biological: 95 +Unknown: 8 +2202/3023: Chemistry +2201/3023: Chemistry +2203/3023: Chemistry +2204/3023: Chemistry +2205/3023: Chemistry +2209/3023: Chemistry +2206/3023: Chemistry +2207/3023: Chemistry +2213/3023: Physics +2208/3023: Chemistry +2212/3023: Chemistry +2214/3023: Chemistry +2210/3023: Chemistry +2211/3023: Chemistry +2215/3023: Chemistry +2217/3023: Chemistry +2216/3023: Chemistry +2219/3023: Chemistry +2218/3023: Chemistry +2221/3023: Chemistry +2220/3023: Chemistry +2222/3023: Chemistry +2225/3023: Chemistry +2223/3023: Chemistry +2226/3023: Chemistry +2224/3023: Chemistry +2230/3023: Chemistry +2227/3023: Chemistry +2228/3023: Chemistry +2231/3023: Chemistry +2229/3023: Chemistry +2232/3023: Chemistry +2234/3023: Chemistry +2233/3023: Chemistry +2236/3023: Chemistry +2235/3023: Chemistry +2238/3023: Physics +2237/3023: Chemistry +2240/3023: Chemistry +2241/3023: Chemistry +2244/3023: Chemistry +2239/3023: Physics +2243/3023: Chemistry +2242/3023: Chemistry +2245/3023: Chemistry +2246/3023: Chemistry +2247/3023: Chemistry +2248/3023: Chemistry +2251/3023: Chemistry +2253/3023: Chemistry +2254/3023: Chemistry +2249/3023: Chemistry +2252/3023: Chemistry +2250/3023: Chemistry +2255/3023: Chemistry +2257/3023: Chemistry +2259/3023: Chemistry +2258/3023: Chemistry +2260/3023: Chemistry +2262/3023: Chemistry +2263/3023: Chemistry +2266/3023: Chemistry +2264/3023: Chemistry +2256/3023: Chemistry +2265/3023: Chemistry +2261/3023: Chemistry +2267/3023: Chemistry +2269/3023: Chemistry +2270/3023: Chemistry +2276/3023: Chemistry +2268/3023: Chemistry +2273/3023: Chemistry +2274/3023: Chemistry +2272/3023: Chemistry +2271/3023: Chemistry +2275/3023: Chemistry +2277/3023: Chemistry +2278/3023: Chemistry +2281/3023: Chemistry +2285/3023: Chemistry +2280/3023: Chemistry +2279/3023: Chemistry +2284/3023: Chemistry +2282/3023: Chemistry +2283/3023: Physics +2286/3023: Chemistry +2287/3023: Chemistry +2289/3023: Chemistry +2288/3023: Chemistry +2291/3023: Chemistry +2293/3023: Chemistry +2294/3023: Chemistry +2295/3023: Physics +2290/3023: Chemistry +2292/3023: Chemistry +2297/3023: Chemistry +2299/3023: Chemistry +2296/3023: Chemistry +2300/3023: Chemistry +2303/3023: Physics + +Processed 2300 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 470 +Chemistry: 1727 +Biological: 95 +Unknown: 8 +2304/3023: Chemistry +2307/3023: Chemistry +2298/3023: Chemistry +2308/3023: Chemistry +2301/3023: Physics +2309/3023: Chemistry +2302/3023: Chemistry +2305/3023: Chemistry +2310/3023: Chemistry +2306/3023: Chemistry +2313/3023: Chemistry +2311/3023: Chemistry +2312/3023: Physics +2315/3023: Chemistry +2316/3023: Chemistry +2314/3023: Chemistry +2317/3023: Chemistry +2319/3023: Chemistry +2318/3023: Chemistry +2320/3023: Chemistry +2324/3023: Chemistry +2323/3023: Chemistry +2321/3023: Chemistry +2322/3023: Chemistry +2327/3023: Chemistry +2330/3023: Chemistry +2325/3023: Chemistry +2326/3023: Chemistry +2331/3023: Chemistry +2328/3023: Chemistry +2329/3023: Chemistry +2332/3023: Chemistry +2334/3023: Chemistry +2335/3023: Chemistry +2333/3023: Chemistry +2336/3023: Chemistry +2337/3023: Chemistry +2338/3023: Physics +2339/3023: Chemistry +2343/3023: Chemistry +2341/3023: Chemistry +2340/3023: Chemistry +2344/3023: Physics +2345/3023: Chemistry +2346/3023: Chemistry +2342/3023: Chemistry +2349/3023: Chemistry +2348/3023: Physics +2347/3023: Physics +2351/3023: Physics +2353/3023: Physics +2352/3023: Chemistry +2350/3023: Chemistry +2355/3023: Chemistry +2354/3023: Chemistry +2358/3023: Chemistry +2356/3023: Chemistry +2357/3023: Chemistry +2359/3023: Chemistry +2362/3023: Chemistry +2361/3023: Chemistry +2360/3023: Chemistry +2366/3023: Chemistry +2367/3023: Chemistry +2363/3023: Chemistry +2364/3023: Chemistry +2369/3023: Chemistry +2368/3023: Chemistry +2365/3023: Chemistry +2372/3023: Chemistry +2370/3023: Chemistry +2375/3023: Chemistry +2373/3023: Chemistry +2371/3023: Physics +2374/3023: Chemistry +2377/3023: Chemistry +2376/3023: Chemistry +2380/3023: Chemistry +2379/3023: Physics +2378/3023: Chemistry +2383/3023: Chemistry +2385/3023: Chemistry +2386/3023: Chemistry +2387/3023: Chemistry +2382/3023: Chemistry +2381/3023: Chemistry +2384/3023: Chemistry +2389/3023: Chemistry +2388/3023: Chemistry +2390/3023: Chemistry +2393/3023: Chemistry +2391/3023: Chemistry +2392/3023: Chemistry +2394/3023: Chemistry +2396/3023: Chemistry +2395/3023: Chemistry +2398/3023: Chemistry +2397/3023: Chemistry +2403/3023: Chemistry +2400/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2400 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 480 +Chemistry: 1817 +Biological: 95 +Unknown: 8 +2402/3023: Chemistry +2399/3023: Chemistry +2401/3023: Chemistry +2407/3023: Chemistry +2404/3023: Chemistry +2405/3023: Chemistry +2406/3023: Chemistry +2408/3023: Chemistry +2412/3023: Chemistry +2409/3023: Chemistry +2410/3023: Chemistry +2414/3023: Chemistry +2411/3023: Chemistry +2413/3023: Chemistry +2416/3023: Chemistry +2415/3023: Physics +2417/3023: Chemistry +2418/3023: Chemistry +2419/3023: Chemistry +2420/3023: Chemistry +2424/3023: Chemistry +2421/3023: Chemistry +2423/3023: Chemistry +2426/3023: Chemistry +2427/3023: Chemistry +2422/3023: Chemistry +2425/3023: Chemistry +2428/3023: Chemistry +2432/3023: Chemistry +2429/3023: Chemistry +2435/3023: Chemistry +2437/3023: Biological +2431/3023: Chemistry +2430/3023: Chemistry +2433/3023: Chemistry +2438/3023: Chemistry +2434/3023: Chemistry +2436/3023: Chemistry +2439/3023: Chemistry +2443/3023: Chemistry +2440/3023: Chemistry +2441/3023: Chemistry +2448/3023: Chemistry +2442/3023: Chemistry +2445/3023: Chemistry +2444/3023: Chemistry +2446/3023: Chemistry +2449/3023: Chemistry +2447/3023: Chemistry +2450/3023: Physics +2454/3023: Chemistry +2453/3023: Chemistry +2451/3023: Chemistry +2458/3023: Chemistry +2452/3023: Chemistry +2455/3023: Chemistry +2457/3023: Chemistry +2460/3023: Chemistry +2456/3023: Physics +2459/3023: Chemistry +2463/3023: Chemistry +2462/3023: Chemistry +2461/3023: Chemistry +2464/3023: Chemistry +2465/3023: Chemistry +2466/3023: Chemistry +2467/3023: Chemistry +2468/3023: Chemistry +2469/3023: Chemistry +2470/3023: Chemistry +2472/3023: Chemistry +2471/3023: Chemistry +2477/3023: Chemistry +2473/3023: Chemistry +2475/3023: Chemistry +2476/3023: Physics +2474/3023: Chemistry +2480/3023: Physics +2481/3023: Physics +2478/3023: Physics +2479/3023: Physics +2482/3023: Physics +2485/3023: Chemistry +2487/3023: Physics +2483/3023: Chemistry +2484/3023: Physics +2486/3023: Physics +2488/3023: Physics +2489/3023: Physics +2491/3023: Physics +2490/3023: Physics +2492/3023: Physics +2493/3023: Physics +2494/3023: Physics +2495/3023: Physics +2497/3023: Physics +2496/3023: Physics +2500/3023: Physics +2499/3023: Physics +2498/3023: Physics + +Processed 2500 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 505 +Chemistry: 1891 +Biological: 96 +Unknown: 8 +2501/3023: Chemistry +2503/3023: Physics +2502/3023: Physics +2504/3023: Physics +2506/3023: Physics +2507/3023: Physics +2512/3023: Physics +2510/3023: Physics +2508/3023: Physics +2513/3023: Chemistry +2509/3023: Physics +2505/3023: Physics +2514/3023: Physics +2511/3023: Physics +2516/3023: Physics +2515/3023: Physics +2520/3023: Physics +2518/3023: Physics +2519/3023: Physics +2523/3023: Biological +2524/3023: Physics +2517/3023: Physics +2522/3023: Physics +2521/3023: Physics +2525/3023: Biological +2526/3023: Biological +2527/3023: Biological +2528/3023: Biological +2529/3023: Chemistry +2533/3023: Chemistry +2531/3023: Biological +2530/3023: Chemistry +2534/3023: Chemistry +2535/3023: Chemistry +2532/3023: Chemistry +2536/3023: Chemistry +2537/3023: Chemistry +2538/3023: Chemistry +2539/3023: Physics +2540/3023: Chemistry +2541/3023: Chemistry +2542/3023: Chemistry +2543/3023: Chemistry +2544/3023: Chemistry +2545/3023: Chemistry +2546/3023: Chemistry +2550/3023: Chemistry +2547/3023: Chemistry +2548/3023: Chemistry +2554/3023: Chemistry +2551/3023: Chemistry +2549/3023: Chemistry +2555/3023: Chemistry +2558/3023: Chemistry +2556/3023: Chemistry +2553/3023: Chemistry +2557/3023: Chemistry +2552/3023: Chemistry +2563/3023: Chemistry +2560/3023: Chemistry +2559/3023: Chemistry +2561/3023: Chemistry +2564/3023: Chemistry +2565/3023: Chemistry +2566/3023: Chemistry +2567/3023: Chemistry +2570/3023: Chemistry +2562/3023: Physics +2568/3023: Chemistry +2571/3023: Chemistry +2572/3023: Chemistry +2574/3023: Chemistry +2576/3023: Chemistry +2577/3023: Biological +2573/3023: Chemistry +2579/3023: Chemistry +2580/3023: Chemistry +2585/3023: Chemistry +2582/3023: Chemistry +2584/3023: Chemistry +2569/3023: Chemistry +2575/3023: Chemistry +2587/3023: Chemistry +2578/3023: Chemistry +2583/3023: Chemistry +2588/3023: Chemistry +2590/3023: Chemistry +2589/3023: Physics +2581/3023: Chemistry +2592/3023: Chemistry +2593/3023: Chemistry +2586/3023: Physics +2595/3023: Chemistry +2594/3023: Chemistry +2596/3023: Chemistry +2599/3023: Chemistry +2591/3023: Chemistry +2598/3023: Physics +2603/3023: Physics +2600/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2600 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 532 +Chemistry: 1957 +Biological: 103 +Unknown: 8 +2602/3023: Chemistry +2597/3023: Chemistry +2604/3023: Physics +2605/3023: Chemistry +2606/3023: Chemistry +2607/3023: Chemistry +2601/3023: Chemistry +2608/3023: Chemistry +2611/3023: Chemistry +2610/3023: Physics +2612/3023: Chemistry +2613/3023: Chemistry +2609/3023: Chemistry +2618/3023: Chemistry +2614/3023: Chemistry +2617/3023: Chemistry +2616/3023: Chemistry +2615/3023: Chemistry +2622/3023: Chemistry +2621/3023: Chemistry +2620/3023: Chemistry +2624/3023: Chemistry +2619/3023: Chemistry +2625/3023: Chemistry +2623/3023: Chemistry +2626/3023: Chemistry +2627/3023: Chemistry +2628/3023: Chemistry +2630/3023: Chemistry +2629/3023: Chemistry +2634/3023: Chemistry +2632/3023: Chemistry +2631/3023: Chemistry +2633/3023: Chemistry +2636/3023: Chemistry +2635/3023: Chemistry +2639/3023: Chemistry +2637/3023: Chemistry +2638/3023: Chemistry +2642/3023: Chemistry +2640/3023: Chemistry +2644/3023: Chemistry +2643/3023: Chemistry +2641/3023: Chemistry +2645/3023: Chemistry +2648/3023: Chemistry +2646/3023: Chemistry +2647/3023: Chemistry +2651/3023: Chemistry +2649/3023: Chemistry +2654/3023: Chemistry +2655/3023: Chemistry +2650/3023: Biological +2652/3023: Chemistry +2656/3023: Chemistry +2653/3023: Physics +2657/3023: Chemistry +2658/3023: Physics +2659/3023: Chemistry +2661/3023: Chemistry +2663/3023: Chemistry +2664/3023: Physics +2662/3023: Chemistry +2660/3023: Chemistry +2667/3023: Physics +2665/3023: Physics +2666/3023: Physics +2670/3023: Physics +2668/3023: Chemistry +2669/3023: Chemistry +2674/3023: Chemistry +2672/3023: Chemistry +2673/3023: Biological +2675/3023: Chemistry +2671/3023: Chemistry +2676/3023: Chemistry +2678/3023: Physics +2677/3023: Biological +2680/3023: Chemistry +2681/3023: Chemistry +2684/3023: Chemistry +2679/3023: Chemistry +2682/3023: Chemistry +2686/3023: Biological +2685/3023: Physics +2683/3023: Physics +2688/3023: Chemistry +2689/3023: Biological +2687/3023: Chemistry +2690/3023: Chemistry +2695/3023: Chemistry +2694/3023: Biological +2693/3023: Chemistry +2692/3023: Chemistry +2697/3023: Biological +2699/3023: Chemistry +2698/3023: Physics +2691/3023: Chemistry +2696/3023: Biological +2701/3023: Physics + +Processed 2700 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 546 +Chemistry: 2035 +Biological: 111 +Unknown: 8 +2700/3023: Chemistry +2702/3023: Chemistry +2703/3023: Chemistry +2704/3023: Biological +2705/3023: Chemistry +2709/3023: Chemistry +2707/3023: Physics +2708/3023: Chemistry +2706/3023: Chemistry +2710/3023: Biological +2715/3023: Chemistry +2712/3023: Chemistry +2713/3023: Chemistry +2711/3023: Chemistry +2716/3023: Biological +2714/3023: Physics +2717/3023: Chemistry +2718/3023: Chemistry +2720/3023: Chemistry +2719/3023: Chemistry +2721/3023: Chemistry +2722/3023: Chemistry +2723/3023: Chemistry +2725/3023: Chemistry +2724/3023: Chemistry +2728/3023: Chemistry +2729/3023: Physics +2726/3023: Chemistry +2727/3023: Physics +2730/3023: Chemistry +2731/3023: Chemistry +2733/3023: Chemistry +2732/3023: Chemistry +2734/3023: Biological +2737/3023: Physics +2738/3023: Biological +2735/3023: Chemistry +2736/3023: Chemistry +2741/3023: Chemistry +2740/3023: Chemistry +2743/3023: Biological +2739/3023: Chemistry +2742/3023: Chemistry +2746/3023: Chemistry +2748/3023: Physics +2744/3023: Physics +2747/3023: Chemistry +2745/3023: Chemistry +2749/3023: Chemistry +2750/3023: Chemistry +2753/3023: Chemistry +2757/3023: Chemistry +2752/3023: Biological +2751/3023: Physics +2755/3023: Physics +2756/3023: Chemistry +2754/3023: Chemistry +2758/3023: Chemistry +2761/3023: Chemistry +2759/3023: Chemistry +2760/3023: Chemistry +2764/3023: Chemistry +2762/3023: Physics +2766/3023: Physics +2763/3023: Physics +2765/3023: Chemistry +2768/3023: Chemistry +2767/3023: Chemistry +2771/3023: Chemistry +2769/3023: Biological +2772/3023: Chemistry +2770/3023: Physics +2773/3023: Chemistry +2774/3023: Biological +2776/3023: Chemistry +2775/3023: Biological +2781/3023: Biological +2783/3023: Chemistry +2777/3023: Chemistry +2779/3023: Biological +2780/3023: Physics +2782/3023: Physics +2778/3023: Physics +2785/3023: Physics +2787/3023: Chemistry +2788/3023: Biological +2784/3023: Physics +2786/3023: Chemistry +2792/3023: Chemistry +2789/3023: Chemistry +2791/3023: Chemistry +2790/3023: Biological +2793/3023: Chemistry +2798/3023: Chemistry +2799/3023: Chemistry +2795/3023: Physics +2794/3023: Biological +2797/3023: Chemistry +2801/3023: Physics +2803/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2800 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 566 +Chemistry: 2100 +Biological: 126 +Unknown: 8 +2802/3023: Chemistry +2796/3023: Biological +2806/3023: Biological +2805/3023: Chemistry +2800/3023: Chemistry +2807/3023: Physics +2804/3023: Chemistry +2809/3023: Chemistry +2808/3023: Physics +2810/3023: Biological +2811/3023: Chemistry +2812/3023: Chemistry +2813/3023: Physics +2817/3023: Chemistry +2814/3023: Biological +2818/3023: Chemistry +2819/3023: Physics +2815/3023: Chemistry +2816/3023: Chemistry +2820/3023: Physics +2822/3023: Physics +2821/3023: Biological +2824/3023: Chemistry +2823/3023: Chemistry +2825/3023: Chemistry +2828/3023: Chemistry +2827/3023: Physics +2829/3023: Chemistry +2826/3023: Chemistry +2833/3023: Physics +2831/3023: Physics +2832/3023: Physics +2834/3023: Physics +2837/3023: Chemistry +2836/3023: Physics +2835/3023: Chemistry +2839/3023: Chemistry +2842/3023: Physics +2841/3023: Physics +2830/3023: Chemistry +2843/3023: Chemistry +2844/3023: Physics +2845/3023: Physics +2838/3023: Chemistry +2848/3023: Chemistry +2849/3023: Biological +2840/3023: Chemistry +2846/3023: Biological +2847/3023: Biological +2850/3023: Physics +2851/3023: Chemistry +2857/3023: Chemistry +2852/3023: Physics +2855/3023: Chemistry +2854/3023: Chemistry +2858/3023: Chemistry +2856/3023: Chemistry +2862/3023: Physics +2853/3023: Chemistry +2863/3023: Biological +2866/3023: Biological +2865/3023: Physics +2867/3023: Chemistry +2859/3023: Chemistry +2868/3023: Physics +2860/3023: Chemistry +2869/3023: Physics +2861/3023: Physics +2872/3023: Biological +2873/3023: Chemistry +2871/3023: Chemistry +2864/3023: Chemistry +2876/3023: Physics +2875/3023: Chemistry +2877/3023: Chemistry +2879/3023: Chemistry +2878/3023: Physics +2881/3023: Chemistry +2880/3023: Chemistry +2882/3023: Chemistry +2870/3023: Biological +2883/3023: Chemistry +2874/3023: Chemistry +2884/3023: Chemistry +2890/3023: Physics +2892/3023: Chemistry +2885/3023: Chemistry +2888/3023: Chemistry +2889/3023: Chemistry +2886/3023: Chemistry +2894/3023: Chemistry +2893/3023: Chemistry +2898/3023: Physics +2896/3023: Chemistry +2895/3023: Chemistry +2891/3023: Physics +2899/3023: Biological +2887/3023: Chemistry +2900/3023: Chemistry +2905/3023: Chemistry + +Processed 2900 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 594 +Chemistry: 2159 +Biological: 139 +Unknown: 8 +2901/3023: Chemistry +2902/3023: Chemistry +2904/3023: Chemistry +2903/3023: Chemistry +2897/3023: Chemistry +2906/3023: Physics +2907/3023: Chemistry +2909/3023: Chemistry +2910/3023: Chemistry +2908/3023: Chemistry +2913/3023: Chemistry +2914/3023: Biological +2911/3023: Chemistry +2912/3023: Chemistry +2917/3023: Physics +2915/3023: Chemistry +2916/3023: Chemistry +2919/3023: Chemistry +2918/3023: Chemistry +2922/3023: Physics +2921/3023: Chemistry +2920/3023: Chemistry +2923/3023: Physics +2924/3023: Biological +2925/3023: Chemistry +2928/3023: Physics +2927/3023: Physics +2932/3023: Biological +2926/3023: Biological +2929/3023: Chemistry +2930/3023: Biological +2931/3023: Chemistry +2933/3023: Chemistry +2936/3023: Chemistry +2934/3023: Biological +2935/3023: Chemistry +2937/3023: Physics +2938/3023: Physics +2942/3023: Biological +2939/3023: Chemistry +2941/3023: Chemistry +2943/3023: Chemistry +2940/3023: Chemistry +2944/3023: Chemistry +2945/3023: Biological +2950/3023: Physics +2946/3023: Chemistry +2947/3023: Physics +2949/3023: Physics +2948/3023: Physics +2954/3023: Chemistry +2955/3023: Physics +2952/3023: Chemistry +2951/3023: Physics +2953/3023: Chemistry +2958/3023: Chemistry +2956/3023: Chemistry +2957/3023: Physics +2961/3023: Chemistry +2959/3023: Chemistry +2962/3023: Physics +2963/3023: Chemistry +2965/3023: Chemistry +2960/3023: Physics +2964/3023: Biological +2966/3023: Chemistry +2967/3023: Physics +2968/3023: Chemistry +2971/3023: Biological +2970/3023: Chemistry +2974/3023: Physics +2975/3023: Chemistry +2973/3023: Chemistry +2972/3023: Chemistry +2969/3023: Physics +2976/3023: Physics +2977/3023: Biological +2978/3023: Biological +2980/3023: Chemistry +2979/3023: Chemistry +2983/3023: Chemistry +2981/3023: Physics +2982/3023: Chemistry +2985/3023: Chemistry +2984/3023: Biological +2986/3023: Chemistry +2988/3023: Biological +2987/3023: Physics +2990/3023: Chemistry +2989/3023: Physics +2994/3023: Chemistry +2993/3023: Chemistry +2995/3023: Chemistry +2992/3023: Physics +2991/3023: Chemistry +2997/3023: Chemistry +2996/3023: Chemistry +2999/3023: Chemistry +2998/3023: Chemistry +3001/3023: Physics + +Processed 3000 questions. Current distribution: +Physics: 620 +Chemistry: 2219 +Biological: 153 +Unknown: 8 +3000/3023: Chemistry +3004/3023: Chemistry +3002/3023: Physics +3003/3023: Chemistry +3005/3023: Chemistry +3008/3023: Chemistry +3007/3023: Chemistry +3010/3023: Chemistry +3006/3023: Chemistry +3009/3023: Chemistry +3011/3023: Physics +3013/3023: Chemistry +3016/3023: Chemistry +3014/3023: Chemistry +3015/3023: Biological +3012/3023: Chemistry +3017/3023: Chemistry +3018/3023: Physics +3019/3023: Chemistry +3020/3023: Physics +3021/3023: Chemistry +3023/3023: Chemistry +3022/3023: Chemistry + +Final distribution of questions by category: +subject_category +Chemistry 2237 +Physics 624 +Biological 154 +Unknown 8 +Name: count, dtype: int64 + +Task completed. Results saved to '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged_classified.json' diff --git a/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.py b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a0388c --- /dev/null +++ b/layer1/ALL-merge/classify_muti.py @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +import json +from openai import OpenAI +import time +import os +from tqdm import tqdm +import pandas as pd +import re +import concurrent.futures +import threading + +API_KEY="sk-oYh3Xrhg8oDY2gW02c966f31C84449Ad86F9Cd9dF6E64a8d" +BASE_URL="https://vip.apiyi.com/v1" +MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3 = "deepseek-chat" +CATEGORIES = ['Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Biological', 'Unknown'] + +# Thread-local storage for OpenAI clients +local = threading.local() + +# Lock for thread-safe operations +write_lock = threading.Lock() +progress_lock = threading.Lock() +processed_count = 0 +category_counts = {'Physics': 0, 'Chemistry': 0, 'Biological': 0, 'Unknown': 0} + +# 加载JSON数据 +def load_data(file_path): + with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + data = json.load(f) + return data + +def get_client(): + """Get thread-local OpenAI client""" + if not hasattr(local, 'client'): + local.client = OpenAI(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE_URL) + return local.client + +def classify_question(idx, total_len, question, options): + prompt = f""" + Please classify the given question into one of these three categories: 'Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Biological' or 'Unknown'.\n + Please format your response by wrapping the category name with the tags [CATEGORY] and [/CATEGORY]. For example, your response should look like one of these:\n + - [CATEGORY]Physics[/CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Chemistry[/CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Biological[/CATEGORY] + - [CATEGORY]Unknown[/CATEGORY] + Question: {question}\n + Options: {options}\n + """ + + client = get_client() + # 重试机制 + max_retries = 3 + for attempt in range(max_retries): + try: + response = client.chat.completions.create( + model=MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3, + messages=[ + {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful educational assistant."}, + {"role": "user", "content": prompt} + ], + temperature=0.3, + stream=False, + ) + classification = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + extracted_category = string_extraction(idx, total_len, classification) + if extracted_category in CATEGORIES: + return extracted_category + else: + with progress_lock: + print(f"Invalid category '{extracted_category}' returned. Retrying. {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}") + continue + except Exception as e: + with progress_lock: + print(f"Error on attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}: {e}") + if attempt == max_retries - 1: + return 'Error' # 如果达到最大重试次数，返回错误 + + # 在重试之前等待 + time.sleep(2) + + return 'Error' + +def string_extraction(idx, total_len, classification): + pattern = r'\[CATEGORY\](.*?)\[\/CATEGORY\]' + match = re.search(pattern, classification) + extracted = match.group(1) if match else 'Unknown' + + with progress_lock: + print(f"{idx + 1}/{total_len}: {extracted}") + + return extracted + +def process_item(args): + idx, total_len, item = args + question = item.get('question', '') + text = item['choices']['text'] + label = item['choices']['label'] + formatted_choices = " ".join([f"({lbl}) {txt}" for lbl, txt in zip(label, text)]) + + classification = classify_question(idx, total_len, question, formatted_choices) + + # 添加分类结果 + item_with_classification = item.copy() + item_with_classification['subject_category'] = classification + + # Update global counters + global processed_count + with write_lock: + processed_count += 1 + category_counts[classification] += 1 + + # 每处理100个问题，打印一次中间结果 + if processed_count % 100 == 0: + print(f"\nProcessed {processed_count} questions. Current distribution:") + for category, count in category_counts.items(): + print(f"{category}: {count}") + + # API速率限制处理 - 减少sleep时间，因为多线程已经提供了自然的延迟 + time.sleep(0.1) + + return item_with_classification + +def main(): + # 加载数据 + file_path = '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged.json' + data = load_data(file_path) + data_length = len(data) + + results = [] + + # 创建参数列表 + args_list = [(i, data_length, item) for i, item in enumerate(data)] + + # 设定线程数，根据实际API限制和服务器性能调整 + num_threads = 10 # 根据需要调整线程数 + + print(f"Starting classification with {num_threads} threads...") + + # 使用ThreadPoolExecutor进行并行处理 + with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_threads) as executor: + # 使用tqdm来显示进度 + futures = list(tqdm(executor.map(process_item, args_list), total=data_length, desc="Classifying questions")) + results = futures + + # 保存最终结果 + with open('/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged_classified.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + json.dump(results, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4) + + # 分析结果 + df = pd.DataFrame(results) + category_counts_final = df['subject_category'].value_counts() + print("\nFinal distribution of questions by category:") + print(category_counts_final) + + print("\nTask completed. Results saved to '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer1/ALL-merge/merged_classified.json'") + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.log b/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b72019 --- /dev/null +++ b/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.log @@ -0,0 +1,2289 @@ +Starting classification with 10 threads... +8/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +9/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +10/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +4/2011: Imperfections in Solids +2/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +7/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +6/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +5/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +14/2011: The Structure of Solids +11/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +13/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +3/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +16/2011: The Structure of Solids +20/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +18/2011: The Structure of Solids +22/2011: The Structure of Solids +19/2011: The Structure of Solids +17/2011: The Structure of Solids +26/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +25/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +15/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +12/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +21/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +24/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +28/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +30/2011: The Structure of Solids +33/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +29/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +23/2011: The Structure of Solids +27/2011: The Structure of Solids +31/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +32/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +36/2011: Failure +38/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +37/2011: The Structure of Solids +41/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +35/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +43/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +40/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +42/2011: The Structure of Solids +45/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +34/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +39/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +46/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +44/2011: Imperfections in Solids +48/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +54/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +51/2011: The Structure of Solids +53/2011: The Structure of Solids +50/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +52/2011: The Structure of Solids +56/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +47/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +55/2011: The Structure of Solids +59/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +57/2011: Imperfections in Solids +62/2011: The Structure of Solids +58/2011: The Structure of Solids +60/2011: The Structure of Solids +66/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +67/2011: The Structure of Solids +61/2011: The Structure of Solids +65/2011: The Structure of Solids +70/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +64/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +68/2011: The Structure of Solids +69/2011: The Structure of Solids +63/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +72/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +78/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +77/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +73/2011: The Structure of Solids +81/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +76/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +74/2011: The Structure of Solids +80/2011: The Structure of Solids +79/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +49/2011: The Structure of Solids +85/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +75/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +87/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +71/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +86/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +84/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +82/2011: Imperfections in Solids +83/2011: The Structure of Solids +88/2011: The Structure of Solids +90/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +91/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +97/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +92/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +89/2011: Imperfections in Solids +96/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +95/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +98/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +103/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +102/2011: Imperfections in Solids +100/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +101/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 100 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 4 +The Structure of Solids: 30 +Imperfections in Solids: 6 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 1 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 10 +Failure: 1 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 28 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 10 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 2 +Functional Properties of Materials: 8 +Unknown: 0 +104/2011: The Structure of Solids +99/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +94/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +106/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +109/2011: The Structure of Solids +114/2011: Imperfections in Solids +107/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +105/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +110/2011: The Structure of Solids +112/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +108/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +116/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +113/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +111/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +115/2011: The Structure of Solids +118/2011: Imperfections in Solids +117/2011: The Structure of Solids +122/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +120/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +121/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +123/2011: Imperfections in Solids +119/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +127/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +125/2011: The Structure of Solids +130/2011: The Structure of Solids +124/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +126/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +132/2011: The Structure of Solids +133/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +128/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +129/2011: The Structure of Solids +137/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +138/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +131/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +134/2011: The Structure of Solids +135/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +140/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +141/2011: The Structure of Solids +139/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +147/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +146/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +136/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +145/2011: The Structure of Solids +143/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +144/2011: The Structure of Solids +148/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +152/2011: The Structure of Solids +154/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +149/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +142/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +151/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +157/2011: The Structure of Solids +150/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +158/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +155/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +163/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +164/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +159/2011: The Structure of Solids +162/2011: The Structure of Solids +161/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +160/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +166/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +153/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +170/2011: Imperfections in Solids +171/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +169/2011: Imperfections in Solids +167/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +165/2011: Imperfections in Solids +168/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +173/2011: Failure +175/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +176/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +172/2011: Failure +179/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +177/2011: Imperfections in Solids +178/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +174/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +182/2011: The Structure of Solids +183/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +181/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +187/2011: The Structure of Solids +186/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +184/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +190/2011: The Structure of Solids +188/2011: The Structure of Solids +93/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +185/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +192/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +189/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +191/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +193/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +199/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +194/2011: The Structure of Solids +198/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +195/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +196/2011: The Structure of Solids +200/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +197/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +180/2011: The Structure of Solids +205/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 200 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 10 +The Structure of Solids: 55 +Imperfections in Solids: 13 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 3 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 20 +Failure: 3 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 55 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 23 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 4 +Functional Properties of Materials: 14 +Unknown: 0 +203/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +202/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +201/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +207/2011: The Structure of Solids +204/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +206/2011: The Structure of Solids +211/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +216/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +208/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +210/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +215/2011: The Structure of Solids +214/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +209/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +219/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +221/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +212/2011: Imperfections in Solids +213/2011: The Structure of Solids +220/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +218/2011: The Structure of Solids +217/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +225/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +223/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +228/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +226/2011: The Structure of Solids +224/2011: Imperfections in Solids +230/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +227/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +222/2011: The Structure of Solids +231/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +232/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +236/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +235/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +234/2011: Imperfections in Solids +229/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +233/2011: The Structure of Solids +243/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +237/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +241/2011: The Structure of Solids +240/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +244/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +239/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +156/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +238/2011: The Structure of Solids +248/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +247/2011: The Structure of Solids +245/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +242/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +253/2011: The Structure of Solids +246/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +254/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +249/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +250/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +255/2011: The Structure of Solids +252/2011: The Structure of Solids +260/2011: The Structure of Solids +251/2011: Failure +257/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +258/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +256/2011: The Structure of Solids +262/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +269/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +271/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +261/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +270/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +272/2011: Failure +266/2011: The Structure of Solids +268/2011: The Structure of Solids +273/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +259/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +265/2011: The Structure of Solids +267/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +277/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +279/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +274/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +263/2011: The Structure of Solids +276/2011: The Structure of Solids +264/2011: The Structure of Solids +281/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +280/2011: The Structure of Solids +278/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +283/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +275/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +288/2011: The Structure of Solids +284/2011: The Structure of Solids +285/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +292/2011: The Structure of Solids +293/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +286/2011: Failure +287/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +289/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +291/2011: The Structure of Solids +290/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +296/2011: The Structure of Solids +299/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +294/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +303/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +298/2011: Imperfections in Solids +301/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +282/2011: The Structure of Solids +297/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials + +Processed 300 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 16 +The Structure of Solids: 84 +Imperfections in Solids: 17 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 5 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 33 +Failure: 6 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 77 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 35 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 5 +Functional Properties of Materials: 22 +Unknown: 0 +295/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +309/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +300/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +304/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +302/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +307/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +313/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +312/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +311/2011: The Structure of Solids +308/2011: The Structure of Solids +315/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +314/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +310/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +305/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +317/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +318/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +316/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +324/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +321/2011: Imperfections in Solids +322/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +319/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +325/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +306/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +328/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +323/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +326/2011: Imperfections in Solids +327/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +335/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +320/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +329/2011: The Structure of Solids +334/2011: The Structure of Solids +330/2011: The Structure of Solids +333/2011: Imperfections in Solids +340/2011: The Structure of Solids +336/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +341/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +338/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +332/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +337/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +348/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +339/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +342/2011: The Structure of Solids +344/2011: Imperfections in Solids +345/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +349/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +347/2011: The Structure of Solids +354/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +343/2011: Imperfections in Solids +346/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +352/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +358/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +355/2011: Imperfections in Solids +359/2011: The Structure of Solids +350/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +356/2011: The Structure of Solids +351/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +353/2011: The Structure of Solids +331/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +365/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +357/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +360/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +368/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +363/2011: The Structure of Solids +364/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +361/2011: The Structure of Solids +369/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +367/2011: The Structure of Solids +362/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +371/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +374/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +373/2011: Failure +366/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +372/2011: The Structure of Solids +375/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +379/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +377/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +370/2011: The Structure of Solids +384/2011: The Structure of Solids +381/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +378/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +383/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +382/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +385/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +380/2011: The Structure of Solids +388/2011: The Structure of Solids +386/2011: Imperfections in Solids +389/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +390/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +391/2011: Failure +387/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +394/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +396/2011: The Structure of Solids +395/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +399/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +397/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +400/2011: The Structure of Solids +392/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +398/2011: The Structure of Solids +404/2011: The Structure of Solids +408/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms + +Processed 400 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 19 +The Structure of Solids: 107 +Imperfections in Solids: 24 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 8 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 57 +Failure: 8 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 102 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 44 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 6 +Functional Properties of Materials: 25 +Unknown: 0 +401/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +403/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +393/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +402/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +405/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +407/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +406/2011: The Structure of Solids +412/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +409/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +411/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +410/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +415/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +417/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +376/2011: The Structure of Solids +416/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +414/2011: The Structure of Solids +423/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +420/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +418/2011: The Structure of Solids +413/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +424/2011: The Structure of Solids +422/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +421/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +425/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +428/2011: Imperfections in Solids +429/2011: Imperfections in Solids +432/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +419/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +430/2011: Imperfections in Solids +431/2011: The Structure of Solids +426/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +433/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +437/2011: The Structure of Solids +427/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +435/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +434/2011: The Structure of Solids +438/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +442/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +439/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +440/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +445/2011: The Structure of Solids +449/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +446/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +441/2011: The Structure of Solids +444/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +436/2011: The Structure of Solids +450/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +448/2011: The Structure of Solids +447/2011: The Structure of Solids +454/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +451/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +452/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +458/2011: The Structure of Solids +456/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +453/2011: The Structure of Solids +455/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +460/2011: Imperfections in Solids +459/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +462/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +461/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +464/2011: The Structure of Solids +465/2011: The Structure of Solids +469/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +466/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +467/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +463/2011: The Structure of Solids +471/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +473/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +470/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +472/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +479/2011: The Structure of Solids +478/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +474/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +475/2011: The Structure of Solids +477/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +468/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +482/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +476/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +480/2011: Imperfections in Solids +457/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +483/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +481/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +484/2011: The Structure of Solids +487/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +486/2011: The Structure of Solids +492/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +489/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +491/2011: The Structure of Solids +485/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +490/2011: The Structure of Solids +488/2011: The Structure of Solids +494/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +496/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +493/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +500/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +498/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +495/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +499/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +501/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +503/2011: Imperfections in Solids + +Processed 500 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 27 +The Structure of Solids: 132 +Imperfections in Solids: 30 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 13 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 72 +Failure: 8 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 129 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 53 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 6 +Functional Properties of Materials: 30 +Unknown: 0 +504/2011: The Structure of Solids +502/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +507/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +505/2011: The Structure of Solids +510/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +506/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +497/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +514/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +513/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +516/2011: Imperfections in Solids +509/2011: Imperfections in Solids +515/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +520/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +521/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +508/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +511/2011: Imperfections in Solids +512/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +517/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +523/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +522/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +524/2011: The Structure of Solids +526/2011: Imperfections in Solids +519/2011: Imperfections in Solids +529/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +528/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +530/2011: The Structure of Solids +532/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +535/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +527/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +537/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +525/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +443/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +518/2011: Failure +543/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +533/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +538/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +531/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +544/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +536/2011: The Structure of Solids +542/2011: The Structure of Solids +541/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +545/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +540/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +539/2011: The Structure of Solids +546/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +548/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +534/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +551/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +554/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +549/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +555/2011: The Structure of Solids +556/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +552/2011: Imperfections in Solids +550/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +553/2011: The Structure of Solids +559/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +560/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +558/2011: The Structure of Solids +547/2011: The Structure of Solids +561/2011: Imperfections in Solids +562/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +568/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +565/2011: The Structure of Solids +557/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +567/2011: The Structure of Solids +569/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +566/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +574/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +570/2011: Imperfections in Solids +575/2011: Imperfections in Solids +564/2011: The Structure of Solids +571/2011: The Structure of Solids +576/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +563/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +581/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +577/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +572/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +578/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +573/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +582/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +579/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +580/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +589/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +587/2011: The Structure of Solids +591/2011: Imperfections in Solids +588/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +583/2011: The Structure of Solids +586/2011: Imperfections in Solids +594/2011: The Structure of Solids +585/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +584/2011: Imperfections in Solids +590/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +597/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +595/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +592/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +593/2011: The Structure of Solids +600/2011: Imperfections in Solids +599/2011: Imperfections in Solids +602/2011: The Structure of Solids +598/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms + +Processed 600 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 33 +The Structure of Solids: 152 +Imperfections in Solids: 44 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 20 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 90 +Failure: 9 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 152 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 60 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 7 +Functional Properties of Materials: 33 +Unknown: 0 +603/2011: The Structure of Solids +596/2011: The Structure of Solids +604/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +601/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +605/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +610/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +612/2011: Imperfections in Solids +608/2011: The Structure of Solids +607/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +611/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +609/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +618/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +613/2011: The Structure of Solids +606/2011: The Structure of Solids +620/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +617/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +615/2011: The Structure of Solids +616/2011: The Structure of Solids +614/2011: The Structure of Solids +619/2011: The Structure of Solids +625/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +624/2011: The Structure of Solids +622/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +627/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +621/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +630/2011: The Structure of Solids +628/2011: The Structure of Solids +629/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +632/2011: The Structure of Solids +633/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +626/2011: Imperfections in Solids +634/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +639/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +635/2011: The Structure of Solids +637/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +638/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +631/2011: The Structure of Solids +645/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +641/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +646/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +642/2011: The Structure of Solids +648/2011: Unknown +636/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +643/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +640/2011: The Structure of Solids +644/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +653/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +654/2011: The Structure of Solids +647/2011: Imperfections in Solids +651/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +649/2011: The Structure of Solids +623/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +650/2011: The Structure of Solids +656/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +662/2011: The Structure of Solids +655/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +658/2011: The Structure of Solids +652/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +660/2011: The Structure of Solids +659/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +657/2011: The Structure of Solids +661/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +667/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +663/2011: The Structure of Solids +666/2011: The Structure of Solids +673/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +665/2011: The Structure of Solids +671/2011: The Structure of Solids +664/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +670/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +676/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +672/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +674/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +668/2011: The Structure of Solids +669/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +681/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +680/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +675/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +677/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +682/2011: The Structure of Solids +678/2011: The Structure of Solids +686/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +684/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +685/2011: Imperfections in Solids +691/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +693/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +687/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +679/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +683/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +688/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +690/2011: The Structure of Solids +695/2011: The Structure of Solids +701/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +698/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +694/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +696/2011: The Structure of Solids +697/2011: The Structure of Solids +700/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +699/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +708/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Processed 700 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 35 +The Structure of Solids: 187 +Imperfections in Solids: 48 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 23 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 105 +Failure: 9 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 177 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 68 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 8 +Functional Properties of Materials: 39 +Unknown: 1 +702/2011: Imperfections in Solids +704/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +706/2011: The Structure of Solids +703/2011: The Structure of Solids +710/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +707/2011: The Structure of Solids +711/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +713/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +705/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +709/2011: Failure +715/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +689/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +714/2011: Imperfections in Solids +716/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +723/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +717/2011: The Structure of Solids +712/2011: Imperfections in Solids +718/2011: The Structure of Solids +724/2011: The Structure of Solids +719/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +725/2011: The Structure of Solids +729/2011: The Structure of Solids +720/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +726/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +731/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +692/2011: The Structure of Solids +721/2011: The Structure of Solids +722/2011: The Structure of Solids +735/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +730/2011: The Structure of Solids +727/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +728/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +737/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +733/2011: The Structure of Solids +738/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +743/2011: The Structure of Solids +736/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +745/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +734/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +742/2011: The Structure of Solids +741/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +749/2011: The Structure of Solids +732/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +746/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +750/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +744/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +751/2011: The Structure of Solids +739/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +756/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +747/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +752/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +759/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +754/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +757/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +753/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +748/2011: The Structure of Solids +755/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +758/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +761/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +767/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +764/2011: The Structure of Solids +769/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +760/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +740/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +763/2011: The Structure of Solids +766/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +765/2011: Failure +772/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +768/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +770/2011: The Structure of Solids +774/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +775/2011: The Structure of Solids +776/2011: The Structure of Solids +762/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +778/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +777/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +780/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +771/2011: The Structure of Solids +781/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +782/2011: The Structure of Solids +779/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +773/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +791/2011: The Structure of Solids +788/2011: Imperfections in Solids +789/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +785/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +787/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +793/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +786/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +796/2011: Imperfections in Solids +790/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +795/2011: The Structure of Solids +792/2011: The Structure of Solids +797/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +799/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +794/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +800/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +798/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +802/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +784/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 800 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 39 +The Structure of Solids: 216 +Imperfections in Solids: 53 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 27 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 121 +Failure: 11 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 198 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 80 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 8 +Functional Properties of Materials: 46 +Unknown: 1 +807/2011: Imperfections in Solids +805/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +804/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +809/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +783/2011: The Structure of Solids +801/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +808/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +806/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +812/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +810/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +803/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +813/2011: The Structure of Solids +814/2011: Failure +816/2011: The Structure of Solids +811/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +815/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +818/2011: Imperfections in Solids +822/2011: The Structure of Solids +817/2011: Imperfections in Solids +824/2011: The Structure of Solids +819/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +830/2011: The Structure of Solids +821/2011: Imperfections in Solids +827/2011: The Structure of Solids +820/2011: The Structure of Solids +823/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +832/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +825/2011: The Structure of Solids +833/2011: The Structure of Solids +828/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +826/2011: The Structure of Solids +831/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +829/2011: The Structure of Solids +834/2011: The Structure of Solids +836/2011: The Structure of Solids +841/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +838/2011: The Structure of Solids +842/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +840/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +839/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +837/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +846/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +847/2011: Imperfections in Solids +835/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +849/2011: Failure +850/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +848/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +852/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +845/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +853/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +843/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +859/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +857/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +855/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +854/2011: The Structure of Solids +851/2011: Imperfections in Solids +858/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +862/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +861/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +860/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +866/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +856/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +844/2011: Failure +869/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +865/2011: The Structure of Solids +863/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +867/2011: Failure +864/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +877/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +874/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +873/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +876/2011: The Structure of Solids +879/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +870/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +871/2011: The Structure of Solids +872/2011: The Structure of Solids +875/2011: The Structure of Solids +884/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +883/2011: The Structure of Solids +878/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +880/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +886/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +882/2011: The Structure of Solids +890/2011: Failure +881/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +887/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +888/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +893/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +885/2011: The Structure of Solids +868/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +895/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +891/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +897/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +894/2011: The Structure of Solids +889/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +904/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +896/2011: The Structure of Solids +901/2011: The Structure of Solids +902/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +898/2011: Imperfections in Solids + +Processed 900 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 46 +The Structure of Solids: 243 +Imperfections in Solids: 60 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 31 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 133 +Failure: 16 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 221 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 88 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 10 +Functional Properties of Materials: 51 +Unknown: 1 +905/2011: The Structure of Solids +906/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +899/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +900/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +910/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +903/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +914/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +915/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +907/2011: The Structure of Solids +908/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +916/2011: The Structure of Solids +911/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +912/2011: Failure +917/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +892/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +913/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +909/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +918/2011: The Structure of Solids +925/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +919/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +924/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +923/2011: Failure +927/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +921/2011: Imperfections in Solids +922/2011: The Structure of Solids +932/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +928/2011: Imperfections in Solids +926/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +935/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +931/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +929/2011: The Structure of Solids +930/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +933/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +936/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +934/2011: The Structure of Solids +940/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +938/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +943/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +939/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +942/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +946/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +937/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +941/2011: The Structure of Solids +945/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +950/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +952/2011: Failure +944/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +947/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +953/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +948/2011: Failure +951/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +956/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +949/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +954/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +920/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +959/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +960/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +955/2011: The Structure of Solids +958/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +962/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +964/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +968/2011: The Structure of Solids +961/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +967/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +971/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +963/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +965/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +973/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +957/2011: The Structure of Solids +969/2011: Imperfections in Solids +975/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +976/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +979/2011: The Structure of Solids +972/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +970/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +966/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +977/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +978/2011: The Structure of Solids +984/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +986/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +981/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +983/2011: Imperfections in Solids +974/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +982/2011: The Structure of Solids +987/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +993/2011: Imperfections in Solids +980/2011: The Structure of Solids +988/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +985/2011: The Structure of Solids +990/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +989/2011: The Structure of Solids +996/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +999/2011: The Structure of Solids +995/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +992/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +991/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +994/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +997/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1000/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1005/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 1000 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 56 +The Structure of Solids: 262 +Imperfections in Solids: 65 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 35 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 142 +Failure: 20 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 252 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 98 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 11 +Functional Properties of Materials: 58 +Unknown: 1 +1003/2011: The Structure of Solids +1004/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1001/2011: The Structure of Solids +1008/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +998/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1013/2011: The Structure of Solids +1007/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1010/2011: The Structure of Solids +1002/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1006/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1015/2011: The Structure of Solids +1014/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1011/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1009/2011: The Structure of Solids +1019/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1017/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1012/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1016/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1020/2011: The Structure of Solids +1021/2011: The Structure of Solids +1022/2011: Failure +1026/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1023/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1024/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1027/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1030/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1029/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1032/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1031/2011: The Structure of Solids +1028/2011: The Structure of Solids +1035/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1038/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1036/2011: The Structure of Solids +1041/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1039/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1033/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1042/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1037/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1043/2011: The Structure of Solids +1048/2011: The Structure of Solids +1047/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1040/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1049/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1025/2011: The Structure of Solids +1046/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1044/2011: The Structure of Solids +1045/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1051/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1050/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1052/2011: Failure +1018/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1054/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1053/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1057/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1056/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1055/2011: The Structure of Solids +1034/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1064/2011: The Structure of Solids +1058/2011: The Structure of Solids +1067/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1063/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1060/2011: The Structure of Solids +1061/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1062/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1065/2011: The Structure of Solids +1069/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1066/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1068/2011: The Structure of Solids +1071/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1073/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1078/2011: The Structure of Solids +1070/2011: The Structure of Solids +1059/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1074/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1082/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1084/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1080/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1075/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1072/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1076/2011: The Structure of Solids +1079/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1081/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1077/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1089/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1090/2011: The Structure of Solids +1088/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1092/2011: The Structure of Solids +1085/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1094/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1091/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1095/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1096/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1098/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1086/2011: The Structure of Solids +1097/2011: The Structure of Solids +1093/2011: The Structure of Solids +1102/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1104/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1103/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1106/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals + +Processed 1100 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 60 +The Structure of Solids: 291 +Imperfections in Solids: 73 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 42 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 155 +Failure: 22 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 274 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 109 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 11 +Functional Properties of Materials: 62 +Unknown: 1 +1101/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1100/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1087/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1099/2011: The Structure of Solids +1111/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1113/2011: The Structure of Solids +1114/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1110/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1109/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1108/2011: The Structure of Solids +1117/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1115/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1121/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1116/2011: The Structure of Solids +1119/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1107/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1112/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1118/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1125/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1122/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1124/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1128/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1120/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1130/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1123/2011: The Structure of Solids +1131/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1132/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1126/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1127/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1129/2011: The Structure of Solids +1137/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1135/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1141/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1134/2011: The Structure of Solids +1136/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1105/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1143/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1138/2011: The Structure of Solids +1140/2011: The Structure of Solids +1146/2011: The Structure of Solids +1148/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1144/2011: The Structure of Solids +1145/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1152/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1147/2011: The Structure of Solids +1153/2011: The Structure of Solids +1139/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1149/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1155/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1151/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1083/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1154/2011: The Structure of Solids +1156/2011: The Structure of Solids +1157/2011: The Structure of Solids +1150/2011: The Structure of Solids +1158/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1163/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1161/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1160/2011: The Structure of Solids +1164/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1165/2011: The Structure of Solids +1159/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1166/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1167/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1142/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1162/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1172/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1177/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1169/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1170/2011: The Structure of Solids +1168/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1173/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1175/2011: The Structure of Solids +1176/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1174/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1182/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1178/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1180/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1133/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1181/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1184/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1191/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1188/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1179/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1185/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1187/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1189/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1183/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1190/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1186/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1199/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1200/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1192/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1196/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1197/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1198/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1195/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1201/2011: The Structure of Solids +1203/2011: The Structure of Solids +1193/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Processed 1200 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 65 +The Structure of Solids: 314 +Imperfections in Solids: 79 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 47 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 176 +Failure: 22 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 304 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 112 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 11 +Functional Properties of Materials: 69 +Unknown: 1 +1194/2011: The Structure of Solids +1206/2011: The Structure of Solids +1204/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1209/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1205/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1171/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1202/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1210/2011: The Structure of Solids +1207/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1211/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1213/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1216/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1215/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1212/2011: The Structure of Solids +1208/2011: The Structure of Solids +1214/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1218/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1224/2011: The Structure of Solids +1221/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1226/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1219/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1217/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1222/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1229/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1231/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1225/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1220/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1228/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1223/2011: Failure +1235/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1232/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1230/2011: The Structure of Solids +1233/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1234/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1236/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1227/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1243/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1239/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1237/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1240/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1245/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1248/2011: The Structure of Solids +1238/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1241/2011: The Structure of Solids +1242/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1244/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1252/2011: The Structure of Solids +1250/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1249/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1246/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1247/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1257/2011: The Structure of Solids +1251/2011: The Structure of Solids +1260/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1255/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1254/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1263/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1264/2011: The Structure of Solids +1256/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1261/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1262/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1253/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1265/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1268/2011: The Structure of Solids +1259/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1258/2011: The Structure of Solids +1269/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1273/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1276/2011: The Structure of Solids +1267/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1272/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1278/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1270/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1271/2011: The Structure of Solids +1266/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1274/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1280/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1284/2011: The Structure of Solids +1275/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1277/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1290/2011: The Structure of Solids +1288/2011: The Structure of Solids +1281/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1286/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1283/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1279/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1287/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1285/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1296/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1289/2011: The Structure of Solids +1291/2011: The Structure of Solids +1298/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1282/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1292/2011: The Structure of Solids +1294/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1300/2011: The Structure of Solids +1293/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1304/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1297/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1295/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Processed 1300 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 71 +The Structure of Solids: 338 +Imperfections in Solids: 82 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 56 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 189 +Failure: 23 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 329 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 121 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 13 +Functional Properties of Materials: 77 +Unknown: 1 +1299/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1306/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1309/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1303/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1302/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1301/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1308/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1313/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1305/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1307/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1319/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1311/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1312/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1315/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1310/2011: The Structure of Solids +1323/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1314/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1317/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1322/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1324/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1316/2011: The Structure of Solids +1320/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1318/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1326/2011: The Structure of Solids +1325/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1327/2011: The Structure of Solids +1332/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1321/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1328/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1329/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1333/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1330/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1334/2011: Failure +1331/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1339/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1340/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1336/2011: The Structure of Solids +1335/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1343/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1338/2011: The Structure of Solids +1337/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1344/2011: The Structure of Solids +1346/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1350/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1352/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1341/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1342/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1355/2011: The Structure of Solids +1348/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1353/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1345/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1351/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1349/2011: The Structure of Solids +1361/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1347/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1356/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1362/2011: The Structure of Solids +1358/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1364/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1354/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1359/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1360/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1368/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1363/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1357/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1365/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1373/2011: The Structure of Solids +1367/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1374/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1369/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1370/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1375/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1366/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1376/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1371/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1379/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1372/2011: The Structure of Solids +1384/2011: Unknown +1378/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1382/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1377/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1385/2011: The Structure of Solids +1381/2011: The Structure of Solids +1380/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1391/2011: The Structure of Solids +1389/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1392/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1383/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1390/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1388/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1395/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1387/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1396/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1386/2011: The Structure of Solids +1397/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1394/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1404/2011: The Structure of Solids +1400/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1393/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1398/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 1400 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 77 +The Structure of Solids: 356 +Imperfections in Solids: 85 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 61 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 204 +Failure: 24 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 360 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 131 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 15 +Functional Properties of Materials: 85 +Unknown: 2 +1399/2011: The Structure of Solids +1401/2011: Failure +1402/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1406/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1410/2011: The Structure of Solids +1411/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1405/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1403/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1414/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1413/2011: The Structure of Solids +1408/2011: The Structure of Solids +1420/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1412/2011: The Structure of Solids +1409/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1407/2011: The Structure of Solids +1424/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1417/2011: The Structure of Solids +1418/2011: The Structure of Solids +1416/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1419/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1423/2011: Failure +1422/2011: The Structure of Solids +1415/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1426/2011: The Structure of Solids +1425/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1429/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1421/2011: The Structure of Solids +1428/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1427/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1430/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1435/2011: The Structure of Solids +1431/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1433/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1438/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1432/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1443/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1437/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1434/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1442/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1441/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1440/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1439/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1436/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1446/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1447/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1449/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1444/2011: The Structure of Solids +1452/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1445/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1454/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1457/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1450/2011: The Structure of Solids +1448/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1451/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1460/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1461/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1456/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1455/2011: The Structure of Solids +1459/2011: The Structure of Solids +1466/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1453/2011: The Structure of Solids +1468/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1458/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1462/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1471/2011: The Structure of Solids +1467/2011: The Structure of Solids +1463/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1465/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1464/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1472/2011: The Structure of Solids +1479/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1473/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1477/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1478/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1475/2011: The Structure of Solids +1469/2011: The Structure of Solids +1476/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1482/2011: The Structure of Solids +1474/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1480/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1485/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1470/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1481/2011: The Structure of Solids +1486/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1483/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1489/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1484/2011: The Structure of Solids +1488/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1491/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1493/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1487/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1492/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1495/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1494/2011: The Structure of Solids +1498/2011: The Structure of Solids +1500/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1497/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1490/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1504/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1496/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials + +Processed 1500 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 84 +The Structure of Solids: 383 +Imperfections in Solids: 91 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 64 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 220 +Failure: 26 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 380 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 143 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 16 +Functional Properties of Materials: 91 +Unknown: 2 +1505/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1502/2011: The Structure of Solids +1507/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1501/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1508/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1499/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1506/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1510/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1517/2011: The Structure of Solids +1511/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1503/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1509/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1513/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1514/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1515/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1512/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1516/2011: The Structure of Solids +1519/2011: The Structure of Solids +1527/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1518/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1528/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1520/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1521/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1522/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1525/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1533/2011: The Structure of Solids +1523/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1526/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1524/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1530/2011: The Structure of Solids +1531/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1536/2011: The Structure of Solids +1537/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1529/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1532/2011: The Structure of Solids +1535/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1539/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1534/2011: The Structure of Solids +1538/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1541/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1547/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1548/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1549/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1545/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1540/2011: The Structure of Solids +1546/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1542/2011: The Structure of Solids +1554/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1553/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1555/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1543/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1557/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1558/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1560/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1550/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1544/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1561/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1551/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1552/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1556/2011: The Structure of Solids +1567/2011: Unknown +1559/2011: Failure +1566/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1564/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1571/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1569/2011: The Structure of Solids +1563/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1574/2011: The Structure of Solids +1568/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1576/2011: The Structure of Solids +1562/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1570/2011: The Structure of Solids +1565/2011: The Structure of Solids +1573/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1578/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1577/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1575/2011: The Structure of Solids +1580/2011: Failure +1579/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1572/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1583/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1582/2011: The Structure of Solids +1585/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1588/2011: The Structure of Solids +1587/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1584/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1586/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1591/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1589/2011: The Structure of Solids +1590/2011: The Structure of Solids +1595/2011: The Structure of Solids +1581/2011: The Structure of Solids +1593/2011: The Structure of Solids +1596/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1597/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1594/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1599/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1603/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1598/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1602/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Processed 1600 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 90 +The Structure of Solids: 408 +Imperfections in Solids: 96 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 69 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 232 +Failure: 28 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 408 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 150 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 17 +Functional Properties of Materials: 99 +Unknown: 3 +1606/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1592/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1604/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1600/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1601/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1607/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1605/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1608/2011: The Structure of Solids +1609/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1613/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1615/2011: The Structure of Solids +1610/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1611/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1617/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1618/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1616/2011: The Structure of Solids +1612/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1621/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1614/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1628/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1627/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1619/2011: The Structure of Solids +1622/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1620/2011: The Structure of Solids +1629/2011: The Structure of Solids +1631/2011: The Structure of Solids +1624/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1626/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1623/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1633/2011: Failure +1625/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1630/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1640/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1639/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1641/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1635/2011: The Structure of Solids +1642/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1637/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1634/2011: The Structure of Solids +1638/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1636/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1632/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1644/2011: Failure +1647/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1645/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1648/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1653/2011: The Structure of Solids +1643/2011: The Structure of Solids +1649/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1650/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1651/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1646/2011: The Structure of Solids +1652/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1658/2011: The Structure of Solids +1654/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1663/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1657/2011: The Structure of Solids +1661/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1656/2011: The Structure of Solids +1659/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1662/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1655/2011: The Structure of Solids +1660/2011: The Structure of Solids +1668/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1665/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1666/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1672/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1671/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1669/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1667/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1670/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1664/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1678/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1677/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1674/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1681/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1680/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1675/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1679/2011: The Structure of Solids +1676/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1673/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1683/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1684/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1689/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1691/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1682/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1686/2011: The Structure of Solids +1685/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1688/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1697/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1690/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1694/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1698/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1687/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1693/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1692/2011: The Structure of Solids +1701/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1695/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1702/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1696/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms + +Processed 1700 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 96 +The Structure of Solids: 428 +Imperfections in Solids: 103 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 77 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 251 +Failure: 30 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 430 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 159 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 18 +Functional Properties of Materials: 105 +Unknown: 3 +1699/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1703/2011: The Structure of Solids +1704/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1700/2011: The Structure of Solids +1705/2011: The Structure of Solids +1709/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1713/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1706/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1710/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1715/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1716/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1708/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1718/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1711/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1707/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1712/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1722/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1719/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1714/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1727/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1724/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1721/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1726/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1720/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1723/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1725/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1734/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1728/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1717/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1729/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1730/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1733/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1739/2011: The Structure of Solids +1731/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1732/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1735/2011: The Structure of Solids +1742/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1740/2011: The Structure of Solids +1737/2011: The Structure of Solids +1736/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1743/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1741/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1749/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1744/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1746/2011: The Structure of Solids +1745/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1751/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1750/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1738/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1752/2011: The Structure of Solids +1748/2011: The Structure of Solids +1747/2011: The Structure of Solids +1757/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1754/2011: The Structure of Solids +1755/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1753/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1756/2011: The Structure of Solids +1763/2011: The Structure of Solids +1760/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1764/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1758/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1767/2011: The Structure of Solids +1761/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1759/2011: The Structure of Solids +1768/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1770/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1762/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1765/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1773/2011: The Structure of Solids +1774/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1766/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1771/2011: The Structure of Solids +1769/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1781/2011: The Structure of Solids +1777/2011: The Structure of Solids +1775/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1776/2011: The Structure of Solids +1772/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1779/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1785/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1780/2011: The Structure of Solids +1784/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1782/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1783/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1786/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1789/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1791/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1790/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1787/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1794/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1788/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1792/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1798/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1795/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1778/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1793/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1796/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1797/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1800/2011: The Structure of Solids +1806/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials + +Processed 1800 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 102 +The Structure of Solids: 451 +Imperfections in Solids: 111 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 86 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 269 +Failure: 30 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 449 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 171 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 20 +Functional Properties of Materials: 108 +Unknown: 3 +1801/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1809/2011: The Structure of Solids +1802/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1805/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1807/2011: The Structure of Solids +1803/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1810/2011: The Structure of Solids +1808/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1799/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1804/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1812/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1815/2011: The Structure of Solids +1811/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1817/2011: The Structure of Solids +1814/2011: Failure +1821/2011: The Structure of Solids +1820/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1818/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1813/2011: The Structure of Solids +1825/2011: The Structure of Solids +1822/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1816/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1826/2011: The Structure of Solids +1827/2011: The Structure of Solids +1824/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1823/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1829/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1830/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1832/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1819/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1828/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1834/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1835/2011: Failure +1831/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1837/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1839/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1840/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1833/2011: The Structure of Solids +1838/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1845/2011: The Structure of Solids +1836/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1843/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1847/2011: The Structure of Solids +1846/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1841/2011: The Structure of Solids +1842/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1849/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1848/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1844/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1850/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1852/2011: Failure +1853/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1856/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1851/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1855/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1854/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1857/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1862/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1858/2011: The Structure of Solids +1861/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1860/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1859/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1867/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1863/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1866/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1864/2011: The Structure of Solids +1865/2011: Failure +1872/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1877/2011: The Structure of Solids +1876/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1870/2011: The Structure of Solids +1868/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1874/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1873/2011: The Structure of Solids +1875/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1884/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1878/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1882/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1869/2011: The Structure of Solids +1871/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1880/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1879/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1892/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1886/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1881/2011: The Structure of Solids +1887/2011: The Structure of Solids +1885/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1883/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1889/2011: The Structure of Solids +1891/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1890/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1895/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1888/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1896/2011: The Structure of Solids +1898/2011: The Structure of Solids +1894/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1893/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1897/2011: The Structure of Solids +1901/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1902/2011: The Structure of Solids + +Processed 1900 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 107 +The Structure of Solids: 478 +Imperfections in Solids: 123 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 87 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 283 +Failure: 34 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 475 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 177 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 20 +Functional Properties of Materials: 113 +Unknown: 3 +1906/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1910/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1900/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1903/2011: The Structure of Solids +1907/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1909/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1911/2011: The Structure of Solids +1908/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1913/2011: The Structure of Solids +1899/2011: The Structure of Solids +1915/2011: The Structure of Solids +1904/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1912/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1905/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1920/2011: The Structure of Solids +1923/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1922/2011: The Structure of Solids +1924/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1919/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1914/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1917/2011: The Structure of Solids +1916/2011: Failure +1925/2011: The Structure of Solids +1926/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1918/2011: Corrosion and Degradation of Materials +1927/2011: Failure +1921/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1930/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1933/2011: The Structure of Solids +1931/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1929/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1928/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1934/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1932/2011: The Structure of Solids +1937/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1936/2011: The Structure of Solids +1941/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1935/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1938/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1944/2011: The Structure of Solids +1945/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1946/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1940/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1939/2011: The Structure of Solids +1951/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1947/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1953/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1948/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1942/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1950/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1949/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1952/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1943/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1956/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1954/2011: The Structure of Solids +1959/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1961/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1957/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1958/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1965/2011: The Structure of Solids +1962/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1964/2011: The Structure of Solids +1966/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1967/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1971/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1960/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1955/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1974/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1973/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1963/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1968/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1972/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1969/2011: The Structure of Solids +1976/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1970/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1984/2011: The Structure of Solids +1978/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1975/2011: The Structure of Solids +1977/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1979/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1981/2011: Failure +1980/2011: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding +1983/2011: The Structure of Solids +1987/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1989/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1991/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1982/2011: The Structure of Solids +1990/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1985/2011: The Structure of Solids +1995/2011: The Structure of Solids +1994/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +1988/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +1986/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +1996/2011: Imperfections in Solids +1999/2011: The Structure of Solids +2003/2011: The Structure of Solids +1998/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +1992/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +1997/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +2001/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Processed 2000 questions. Current distribution: +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding: 112 +The Structure of Solids: 504 +Imperfections in Solids: 131 +Mechanical Properties of Metals: 92 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms: 300 +Failure: 37 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties: 497 +Applications and Processing of Materials: 187 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials: 21 +Functional Properties of Materials: 116 +Unknown: 3 +2004/2011: Failure +1993/2011: The Structure of Solids +2006/2011: Applications and Processing of Materials +2000/2011: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms +2002/2011: Functional Properties of Materials +2007/2011: The Structure of Solids +2011/2011: Mechanical Properties of Metals +2008/2011: Imperfections in Solids +2010/2011: The Structure of Solids +2005/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties +2009/2011: Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + +Final distribution of questions by category: +subject_category +The Structure of Solids 507 +Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 499 +Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 301 +Applications and Processing of Materials 188 +Imperfections in Solids 132 +Functional Properties of Materials 117 +Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 112 +Mechanical Properties of Metals 93 +Failure 38 +Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 21 +Unknown 3 +Name: count, dtype: int64 + +Task completed. Results saved to '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json' diff --git a/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.py b/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fe4c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/layer2/PGEE/code/classify_muti.py @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +import json +from openai import OpenAI +import time +import os +from tqdm import tqdm +import pandas as pd +import re +import concurrent.futures +import threading + +API_KEY="sk-oYh3Xrhg8oDY2gW02c966f31C84449Ad86F9Cd9dF6E64a8d" +BASE_URL="https://vip.apiyi.com/v1" +MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3 = "deepseek-chat" +CATEGORIES = ['Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding', 'The Structure of Solids', 'Imperfections in Solids', 'Mechanical Properties of Metals','Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms','Failure','Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties','Applications and Processing of Materials','Corrosion and Degradation of Materials','Functional Properties of Materials','Unknown'] + +# Thread-local storage for OpenAI clients +local = threading.local() + +# Lock for thread-safe operations +write_lock = threading.Lock() +progress_lock = threading.Lock() +processed_count = 0 +category_counts = {'Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding': 0, 'The Structure of Solids': 0, 'Imperfections in Solids': 0, 'Mechanical Properties of Metals':0,'Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms':0,'Failure':0,'Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties':0,'Applications and Processing of Materials':0,'Corrosion and Degradation of Materials':0,'Functional Properties of Materials':0,'Unknown':0} + +# 加载JSON数据 +def load_data(file_path): + with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + data = json.load(f) + return data + +def get_client(): + """Get thread-local OpenAI client""" + if not hasattr(local, 'client'): + local.client = OpenAI(api_key=API_KEY, base_url=BASE_URL) + return local.client + +def classify_question(idx, total_len, question, answer): + prompt = f""" + Given a question and its answer from the field of Materials Science fundamentals, identify which chapter or category of Materials Science the question belongs to. Choose from the following 10 categories: + + -- Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding + -- The Structure of Solids + -- Imperfections in Solids + -- Mechanical Properties of Metals + -- Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms + -- Failure + -- Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties + -- Applications and Processing of Materials + -- Corrosion and Degradation of Materials + -- Functional Properties of Materials + + QUESTIONS:{question}\n + ANSWER:{answer}\n + + Provide your response by enclosing the category number and name within [CATEGORY] and [/CATEGORY] tags. For example: [CATEGORY]Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding[/CATEGORY] + + Analyze both the question and answer carefully to determine the most appropriate category based on the question and options. + """ + + client = get_client() + # 重试机制 + max_retries = 3 + for attempt in range(max_retries): + try: + response = client.chat.completions.create( + model=MODEL_DEEPSEEK_V3, + messages=[ + {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful educational assistant."}, + {"role": "user", "content": prompt} + ], + temperature=0.3, + stream=False, + ) + classification = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + extracted_category = string_extraction(idx, total_len, classification) + if extracted_category in CATEGORIES: + return extracted_category + else: + with progress_lock: + print(f"Invalid category '{extracted_category}' returned. Retrying. {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}") + continue + except Exception as e: + with progress_lock: + print(f"Error on attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}: {e}") + if attempt == max_retries - 1: + return 'Error' # 如果达到最大重试次数，返回错误 + + # 在重试之前等待 + time.sleep(2) + + return 'Error' + +def string_extraction(idx, total_len, classification): + pattern = r'\[CATEGORY\](.*?)\[\/CATEGORY\]' + match = re.search(pattern, classification) + extracted = match.group(1) if match else 'Unknown' + + with progress_lock: + print(f"{idx + 1}/{total_len}: {extracted}") + + return extracted + +def process_item(args): + idx, total_len, item = args + question = item.get('question', '') + text = item['choices']['text'] + label = item['choices']['label'] + # answer = item.get('correct_option','') + formatted_choices = " ".join([f"({lbl}) {txt}" for lbl, txt in zip(label, text)]) + + classification = classify_question(idx, total_len, question, formatted_choices) + + # 添加分类结果 + item_with_classification = item.copy() + item_with_classification['subject_category'] = classification + + # Update global counters + global processed_count + with write_lock: + processed_count += 1 + category_counts[classification] += 1 + + # 每处理100个问题，打印一次中间结果 + if processed_count % 100 == 0: + print(f"\nProcessed {processed_count} questions. Current distribution:") + for category, count in category_counts.items(): + print(f"{category}: {count}") + + # API速率限制处理 - 减少sleep时间，因为多线程已经提供了自然的延迟 + time.sleep(0.1) + + return item_with_classification + +def main(): + # 加载数据 + file_path = '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_final_choice_questions_filtered.json' + data = load_data(file_path) + data_length = len(data) + + results = [] + + # 创建参数列表 + args_list = [(i, data_length, item) for i, item in enumerate(data)] + + # 设定线程数，根据实际API限制和服务器性能调整 + num_threads = 10 # 根据需要调整线程数 + + print(f"Starting classification with {num_threads} threads...") + + # 使用ThreadPoolExecutor进行并行处理 + with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_threads) as executor: + # 使用tqdm来显示进度 + futures = list(tqdm(executor.map(process_item, args_list), total=data_length, desc="Classifying questions")) + results = futures + + # 保存最终结果 + with open('/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + json.dump(results, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4) + + # 分析结果 + df = pd.DataFrame(results) + category_counts_final = df['subject_category'].value_counts() + print("\nFinal distribution of questions by category:") + print(category_counts_final) + + print("\nTask completed. Results saved to '/home/ubuntu/50T/fsy/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json'") + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json b/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffcbdef --- /dev/null +++ b/layer2/PGEE/code/stepz_classified.json @@ -0,0 +1,40222 @@ +[ + { + "question": "In a ternary phase diagram, the eutectic point is (6) phase equilibrium, and the degree of freedom is (7).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "two; 2", + "three; 1", + "four; 0", + "three; 0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The viscosity of SiO2 melt is 10^14 Pa·s at 1000°C and 10^7 Pa·s at 1400°C. What is the activation energy for viscous flow of SiO2 glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1024.6 kJ/mol", + "485.2 kJ/mol", + "327.8 kJ/mol", + "713.5 kJ/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes an extended dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A dislocation that has propagated beyond the crystal boundaries, creating long-range lattice distortions", + "A dislocation configuration consisting of two partial dislocations and a stacking fault sandwiched between them, e.g., in FCC crystals: $\frac{a}{6}$ [121] $^+$ stacking fault $+{\frac{a}{6}}$ [211]", + "A dislocation pair where the Burgers vectors sum to zero, forming a stable dipole configuration", + "A dislocation core that has undergone significant lattice diffusion, creating an extended defect region" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors primarily determines the concentration of component defects?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal expansion coefficient mismatch", + "Cooling rate during solidification", + "Grain boundary energy anisotropy", + "Doping amount" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K+ ion has an electron structure that is identical to which inert gas?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "krypton", + "neon", + "argon", + "xenon" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "According to the $FE=Fe=C$ phase diagram, what is the percentage of cementite precipitated from all primary phases relative to the total system for an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon mass fraction of $3.6$ at the eutectoid temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "22.36%", + "15.82%", + "12.48%", + "18.94%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What does recrystallization conceptually refer to as a process?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The formation of new strain-free grains from deformed material during annealing", + "The phase transformation from amorphous to crystalline structure", + "The dissolution and reprecipitation of a substance to purify it", + "The rearrangement of dislocations into low-energy configurations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An FCC crystal yields under a normal stress of 2MPa in the [123] direction. The activated slip system has been measured as (111)[101]. Determine the resolved shear stress τ that activates this slip system.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.816 MPa", + "1.732 MPa", + "0.933 MPa", + "1.414 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If the carbon content is 0.8% in high-carbon steel with an original grain size of 0.05mm, what is the grain size after holding at 760‰ for 1 hour? Use the formula D^(1/n) - D0^(1/n) = c t, where at 760‰, the constant c is 6×10^(-16), n is 0.1, D and D0 are grain sizes in mm, and t is time in minutes.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0492mm", + "0.0528mm", + "0.0516mm", + "0.0504mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to X-ray diffraction measurements, at 912°C, the lattice parameter a of α-Fe is 0.2892 nm, and that of γ-Fe is 0.3633 nm. What is the volume expansion when γ-Fe transforms into α-Fe?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.68%", + "1.24%", + "-2.15%", + "0.87%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a Pb-70% Sn alloy at 182 degrees C, what are the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "primary alpha: 19% Sn, % primary alpha = 22.8%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 77.2%", + "primary beta: 97.5% Sn, % primary beta = 22.8%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 77.2%", + "primary beta: 97.5% Sn, % primary beta = 77.2%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 22.8%", + "primary alpha: 19% Sn, % primary alpha = 77.2%, eutectic: 97.5% Sn, % eutectic = 22.8%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the recrystallization activation energy of a Cu-Zn alloy (w_Zn=0.30) is 250 kJ/mol, and this alloy takes 1 hour to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 400°C, how many hours does it take for this alloy to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 390°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.00 h", + "0.51 h", + "3.82 h", + "1.96 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the tensile strength of HT150 and annealed 20 steel:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150 has higher tensile strength due to its higher carbon content", + "Annealed 20 steel shows superior tensile strength because of its refined grain structure", + "Both materials exhibit similar tensile strength after heat treatment", + "HT150 demonstrates better tensile strength owing to its cast iron microstructure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "A crystal plane has intercepts of 2a, 3b, and 6c on the X, y, and z axes respectively. What are the Miller indices of this crystal plane?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111)", + "(632)", + "(123)", + "(321)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why can the lever rule be applied in binary phase diagrams but not in the vertical sections of ternary phase diagrams?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vertical sections in ternary diagrams represent non-equilibrium conditions where the lever rule is invalid", + "Because ternary systems require additional composition variables that violate the lever rule's fundamental assumptions", + "The lever rule only applies to isothermal sections, not vertical sections in phase diagrams", + "Ternary phase diagrams inherently have curved tie-lines that prevent linear composition measurements" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 6 at% Pb and 94 at% Sn?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.0 wt% Pb, 94.0 wt% Sn", + "10.0 wt% Pb, 90.0 wt% Sn", + "15.2 wt% Pb, 84.8 wt% Sn", + "3.5 wt% Pb, 96.5 wt% Sn" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If the surface of a single crystal copper is the {111} crystal plane, assuming that the crystal can slip on various slip systems, what is the possible morphology of slip lines on the surface (the orientation of slip lines and the angles between them)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Parallel slip lines only, as all {111}<110> slip systems project similarly", + "Slip lines are <112> directions, forming 30° or 90° angles between them", + "Slip lines are <123> directions with variable angles depending on stress axis", + "Slip lines are <110> directions, forming 60° or 120° angles between them" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A polymeric material contains polyvinyl chloride, with 900 monomers in one molecule. If each molecule can be stretched into a linear molecule, what is the theoretically maximum strain that can be achieved for this polymer (assuming the bond length of each C-C bond is $0.154\\mathrm{nm}$)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6750%", + "450%", + "1800%", + "3380%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If the surface of a single crystal copper is exactly the {100} crystal plane, assuming the crystal can slip on various slip systems, what is the possible morphology of slip lines (the orientation of slip lines and the angles between them) that may be observed on the surface?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The slip lines form 45° angles representing the maximum resolved shear stress direction", + "The slip lines form 60° angles corresponding to the {111} slip planes intersecting the surface", + "The slip lines show random orientations due to multiple activated slip systems", + "The slip lines are parallel or intersect at 90° due to the cubic symmetry of FCC crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a solution, which of the following is present in the higher concentration?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density in rapidly solidified metallic glass ribbon", + "The dislocation density in cold-worked aluminum (AA6061) after 50% reduction", + "The dislocation density in single-crystal silicon wafer used for semiconductor fabrication", + "The dislocation density in annealed pure copper (99.99%) at room temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Quartz (crystalline SiO2) along the c-axis", + "Fused silica (amorphous SiO2)", + "Polycrystalline alumina with 95% density", + "Single crystal diamond along <100> direction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Beryllium has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a0=0.22858 nm and c0=0.35842 nm. The atomic radius is 0.1143 nm, the density is 1.848 g/cm3, and the atomic weight is 9.01 g/mol. Determine the number of atoms in each unit cell.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6 atoms/cell", + "4 atoms/cell", + "2 atoms/cell", + "8 atoms/cell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes Fick's first law, including its expression and the physical meanings of the letters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "J=-D(dc/dx) where J is diffusion flux (g/m²·s), D is diffusion coefficient (m²/s), and dc/dx is concentration gradient (g/m⁴)", + "J=D(dc/dx) where J is current density (A/m²), D is dielectric constant (F/m), and dc/dx is electric field gradient (V/m²)", + "J=-D(dρ/dx) where J is mass flux (kg/m²·s), D is thermal diffusivity (m²/s), and dρ/dx is density gradient (kg/m⁴)", + "J=-D(dT/dx) where J is heat flux (W/m²), D is thermal conductivity (W/m·K), and dT/dx is temperature gradient (K/m)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following sets of quantum numbers can determine the spatial position and energy of an electron in an atom?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Principal quantum number n, magnetic quantum number mi, and spin angular momentum quantum number si", + "Principal quantum number n, orbital angular momentum quantum number li, and magnetic quantum number mi", + "Principal quantum number n, orbital angular momentum quantum number li, and spin angular momentum quantum number si", + "Principal quantum number n, orbital angular momentum quantum number li, magnetic quantum number mi, and spin angular momentum quantum number si" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "When the crystal growth mechanism of Ge (germanium) follows the two-dimensional nucleation model, if the nuclei formed at the liquid-solid interface are cylindrical with each nucleus height h = 0.25 nm, what is the critical nucleus diameter d*? (Given: melting point Tm = 1231 K, heat of fusion = 750000 kJ/m³, surface energy per unit area = 5.5×10⁻² J/m², undercooling during solidification ΔT = 0.01 Tm)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "29.4 nm", + "7.35 nm", + "14.7 nm", + "3.68 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In which fields can ceramic materials be applied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All of the above applications are correct", + "Structural load-bearing components in aircraft engines", + "Flexible electronic displays and stretchable sensors", + "Thermal insulation and wear-resistant coatings" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion coefficient of Al in Al2O3, D0(Al) = 2.8×10^-3 m^2/s, and the activation energy Q = 477 kJ/mol, what is its diffusion coefficient D at a temperature of 2000 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.7×10^-16 m^2/s", + "2.8×10^-3 m^2/s", + "4.2×10^-12 m^2/s", + "1.6×10^-19 m^2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why does metal slip occur on the closest-packed planes and directions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The highest atomic density planes require the least energy for dislocation nucleation", + "The electrostatic repulsion between slip planes is minimized in close-packed directions", + "The Burgers vector length is shortest in close-packed directions, reducing strain energy", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress reaches its minimum value on close-packed planes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In the graphitization process of cast iron, if the first stage is completely graphitized and the second stage is partially graphitized, what kind of microstructure cast iron is obtained?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "F+P+G (graphite)", + "P+G (graphite)", + "F+G (graphite)", + "P+F (no graphite)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Rhodium has an atomic radius of 0.1345nm, a density of (12.41g / {cm}^{3}) and an atomic weight of 102.91 \\mathrm{g} / mol. What is rhodium's crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Simple cubic", + "BCC", + "FCC", + "HCP" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When a deformed material is reheated and undergoes recovery and recrystallization phenomena, the significant decrease in point defect concentration occurs during", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The thermal activation of vacancy diffusion", + "The nucleation of new strain-free grains", + "The migration of high-angle grain boundaries", + "The annihilation of dislocations during polygonization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the main characteristics of martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensitic transformation is a diffusionless, shear-type phase transformation that occurs in both pure metals and alloys, and is controlled by interface processes.", + "Martensitic transformation involves long-range atomic diffusion and results in equiaxed grain structures, similar to recrystallization processes.", + "The transformation occurs through nucleation and growth mechanisms with significant composition changes, following Fick's laws of diffusion.", + "Martensitic transformation is exclusively a bulk diffusion-controlled process that requires high temperature thermal activation." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The critical resolved shear stress of an aluminum single crystal at room temperature is 7.9×10⁵ Pa. If a tensile test is performed on an aluminum single crystal specimen at room temperature with the tensile axis in the [123] direction, and the possible activated slip system is (111)[101], what is the stress required to cause the specimen to yield?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.69×10⁶ Pa", + "3.42×10⁶ Pa", + "7.9×10⁵ Pa", + "2.37×10⁶ Pa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The porosity of cermet is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Young's modulus of diamond is lower than that of steel", + "The electrical conductivity of graphene is lower than copper at room temperature", + "Carbon fibers exhibit higher tensile strength along the transverse direction", + "The percolation threshold in CNT-polymer composites occurs at 0.1-1 vol% loading" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Seawater, which covers the majority of the earth, is composed primarily of molecules of H_{2} \\mathrm{O} and equal numbers of \\mathrm{Na}^{+}ions and \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}ions. Suppose we have a thoroughly mixed solution (containing these species only) at 25^{\\circ} C. How many components and how many phases are in such a system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1 component, 1 phase", + "1 component, 2 phase", + "2 component, 1 phase", + "3 component, 1 phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An aircraft component is fabricated from an aluminum alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 40 MPa sqrt(m) (36.4 ksi sqrt(in)). It has been determined that fracture results at a stress of 300 MPa (43,500 psi) when the maximum (or critical) internal crack length is 4.0mm (0.16 in.). For this same component and alloy, will fracture occur at a stress level of 260 MPa (38,000 psi) when the maximum internal crack length is 6.0mm (0.24 in.)? Why or why not?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No fracture will occur because the crack length increase is compensated by the stress reduction", + "No fracture will occur because the applied stress (260 MPa) is below the original fracture stress (300 MPa)", + "Fracture will occur because the stress intensity factor (42.4 MPa√m) exceeds the material's fracture toughness", + "Fracture will occur only if the component is subjected to cyclic loading conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "For NiO with sodium chloride structure, the packing factor is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.678", + "0.785", + "0.740", + "0.524" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "One of the conditions for clay slurry peptization is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The medium is alkaline", + "The zeta potential exceeds 30 mV", + "The clay particles are isoelectric", + "The slurry temperature exceeds 100°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are common types of alloy that passivate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and Inconel 718", + "316L stainless steel and 6061 aluminum alloy", + "Cast iron and brass", + "Mg-Al-Zn magnesium alloy and Cu-Ni bronze" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Under the same degree of supercooling, compare the critical radius, critical nucleation work, and critical nucleus volume between homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical radius is the same; the critical nucleation work is higher for homogeneous nucleation; the critical nucleus volume is also larger for homogeneous nucleation", + "The critical radius is smaller for heterogeneous nucleation; the critical nucleation work is the same; the critical nucleus volume is smaller for homogeneous nucleation", + "The critical radius is larger for homogeneous nucleation; the critical nucleation work is higher for heterogeneous nucleation; the critical nucleus volume is the same", + "All three parameters (critical radius, nucleation work, and nucleus volume) are smaller for heterogeneous nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a pure metal crystallizes and grows vertically, its interface is sometimes smooth and sometimes rough, growing alternately. Which of the following correctly describes the interface type?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The interface is of the rough type due to continuous atomic attachment at multiple sites", + "The interface alternates between smooth and rough due to periodic changes in undercooling", + "The interface remains smooth as it grows vertically with minimal surface energy", + "The interface exhibits faceted growth with alternating smooth and rough regions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the coordination numbers of the ions in the perovskite crystal structure of barium titanate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ba²⁺:8, Ti⁴⁺:6, O²⁻:12", + "Ba²⁺:12, Ti⁴⁺:6, O²⁻:6", + "Ba²⁺:6, Ti⁴⁺:6, O²⁻:6", + "Ba²⁺:12, Ti⁴⁺:4, O²⁻:8" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.630 tesla at an H field of 5 x 10^5 A/m. What type(s) of magnetism would you suggest is (are) being displayed by this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ferromagnetic behavior only", + "Diamagnetic behavior only", + "Both diamagnetic and paramagnetic behavior", + "Antiferromagnetic behavior with weak ferromagnetic coupling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The flexural strength and associated volume fraction porosity for two specimens of the same ceramic material are as follows: \n\\begin{tabular}{cc} \\hline \\sigma_{\\mathrm{fs}} (MPa) & \\mathbf{P} \\\\ \\hline 100 & 0.05 \\\\ 50 & 0.20 \\\\ \\hline \\end{tabular} \nCompute the flexural strength for a completely nonporous specimen of this material.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "89 MPa", + "112 MPa", + "138 MPa", + "126 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines a phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A graphical representation describing the conditions for phase equilibrium or the coexistence relationships of phases; it can also be referred to as the geometric trajectory of thermodynamic parameters at equilibrium.", + "A plot showing the mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature, used to predict material behavior under stress.", + "A diagram illustrating the atomic arrangement and crystallographic planes in a material, essential for understanding diffraction patterns.", + "A chart mapping the electrical conductivity of materials against their thermal conductivity, used to identify thermoelectric materials." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An Al-Cu alloy with an atomic fraction of Cu at 4.6% undergoes solution treatment at 550°C, resulting in the α phase containing x(Cu)=2%. After reheating to 100°C and holding for a period, θ phase precipitates uniformly throughout the alloy volume. The θ phase has an fcc structure with r=0.143 nm, and the average spacing between θ particles is 5 nm. Calculate the number of θ phase particles per cm³ in the alloy.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4×10¹⁸ particles/cm³", + "8×10¹⁸ particles/cm³", + "2×10¹⁹ particles/cm³", + "1.6×10¹⁹ particles/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Using Na2CO3 and Na2SiO3 to dilute the same type of clay slurry (mainly composed of kaolinite mineral), compare the differences in thixotropy of the two slurries when the same amount of electrolyte is added.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Adding Na2CO3 increases thixotropy while Na2SiO3 decreases it due to different ion hydration effects", + "Both electrolytes reduce thixotropy equally by breaking clay particle networks", + "Na2CO3 has no effect on thixotropy while Na2SiO3 reduces it due to silicate ion adsorption", + "Both electrolytes increase thixotropy by promoting edge-to-face particle interactions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What materials can be used to manufacture rocket supports?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Carbon fiber reinforced polymer with 0° ply orientation", + "Silicon carbide fiber reinforced titanium matrix composite", + "Boron fiber reinforced epoxy with 45° ply orientation", + "Unidirectional alumina fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The basis for classifying silicate crystals is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cation type in the silicate structure", + "Si0₄ connection method", + "Degree of polymerization of SiO₄ tetrahedra", + "Presence of non-bridging oxygen atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an iron-carbon alloy are 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. Is this a hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hypoeutectoid, because the alloy contains less than 6.7 wt% carbon", + "Hypoeutectoid, because ferrite is the dominant phase", + "Hypereutectoid, because cementite forms before pearlite", + "Hypereutectoid, because the carbon content is above 0.76 wt%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In polycrystals, grain boundaries are divided into large-angle and small-angle grain boundaries. What is the typical identification angle for distinguishing between large-angle and small-angle grain boundaries?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10°", + "15°", + "5°", + "20°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The mineral olivine is a solid solution of the silicate compounds forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) and fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄). How many chemical components are there in a sample of olivine?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1 (only SiO₂)", + "2 (Mg₂SiO₄ and Fe₂SiO₄)", + "3 (Mg, Fe, and SiO₄)", + "4 (Mg, Fe, Si, and O)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The radius of Mg²⁺ ion is 0.078 nm, the radius of O²⁻ ion is 0.132 nm, and the lattice constant of NaCl-type structure is the sum of the diameters of one cation and one anion. What is the calculated lattice constant?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.156 nm", + "0.210 nm", + "0.264 nm", + "0.420 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the habit plane and its invariance in the characteristics of martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Invariance of the habit plane is achieved through simultaneous lattice rotation and distortion to maintain coherency with the parent phase.", + "The habit plane is defined as the interface between austenite and martensite that undergoes maximum shear strain during transformation.", + "Habit planes correspond to the highest atomic density planes in the parent phase, ensuring minimum energy barrier for transformation.", + "Martensite forms on certain crystallographic planes of the parent phase, and these planes are called habit planes. The habit plane is an undistorted and non-rotating plane." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that pure titanium at 900°C is β-Ti (bcc structure) with a lattice constant a=0.3307nm. The interplanar spacing of the (112) plane is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.135 nm", + "0.191 nm", + "0.330 nm", + "0.165 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A piece of corroded steel plate was found in a submerged ocean vessel. It was estimated that the original area of the plate was 10 in^{2} and that approximately 2.6kg had corroded away during the submersion. Assuming a corrosion penetration rate of 200 mpy for this alloy in seawater, estimate the time of submersion in years. The density of steel is 7.9g/cm^{3}. The time of submersion is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "20 yr", + "5 yr", + "10 yr", + "15 yr" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a basic condition that must be met for atomic diffusion in solids?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Existence of a temperature gradient above the Debye temperature", + "Presence of a chemical potential gradient", + "Availability of sufficient activation energy for vacancy formation", + "Presence of a crystallographic orientation mismatch exceeding 15°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 30 wt% Zn and 70 wt% Cu?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "30.0 at% Zn and 70.0 at% Cu", + "32.1 at% Zn and 67.9 at% Cu", + "27.8 at% Zn and 72.2 at% Cu", + "29.4 at% Zn and 70.6 at% Cu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly identifies and corrects the error in the concept: 'At any temperature, the maximum structural fluctuations appearing in liquid metals are all embryos.'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In undercooled liquids, the maximum structural fluctuations appearing in liquid metals are all embryos.", + "At critical undercooling, the maximum structural fluctuations appearing in liquid metals are all nuclei.", + "Above melting temperature, the maximum structural fluctuations appearing in liquid metals are all embryos.", + "At any undercooling, the maximum structural fluctuations appearing in liquid metals are all nuclei." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the minimum radius of an atom that will just fit into the tetrahedral interstitial site in FCC nickel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.225 × a (0.352 Å)", + "0.414 × r_Ni (0.352 Å)", + "√(3/4) × a/4 (0.382 Å)", + "0.2797 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A sheet of steel 5.0-mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 900°C and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in steel at this temperature is 1.85 × 10^{-10} m²/s, and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.0 × 10^{-7} kg/m²·s. Also, it is known that the concentration of nitrogen in the steel at the high-pressure surface is 2 kg/m³. How far into the sheet from this high-pressure side will the concentration be 0.5 kg/m³? Assume a linear concentration profile.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.63 mm", + "1.39 mm", + "3.70 mm", + "2.78 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In fluorite, what type of voids are entirely occupied by F- ions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cubic", + "Octahedral", + "Tetrahedral", + "Trigonal bipyramidal" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the activation energy Q for Zn2+ diffusion in ZnS is 48856 J/mol, and D0=3×10−15 cm2/s, what is the diffusion coefficient at 750°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.6×10−4 cm2/s", + "3.2×10−12 cm2/s", + "1.8×10−3 cm2/s", + "4.9×10−5 cm2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The basic raw materials of traditional ceramics and its structure are composed of which of the following combinations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "kaolin, silica, alumina / crystalline phase, amorphous phase, voids", + "clay, quartz, feldspar / crystalline phase, glass phase, gas phase", + "clay, silica, feldspar / crystalline phase, vitreous phase, porosity", + "kaolin, quartz, feldspar / crystalline domains, glassy matrix, pores" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For NiO with sodium chloride structure, the lattice parameter is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.44 Å", + "3.52 Å", + "4.17 Å", + "4.02 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in continuity between the two metal plastic deformation mechanisms of slip and twinning?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip occurs through discrete atomic plane shifts while twinning involves continuous lattice rotation", + "Both mechanisms proceed continuously but at different strain rate sensitivities", + "Twinning can proceed continuously while slip requires discrete dislocation movements", + "Slip process can proceed continuously while twinning cannot proceed continuously" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the closest packed direction in a body-centered cubic crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "<100>", + "<110>", + "<111>", + "<112>" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the density of fully crystalline polytetrafluoroethylene ρ_c = 2.296 g/cm³ and the density of completely amorphous polytetrafluoroethylene ρ_a = 1.984 g/cm³, calculate the crystallinity of a polytetrafluoroethylene sample with a density of 2.26 g/cm³. The crystallinity is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "78.2%", + "92.3%", + "88.5%", + "64.7%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of polymers, is it possible to determine whether one polymer has a higher melting temperature than the other? Linear and syndiotactic polypropylene having a weight-average molecular weight of 500,000 g/mol; linear and atactic polypropylene having a weight-average molecular weight of 750,000 g/mol", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the higher molecular weight of atactic PP compensates for its lower tacticity", + "Yes, syndiotactic PP always has higher Tm due to its regular chain packing", + "Yes, atactic PP has higher Tm because its higher molecular weight dominates", + "No, because tacticity and molecular weight effects cannot be separated in this comparison" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the change in the melting point of tin when the pressure increases to $500\\times10^{5}\\mathbf{Pa}$. It is known that at $\\mathfrak{10}^{5}\\mathbf{Pa}$, the melting point of tin is $505~\\mathrm{K}$, the heat of fusion is $7196\\mathrm{J/mol}$, the molar mass is $118.8\\times10^{-3}~\\mathrm{kg/mol}$, the density of solid tin is $\\small7.30\\times10^{3}~\\mathrm{kg/m^{3}}$, and the volume change during melting is $+2.7\\%$. The change in melting point is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.54 K", + "0.77 K", + "3.08 K", + "-1.54 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes one of the essential reasons for the high hardness of martensite related to its crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The body-centered tetragonal structure creates strong covalent bonds between iron atoms", + "The high carbon content forms interstitial carbides that pin dislocations", + "The tetragonal distortion increases the Peierls stress required for dislocation motion", + "The absence of close-packed planes reduces the number of available slip systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of 3225 mm2 (5 in.2), a plate separation of 1mm (0.04 in.), and a material having a dielectric constant of 3.5 positioned between the plates. What is the electric field that must be applied for 2 × 10−8 C to be stored on each plate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.0 × 10^5 V/m", + "1.8 × 10^5 V/m", + "2.2 × 10^5 V/m", + "2.0 × 10^5 V/m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the minimum radius of an atom that will just fit into the octahedral interstitial site in BCC lithium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.629 Å", + "0.414 Å", + "0.732 Å", + "0.225 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the root mean square displacement of the total migration of carbon atoms $\\sqrt{\\overline{R_{n}^{2}}}$, given the jump frequency of carbon atoms as $\\Gamma=1.7\\times10^{9}/\\mathrm{s}$, the jump distance as $2.53\\times10^{-10}\\mathrm{m}$, and the time as $4\\mathrm{h}$. The correct answer is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "130 μm", + "0.13 mm", + "13 μm", + "1.3 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The formation of nuclei in a homogeneous liquid phase through conditions such as structural fluctuations and energy fluctuations is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "homogeneous nucleation", + "heterogeneous nucleation", + "spinodal decomposition", + "Ostwald ripening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization refer to the simultaneous occurrence of which of the following during deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "phase transformation and twinning", + "dislocation generation and annihilation", + "grain growth and texture development", + "softening and strain hardening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "To which group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 114 belong?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "group VIIA", + "group IIB", + "group IVA", + "group IIIB" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, the direction of its cross-slip motion is __ to the Burgers vector", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "parallel", + "perpendicular", + "at 45°", + "dependent on the slip plane orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At 627°C (i.e., 900K), what is the solubility of Fe3C particles with a radius of 100nm in α-Fe? The interfacial energy of Fe3C is known to be 0.71 J/m², and the molar volume of Fe is 23.4×10^-6 m³/mol.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.217×10^-3", + "3.509×10^-3", + "2.894×10^-3", + "5.632×10^-3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Bismuth has a hexagonal structure, with a0=0.4546 nm and c0=1.186 nm. The density is 9.808 g/cm3 and the atomic weight is 208.98 g/mol. What is the volume of the unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4546 nm³", + "0.21226 nm³", + "1.186 nm³", + "0.10613 nm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an n-type semiconductor:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The electron mobility in n-type GaAs decreases with increasing temperature above room temperature", + "The electron mobility in n-type GaAs is primarily limited by ionized impurity scattering at 300K", + "The electron mobility in n-type GaAs shows a T^3/2 temperature dependence due to acoustic phonon scattering", + "The electron mobility in n-type GaAs is higher than its hole mobility due to smaller effective mass" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "If a piece of iron is heated from room temperature 20°C to 850°C, then cooled very quickly to 20°C, what is the change in the number of vacancies before and after the treatment (assuming the energy required to form 1 mole of vacancies in iron is 104600J)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.3×10^13", + "1.2×10^14", + "3.8×10^12", + "The number of vacancies remains unchanged" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of polymers, which one has a higher melting temperature and why? Linear polyethylene that has a degree of polymerization of 5,000; linear and isotactic polypropylene that has a degree of polymerization of 6,500", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polypropylene has higher Tm due to its bulky phenyl side group and higher degree of polymerization", + "Polyethylene has higher Tm because its simpler structure allows for better chain packing", + "Both polymers have similar Tm since their degrees of polymerization are both above the critical entanglement length", + "Cannot be determined without knowing the exact tacticity distribution of the polypropylene" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the maximum thermal conductivity value for a cermet that contains 85 vol % titanium carbide (TiC) particles in a cobalt matrix. Assume thermal conductivities of 27 and 69 W/m-K for TiC and Co, respectively.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "42.7 W/m-K", + "58.2 W/m-K", + "27.0 W/m-K", + "33.3 W/m-K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is a disadvantage brought by the work hardening phenomenon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "increases dislocation mobility", + "reduces elastic modulus significantly", + "causes difficulty in plastic deformation", + "decreases yield strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the first stage involved in the formation of particles of a new phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Spinodal decomposition - spontaneous phase separation", + "Nucleation - formation of stable critical-sized clusters", + "Precipitation - solute atoms clustering", + "Coarsening - growth of existing particles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "From what is Fe3CI precipitated?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solid-state reaction", + "Liquid phase", + "Vapor deposition", + "Electrochemical reduction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In cubic crystals, the (110) and (211) planes belong to the same zone axis.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The zone axis is [111] because both planes contain this direction", + "The zone axis is [110] as it's the simplest common direction for cubic systems", + "These planes cannot belong to the same zone axis due to different Miller indices", + "The zone axis is [1-10] as determined by the cross product of the plane normals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under conditions where cupric oxide (CuO) is exposed to reducing atmospheres at elevated temperatures, some of the Cu2+ ions will become Cu+. Which of the following correctly expresses the chemical formula for this nonstoichiometric material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CuO0.8", + "Cu2O", + "CuO with oxygen vacancies", + "Cu1.2O" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the expression for the modulus of elasticity for a hybrid composite in which all fibers of both types are oriented in the same direction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "E_cl = (E_f1 V_f1 + E_f2 V_f2) / (V_f1 + V_f2)", + "E_cl = E_m V_m + E_f1 V_f1 + E_f2 V_f2", + "E_cl = E_m V_m + (E_f1 + E_f2)(V_f1 + V_f2)", + "E_cl = (E_m V_m + E_f1 V_f1 + E_f2 V_f2) / (V_m + V_f1 + V_f2)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given the following electrical characteristics for intrinsic and n-type extrinsic indium phosphide (InP) at room temperature, calculate the electron and hole mobilities (μₑ and μₕ).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "μₑ = 0.05 m²/V·s, μₕ = 1.25 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 0.02 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.50 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 1.25 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.05 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 0.50 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.02 m²/V·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Into what categories can polymer materials be classified by application?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, composites, blends", + "Structural, functional, smart, biodegradable, conductive", + "Plastics, rubber, fibers, adhesives, coatings", + "Organic, inorganic, hybrid, natural, synthetic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "According to the relationship d²=kt and k=17.6μm²/min, what is the grain diameter d after annealing for 60 minutes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32.5μm", + "1056μm", + "17.6μm", + "60μm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly contrasts the mechanical characteristics of matrix and dispersed phases for fiber-reinforced composites?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The matrix phase dominates thermal conductivity properties, whereas fibers control the electrical conductivity", + "Matrix materials typically have higher fracture toughness than fibers, but fibers compensate with superior fatigue resistance", + "While the matrix provides most of the composite's stiffness, fibers contribute primarily to impact resistance", + "The matrix phase exhibits high toughness but low yield strength, while fibers show high tensile strength but poor creep resistance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes eutectic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A diffusionless transformation where a parent phase changes crystal structure without composition change", + "The process where a solid solution decomposes into two distinct phases upon cooling below the solubility limit", + "The transformation in a binary alloy where a single liquid phase simultaneously transforms into two different solid phases at a constant temperature", + "The precipitation of a second phase from a supersaturated solid solution at elevated temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "From what kind of material would the temperature indicator be made?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Shape memory alloys that exhibit reversible phase transformation", + "Bimetallic materials with differing thermal expansion coefficients", + "Piezoelectric ceramics generating voltage under temperature gradients", + "Thermochromic polymers changing optical properties with temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, the interfacial tensions of ether-water, mercury-ether, and mercury-water are 0.0107, 0.379, and 0.375 N/m, respectively. A drop of water is placed on the interface between ether and mercury. What is the contact angle?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "112.345°", + "68.0498°", + "45.000°", + "151.231°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For screw dislocations, which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "the dislocation line is perpendicular to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is parallel to the direction of dislocation motion", + "the dislocation line is parallel to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is parallel to the direction of dislocation motion", + "the dislocation line is parallel to the Burgers vector, but the dislocation line is perpendicular to the direction of dislocation motion", + "the dislocation line is perpendicular to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is perpendicular to the direction of dislocation motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the mechanism of slurry peptization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The process involves mechanical breakdown of particle agglomerates through high shear mixing, where increased kinetic energy overcomes van der Waals forces between particles.", + "Peptization occurs when the zeta potential of colloidal particles reaches zero, causing complete particle dispersion through neutralization of surface charges by counterions in the solution.", + "Due to the difference in electrical charges on the edge and face surfaces of plate-like clay particles, face-face, edge-face, or edge-edge associations occur, forming a certain structure in the slurry that increases flow resistance. The peptization process of the slurry involves breaking down this internal structure, transforming edge-face and edge-edge associations into face-face arrangements.", + "Peptization is achieved by increasing the slurry viscosity through polymer addition, which creates steric hindrance that prevents particle-particle contact and agglomeration." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the characteristics of physical bonds (van der Waals forces)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primary bonds exhibiting temperature-dependent strength", + "Directional covalent interactions with bond energies around 2-5 eV", + "Secondary bonds with bond energies typically below 0.5 eV", + "Ionic bonds with complete electron transfer" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Adding 50mol% Na2O to SiO2, can this ratio form a glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Only if rapidly quenched, otherwise it will crystallize", + "No, because exceeding 30mol% modifier oxides always disrupts glass formation", + "Yes, because the 3D SiO network remains intact despite network modifiers", + "Yes, but only if Al2O3 is also present to stabilize the structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion coefficients for iron in nickel at two temperatures (1273 K with D = 9.4 x 10^-16 m^2/s and 1473 K with D = 2.4 x 10^-14 m^2/s), determine the values of D0 and the activation energy Qd.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "D0 = 4.4 x 10^-5 m^2/s and Qd = 252,400 J/mol", + "D0 = 1.1 x 10^-5 m^2/s and Qd = 126,200 J/mol", + "D0 = 2.2 x 10^-5 m^2/s and Qd = 252,400 J/mol", + "D0 = 2.2 x 10^-5 m^2/s and Qd = 126,200 J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes grain growth?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain growth is the process in which the average grain size of a strain-free material continuously increases during heat treatment without altering its distribution. Within the bulk, grain sizes grow uniformly, and pores remain at grain boundaries or grain boundary junctions during grain growth.", + "Grain growth occurs when dislocations rearrange to form subgrain boundaries, leading to a reduction in overall grain size due to recrystallization during annealing.", + "Grain growth is primarily driven by surface energy minimization, causing smaller grains to dissolve while larger grains grow, similar to Ostwald ripening in liquid solutions.", + "Grain growth involves the migration of grain boundaries to reduce strain energy, resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution with distinct populations of small and large grains." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The unit cell is the smallest volume element that contains all structural information of a crystal", + "The unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that shows the full symmetry of the crystal structure", + "The unit cell is a theoretical construct used to simplify diffraction pattern calculations", + "The unit cell is the most basic unit that constitutes a crystal lattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the characteristics of Babbitt alloy in terms of lubrication principle?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It exhibits solid lubrication properties due to the low shear strength of tin crystals in its microstructure", + "It belongs to friction under the lubricating film, relying on the lubricating film formed between the shaft and the bearing bush to reduce friction", + "It functions through hydrodynamic lubrication where the rotating shaft creates a pressurized oil film", + "It operates on boundary lubrication principles where direct metal-to-metal contact occurs through protective oxide layers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a method to improve wetting at the solid-liquid interface?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Changing surface roughness", + "Increasing elastic modulus of the solid", + "Applying hydrostatic pressure to the liquid", + "Reducing the liquid's thermal conductivity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the types of quenching methods?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martempering (martensite tempering)", + "Single-liquid quenching", + "Graded quenching", + "Austenitizing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A large-particle composite consisting of tungsten particles within a copper matrix is prepared with volume fractions of tungsten and copper as 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. Using the given data, what is the upper limit for the specific stiffness of this composite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "19.0 GPa", + "24.8 GPa", + "15.6 GPa", + "32.7 GPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a BCC iron-carbon alloy that contains 0.1 wt% C, the fraction of unit cells that contain carbon atoms is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.33 × 10^{-3} atoms/unit cell", + "4.65 × 10^{-3} atoms/unit cell", + "1.86 × 10^{-2} atoms/unit cell", + "9.31 × 10^{-3} atoms/unit cell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an ASTM grain size number of 8, the number of grains per square inch with no magnification is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.4 × 10^5 grains/in.^2", + "2.56 × 10^6 grains/in.^2", + "1.28 × 10^6 grains/in.^2", + "3.2 × 10^5 grains/in.^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How can you obtain the mass and Cu content of solid α3 by heating solid α2 to melting and slowly cooling it to 920°C, then pouring off the liquid?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Reheat α2 to melting, slowly cool to 920°C, retain both phases, giving α3 with a mass of 260g and w_Cu≈0.02", + "Reheat α2 to melting, rapidly quench to 920°C, pour off the liquid, leaving α3 with a mass of 260g and w_Cu≈0.15", + "Reheat α2 to melting, slowly cool to 920°C, pour off the liquid, leaving α3 with a mass of 300g and w_Cu≈0.02", + "Reheat α2 to melting, slowly cool to 920°C, pour off the liquid, leaving only α3, with a mass of 260g and w_Cu≈0.02" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Simultaneous nucleation and growth of new grains throughout the material, similar to primary recrystallization", + "Uniform grain growth driven solely by reduction of grain boundary energy, maintaining equiaxed grain structure", + "Abnormal growth of individual grains consuming finer matrix grains, with pores becoming trapped inside growing grains", + "Selective growth of grains with specific crystallographic orientations due to applied stress or strain" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Two batches of industrial pure aluminum samples were rolled with the same deformation amount on June 5 and June 9, respectively, and then subjected to recrystallization annealing simultaneously on the 9th. The experiment found that for the same annealing time, the temperatures required to complete recrystallization were different for the two batches of samples. Which batch has a higher recrystallization temperature, and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The June 5 sample has lower recrystallization temperature due to natural aging effects", + "The June 9 sample has higher recrystallization temperature because it has more stored deformation energy", + "Both samples have the same recrystallization temperature since deformation amount was identical", + "The June 5 sample has higher recrystallization temperature due to partial recovery during storage" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The number of vacancies in some hypothetical metal increases by a factor of 5 when the temperature is increased from 1040 K to 1150 K. Calculate the energy (in kj/mol) for vacancy formation assuming that the density of the metal remains the same over this temperature range. The energy for vacancy formation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "115 kJ/mol", + "92 kJ/mol", + "138 kJ/mol", + "76 kJ/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A solid solution contains x(MgO) at 30% and x(LiF) at 70%. If the density of MgO is 3.6 g/cm3 and the density of LiF is 2.6 g/cm3, what is the density of this solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.9 g/cm3", + "3.1 g/cm3", + "2.7 g/cm3", + "3.3 g/cm3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum mass fraction of proeutectoid cementite possible for a hypereutectoid iron-carbon alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.232", + "0.021", + "0.067", + "0.117" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in diffusion coefficients of carbon in α-Fe and γ-Fe due to their structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The face-centered cubic structure has lower activation energy for carbon diffusion because of its higher symmetry", + "The body-centered cubic structure has higher atomic packing density, restricting carbon diffusion", + "Both structures have similar diffusion coefficients due to identical iron coordination numbers", + "The face-centered cubic structure has more interstitial sites, leading to higher carbon solubility but lower mobility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The equilibrium concentration of point defects increases with the rise of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "grain size", + "applied stress", + "temperature", + "cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the role of Cu element in aluminum alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primarily increases electrical conductivity while slightly reducing density", + "Forms intermetallic compounds that significantly increase hardness but reduce ductility", + "Enhances strength through solid solution and precipitation strengthening, while improving heat resistance", + "Acts as a grain refiner to improve toughness by preventing grain growth during heat treatment" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "After the wire drawing die made of high-carbon high-chromium steel wears out, the inner hole has a slight oversize. What heat treatment can be used to reduce the inner hole diameter?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tempering at 300°C for 2 hours", + "Annealing at 750°C followed by slow cooling", + "Water quenching", + "Nitriding at 500°C for 5 hours" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type(s) of bonding would be expected for rubber?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "metallic with covalent", + "ionic with hydrogen bonding", + "covalent with some van der Waals", + "pure van der Waals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The aging of polymer materials involves structural changes such as:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "oxidation and thermal degradation", + "crystallization and plasticization", + "hydrogen bonding and chain alignment", + "cross-linking and scission" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly represents the one-dimensional form of Fick's second law and explains the meaning and units of each physical quantity in the formula?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "∂C/∂x = D·∂²C/∂t², where C (at%) is concentration, D (μm²/s) is diffusivity, t (min) is time, x (μm) is distance", + "∂C/∂t = D·∂C/∂x, where C (mol/m³) is concentration, D (m²/s) is diffusivity, t (s) is time, x (m) is distance", + "∂²C/∂t² = D·∂²C/∂x², where C (wt%) is concentration, D (mm²/s) is diffusivity, t (hr) is time, x (mm) is distance", + "∂C/∂t = D·∂²C/∂x², where C (g/cm³) is concentration, D (cm²/s) is diffusivity, t (s) is time, x (cm) is distance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is Critical deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical strain required to initiate dynamic recrystallization during hot working", + "The maximum strain a material can withstand before fracture at room temperature", + "The deformation threshold where dislocation density reaches saturation point", + "The minimum pre-deformation required to cause recrystallization when heated above the recrystallization temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the radius of a tantalum (Ta) atom, given that Ta has a BCC crystal structure, a density of 16.6 g/cm³, and an atomic weight of 180.9 g/mol?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.122 nm", + "0.143 nm", + "0.136 nm", + "0.154 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the visible spectrum, an electrical insulator that is a single crystal and without porosity is normally:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density decreases exponentially with annealing temperature", + "The yield strength increases linearly with grain size according to Hall-Petch relationship", + "The electrical conductivity of pure metals is primarily limited by phonon scattering at room temperature", + "The fracture toughness of ceramics is inversely proportional to the square root of grain size" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "To what temperature would 23.0kg of some material at 100^{\\circ} C be raised if 255kJ of heat is supplied? Assume a C_{p} value of 423 J/ kg-K for this material.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The material would undergo a phase transformation to BCC structure", + "The yield strength would increase linearly with strain", + "Twinning would become the dominant deformation mechanism", + "The dislocation density would decrease due to dynamic recovery" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "One of the conditions for the peptization of clay slurry is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Formation of hydrogen bonds between clay layers", + "Deprotonation of surface hydroxyl groups", + "Polymerization of anions", + "Cation exchange capacity reduction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The intermetallic compound AlNi has a CsCl-type structure with a lattice constant of $a=0.288\\mathrm{~nm}$. What is its density? (The relative atomic mass of Ni is 58.71, and the relative atomic mass of Al is 26.98.)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.42 g/cm³", + "5.97 g/cm³", + "5.51 g/cm³", + "4.89 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For cases where the concentration gradient changes over time, which of the following statements about the first law of diffusion is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The first law of diffusion can also be applied to non-steady-state diffusion, but it must be modified.", + "The first law of diffusion is strictly only applicable to steady-state diffusion conditions.", + "The first law remains unchanged but requires using instantaneous concentration gradient values.", + "The first law becomes invalid and must be replaced with the second law of diffusion." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For some ceramic materials, why does the thermal conductivity first decrease and then increase with rising temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The initial decrease is due to increased phonon scattering, while the subsequent increase results from significant radiative heat transfer through pores at higher temperatures", + "The initial decrease is caused by reduced electron mobility, while the increase at higher temperatures is due to enhanced ionic conduction", + "The initial decrease occurs because of thermal expansion reducing atomic packing, while the increase results from phase transformation to a more conductive crystalline structure", + "The initial decrease is due to decreased mean free path of phonons, while the increase is caused by thermally activated defect annihilation improving crystallinity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the planar packing fraction (ppf) on the (110) plane for CaF2 (with the fluorite structure)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.699", + "0.785", + "0.524", + "0.906" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the process of injection molding used to form plastic materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The plastic is first vulcanized under high pressure before being injected into the mold", + "The raw materials are impelled by a ram through a heating chamber, and finally into the die cavity", + "A rotating screw both melts and conveys the material forward into the mold cavity", + "The material is extruded through a die to form continuous profiles before being cut to length" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the distance between the center of a sodium ion and its nearest neighboring positive ion in NaCl (given the radii of Na+ and Cl− are 0.097nm and 0.181nm, respectively)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.393nm", + "0.278nm", + "0.556nm", + "0.194nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why do silicate materials have relatively low densities in terms of bonding?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tetrahedral coordination creates excessive free volume in the crystal structure", + "Silicate materials contain large interstitial voids due to ionic repulsion", + "The low atomic number of silicon reduces electron density", + "The directional nature of covalent bonds limits atomic packing efficiency" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly explains the difference between oxidation and reduction electrochemical reactions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Oxidation decreases atomic radius while reduction increases atomic radius, due to electron transfer", + "Oxidation is the formation of metal oxides while reduction is the decomposition of metal oxides", + "Oxidation occurs at the cathode while reduction occurs at the anode in electrochemical cells", + "Oxidation involves electron loss while reduction involves electron gain, with the oxidized species increasing its oxidation state" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "As temperature increases, the electrical conductivities of polymers and ionic ceramics", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increase for ionic ceramics but decrease for conductive polymers", + "Decrease for both material types", + "Increase for both material types", + "Decrease for ionic ceramics but increase for conductive polymers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What type of chemical bond is primarily found in nitrides?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic bond with partial covalent character", + "Pure covalent bond", + "Metallic bond with electron delocalization", + "Van der Waals-bonded molecular solid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "When a spherical embryo with radius r appears in an undercooled liquid, what is the critical nucleus radius?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3σ/2ΔGv", + "2σ/ΔGv", + "√(3σ/ΔGv)", + "-2σ/ΔGv" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Below the critical temperature Tc, superconductors exhibit complete (2) what property?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Zero electrical resistance", + "Ferromagnetism", + "Paramagnetism", + "Diamagnetism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A metal is known to have a cubic unit cell with an edge length of 0.437 nm, a density of 4.37 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 54.85 g/mol. Determine the crystal structure of the metal.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The metal has a BCC crystal structure", + "The metal has an FCC crystal structure", + "The metal has a simple cubic crystal structure", + "The metal has a HCP crystal structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Pure zirconium requires 40 h and 1 h of isothermal annealing at 553°C and 627°C respectively to complete recrystallization. The recrystallization activation energy of this material is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.12×10^5 J/mol", + "2.45×10^5 J/mol", + "1.86×10^5 J/mol", + "3.08×10^5 J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a mixed dislocation line, what is the relationship between the direction of its slip motion and the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Parallel to both Burgers vector and dislocation line", + "Perpendicular to the dislocation line", + "At 45° to both edge and screw components", + "Coincides with the direction of maximum resolved shear stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the general properties of glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Its viscosity follows Arrhenius temperature dependence at all temperatures", + "It exhibits a sharp melting point like crystalline materials", + "The transformation process is reversible and gradual", + "The glass transition temperature is a material constant independent of cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a coordination polyhedron?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The geometric shape formed by the outermost electron orbitals of a coordination complex", + "The polyhedron formed by connecting the centers of atoms or ions directly bonded to a central atom or ion", + "The polyhedron defined by the Voronoi tessellation around a central atom in a crystal lattice", + "The spatial arrangement of all atoms within the first Brillouin zone of a coordination compound" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When designing fiber composites, for a matrix with good plasticity, how can the coefficient of expansion of carbon fiber be?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slightly higher", + "Very different", + "Slightly lower", + "The same" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the basic concept of dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocations are a type of arrangement defect in crystal structures, which can be divided into edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and mixed dislocations.", + "Dislocations are temporary distortions in atomic spacing that fully recover upon removal of applied stress, similar to elastic deformation.", + "Dislocations refer to the complete breakage of atomic bonds leading to permanent material failure, analogous to brittle fracture.", + "Dislocations are equilibrium defects that minimize system energy by creating perfect crystalline regions separated by disordered boundaries." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Under the same system and the same degree of supercooling, the heterogeneous nucleation rate is always the homogeneous nucleation rate.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip in FCC metals", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress for dislocation motion in BCC metals", + "The theoretical shear strength of a perfect crystal", + "The yield strength of a polycrystalline sample" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a tensile force is applied along the [0001] direction of a hexagonal close-packed single crystal, what are the possible deformations and the primary mode of deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elastic deformation followed by brittle fracture due to zero resolved shear stress on the (0001) slip plane", + "Plastic deformation via prismatic slip systems with Burgers vector [1120]", + "Twinning deformation on {1012} planes due to high critical resolved shear stress", + "Dislocation climb-assisted plasticity at elevated temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Twinning的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twinning: A purely elastic deformation mechanism where the crystal lattice temporarily distorts under stress but returns to its original configuration upon stress removal, with the twin boundary acting as a reversible elastic discontinuity.", + "Twinning: A diffusion-controlled phase transformation process where atoms rearrange into a mirror-symmetric configuration through long-range atomic migration, similar to martensitic transformation but occurring at higher temperatures.", + "Twinning: An important mode of plastic deformation in crystals. Under shear stress, one part of the crystal undergoes uniform shear relative to another part along specific crystallographic planes and directions, resulting in different orientations of adjacent crystal regions that are mirror-symmetrical across the twinning plane (twin boundary).", + "Twinning: A defect annihilation process where dislocations of opposite signs combine to form perfect crystal regions, with the twin boundary representing the transition zone between the original and 'healed' crystal regions." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the crystallization process of steel with a carbon content of 0.25%?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The liquid phase first solidifies into ferrite, and a peritectic reaction occurs at 1495°C to form γ-austenite; upon further cooling, the remaining liquid phase precipitates γ-austenite again, which then transforms into single-phase austenite.", + "The liquid phase directly transforms into austenite at 1495°C through a peritectic reaction, followed by complete solidification into single-phase austenite without intermediate ferrite formation.", + "The liquid phase first forms δ-ferrite, then undergoes a eutectic reaction at 1148°C to produce a mixture of austenite and cementite.", + "The liquid phase solidifies into austenite through a continuous cooling transformation, bypassing all peritectic reactions due to the low carbon content." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "MgO has a NaCl-type structure. The ionic radius of Mg2+ is 0.078nm, and the ionic radius of O2- is 0.132nm. What is the packing fraction (K) of MgO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.740", + "0.627", + "0.680", + "0.524" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a composite material, which phase normally has the higher elastic modulus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The phase with higher atomic packing density", + "The phase with higher thermal conductivity", + "The phase with higher crystallinity", + "The phase with higher crosslink density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-1.15% C alloy at 726 degrees C, the composition and amount of each microconstituent present are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "primary γ-Fe: 2.08% C, 94.2%; cementite: 6.67% C, 5.8%", + "primary Fe3C: 6.67% C, 17.2%; pearlite: 0.77% C, 82.8%", + "primary α-Fe: 0.022% C, 85.3%; pearlite: 0.77% C, 14.7%", + "primary Fe3C: 6.67% C, 6.4%; pearlite: 0.77% C, 93.6%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Kaolinite belongs to the silicate of .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased yield strength with decreasing grain size in nanocrystalline materials (d < 10nm)", + "The inverse Hall-Petch effect occurs due to grain boundary sliding dominating deformation in ultrafine-grained materials", + "Grain boundary strengthening follows a d^(-1/2) relationship where d is the average grain diameter", + "The critical grain size for transition to inverse Hall-Petch behavior is material-independent" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For screw dislocation, what is the relationship between the direction of the applied shear stress and the direction of dislocation line motion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "perpendicular", + "parallel", + "45-degree angle", + "stress direction determines Burgers vector direction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the crystal structure for a metal with a0=4.9489 Å, r=1.75 Å and one atom per lattice point. The correct crystal structure is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "fcc", + "bcc", + "hcp", + "simple cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "As an economic measure, using pure lead instead of lead-tin alloy to make solder for brazing iron, how is the wettability of pure lead on iron?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Excellent wettability due to lead's low surface tension", + "Moderate wettability similar to lead-tin alloys", + "Poor wettability due to high contact angle with iron", + "Variable wettability depending on temperature only" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The packing density of a simple cubic crystal is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density in annealed copper is typically 10^6 cm^-2", + "The dislocation density in cold-worked aluminum is typically 10^8 cm^-2", + "The dislocation density in single crystal silicon is typically 10^10 cm^-2", + "The dislocation density in heavily deformed steel is typically 10^12 cm^-2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the microstructural transformation of quenched steel during tempering at 20-100°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Recovery of dislocations", + "Formation of ε-carbides", + "Carbon segregation in martensite", + "Decomposition of retained austenite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the process of solid-state phase transformation, assuming the nucleation rate $\\dot{N}$ and growth rate $G$ are constants, the volume fraction of the new phase formed after time $t$ can be obtained using the Johnson-Mehl equation, i.e., $$ \\begin{array}{r}{\\varphi=1-\\exp\\left(-\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\dot{N}G^{3}t^{4}\\right)}\\end{array}$$ Given the nucleation rate $\\dot{N}=1~000/(\\mathrm{cm}^{3}\\bullet\\mathrm{s}),G=3\\times10^{5}~\\mathrm{cm/s},$ calculate the time at which the phase transformation rate is the fastest.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.21 × 10^3 s", + "201 s", + "806 s", + "403 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming the lattice constant of the alloy solid solution changes linearly with the increase of Zn atoms, and given the atomic radii of Cu and Zn are r_Cu=0.128nm and r_Zn=0.133nm respectively, what is the average atomic radius r of the alloy with x_Zn=3%?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1282 nm", + "0.1285 nm", + "0.1330 nm", + "0.1305 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of 12.8mm (0.505 in.) and gauge length of 50.80mm (2.000 in.) is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter at the point of fracture is 6.60mm (0.260 in.), and the fractured gauge length is 72.14mm (2.840 in.). What is the ductility in terms of percent reduction in area?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "73.4%", + "68.2%", + "42.0%", + "53.5%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the critical volume fraction φtr of Al2O3 short fiber reinforced composite, given the matrix tensile strength σm=186MPa, yield strength σy=76MPa, and fiber stress σf=2190MPa.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.096", + "0.034", + "0.072", + "0.052" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "BCC lithium has a lattice parameter of 3.5089 × 10^-8 cm and contains one vacancy per 200 unit cells. The number of vacancies per cubic centimeter is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.314 × 10^20 vacancies/cm³", + "1.157 × 10^20 vacancies/cm³", + "5.785 × 10^19 vacancies/cm³", + "4.628 × 10^20 vacancies/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The percentage of ionic character in the bonding between In and Sb can be approximately expressed by the following formula: IC(%)=[1-e^(-0.25(x_A-x_B)^2)]×100, where x_A and x_B are the electronegativity values of elements A and B, respectively. Given that the electronegativities of In and Sb are 1.7 and 1.9, respectively, the IC(%) for InSb is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.0%", + "1.0%", + "0.1%", + "10.0%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Why are carburizing steels mostly used to manufacture gears for automobile and tractor gearboxes and rear axle gears?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The carburizing process creates a uniform microstructure throughout the gear cross-section", + "They exhibit superior elastic modulus compared to other gear materials under cyclic loading", + "Their working conditions are demanding, requiring high toughness in the core and high hardness on the surface", + "They provide the highest possible surface hardness among all gear materials available" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a fibrous composite with fibers that are randomly and uniformly oriented within a specific plane, when a stress is applied in any direction within the plane of the fibers, what is the reinforcement efficiency?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ratio of Taylor factor to Schmid factor", + "The Schmid factor for the most favorably oriented slip system", + "The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for slip system activation", + "The ratio of elastic modulus to shear modulus" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the diffusion coefficient of carbon in α-Fe (body-centered cubic), given the diffusion coefficient formula as D=0.0079exp[-83600/RT] cm²/s, temperature T=800°C (1073K), and gas constant R=8.314 J/(mol·K). The diffusion coefficient is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.1×10^-8 cm²/s", + "3.2×10^-6 cm²/s", + "6.7×10^-7 cm²/s", + "4.5×10^-5 cm²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a Schottky defect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A vacancy defect formed by displaced atoms migrating to the outer surface under thermal equilibrium conditions", + "An interstitial defect caused by high-energy particle bombardment creating Frenkel pairs", + "A charge-neutral defect complex consisting of cation vacancies and anion vacancies in equal numbers", + "A lattice distortion defect resulting from size mismatch between dopant and host atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The relationship between the growth velocity (vg) of a certain crystal during solidification and the dynamic undercooling (ΔTx) at the liquid-solid interface front is vg proportional to ΔTx^2. This crystal belongs to which growth mechanism?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Continuous growth", + "Growth via screw dislocations", + "Two-dimensional nucleation", + "Lateral growth with kinetic coefficient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 54.8 MPa √m (50 ksi √m.) is exposed to a stress of 1030 MPa(150,000 psi). Will this specimen experience fracture if the largest surface crack is 0.5mm ( 0.02 in.) long? Assume that the parameter Y has a value of 1.0.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the alloy's yield strength (1450 MPa) prevents crack propagation", + "Yes, because the crack length exceeds the critical flaw size for this stress level", + "No, because the critical stress intensity factor (1380 MPa) exceeds the applied stress", + "Yes, because the stress intensity factor (40.9 MPa√m) exceeds the fracture toughness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for tungsten?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4 × melting temperature (1450°C)", + "800°C (1472°F)", + "1200°C (2190°F)", + "When yield strength drops below 100 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 2.5 kg of austenite containing 0.65 wt % C, cooled to below 727 C (1341 F). What is the proeutectoid phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "cementite", + "ferrite", + "pearlite", + "ledeburite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an edge dislocation line, what is the relationship between its Burgers vector and the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector magnitude determines the angle", + "Parallel", + "At a 45-degree angle", + "Perpendicular" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Iron containing 0.05 % C is heated to 912 degrees C in an atmosphere that produces 1.20 % C at the surface and is held for 24 h. The carbon content at 0.05 cm beneath the surface if the iron is FCC is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.12 % C", + "0.95 % C", + "0.72 % C", + "0.05 % C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "MgO dissolves into Al2O3 to form a solid solution. Assuming Mg2+ replaces Al3+, which of the following is the correct reaction equation using Kroger-Vink notation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "MgO + Al2O3 → MgAl' + AlO• + OOX", + "MgO → MgAl' + VO•• + OOX", + "3MgO → 3MgAl' + V..O + 3OOX", + "2MgO → 2MgAl' + V..O + 2OOX" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes how texture is formed in metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Texture forms when dislocations rearrange into low-energy configurations during recovery annealing, creating preferred orientations", + "Texture arises from selective grain growth during recrystallization where grains with certain orientations consume others", + "Texture develops when external stresses cause systematic rotation of crystal lattices toward stable slip directions", + "Texture results from constitutional supercooling during solidification, creating aligned dendritic structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the cause of the first type of temper brittleness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Precipitation of discontinuous thin-shell-like carbides along martensite interfaces during decomposition", + "Formation of continuous cementite networks at prior austenite grain boundaries", + "Segregation of phosphorus and sulfur impurities to grain boundaries during slow cooling", + "Retention of excessive retained austenite after tempering below 300°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the types of small-angle grain boundaries classified according to their characteristics?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twist and tilt", + "Tilt and mixed", + "Twist, tilt, and mixed", + "Twist, tilt, and coincidence" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "On what classes of alloys is a spheroidizing heat treatment normally used?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Titanium alloys", + "Austenitic stainless steels", + "Aluminum-copper alloys", + "Medium- and high-carbon steels" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The solubility of substitutional solid solutions is related to atomic size factor, electron concentration factor, and which of the following factors?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "electronegativity factor", + "lattice vibration frequency", + "thermal expansion coefficient", + "surface energy anisotropy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What material is suitable for steam turbine blades?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ti-6Al-4V with 0.2% oxygen content", + "2Cr13", + "Inconel 718 aged at 760°C for 10 hours", + "Single crystal CMSX-4 superalloy with [001] orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials is impervious to light transmission?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Sintered zirconia with 5% yttria stabilization", + "Amorphous silica glass (fused quartz)", + "Single-crystal silicon with (111) orientation", + "Polycrystalline alumina with 99.9% purity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does constitutional supercooling have on the solidification structure of alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Promotes planar front solidification by enhancing thermal gradient stability", + "Causes cellular/dendritic growth by creating local solute-rich zones ahead of the interface", + "Induces equiaxed grain formation through homogeneous nucleation", + "Reduces microsegregation by accelerating diffusion at the solid-liquid interface" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the differences in the driving forces among recrystallization, primary recrystallization, and secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Recrystallization: stored energy; Primary recrystallization: free energy difference; Secondary recrystallization: interfacial energy", + "Recrystallization: interfacial energy; Primary recrystallization: stored energy; Secondary recrystallization: free energy difference", + "Recrystallization: free energy difference; Primary recrystallization: stored energy; Secondary recrystallization: interfacial energy", + "Recrystallization: stored energy; Primary recrystallization: interfacial energy; Secondary recrystallization: free energy difference" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Iron carbide Fe3C is an orthorhombic intermetallic compound with lattice constants of a=0.4514nm, b=0.5080nm, c=0.6734nm, and a density of 7.65g/cm³. Determine the number of iron and carbon atoms in the unit cell.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8 C atoms and 24 Fe atoms", + "2 C atoms and 6 Fe atoms", + "4 C atoms and 12 Fe atoms", + "1 C atom and 3 Fe atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The three crystal zones of an ingot refer to:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "dendritic zone; equiaxed zone; single crystal zone", + "elastic zone; plastic zone; fracture zone", + "surface fine grain zone; columnar crystal zone; central equiaxed coarse grain zone", + "amorphous layer; transition layer; crystalline core" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When compressing the cold-rolled sheet from 1cm thickness to 0.6cm, what is the true linear strain e?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "e ≈ -40%", + "e ≈ -80%", + "e ≈ -51%", + "e ≈ -67%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When n equal-sized spheres are closely packed, how many tetrahedral voids and octahedral voids can be formed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2n tetrahedral voids and n octahedral voids", + "n tetrahedral voids and 2n octahedral voids", + "n tetrahedral voids and n octahedral voids", + "4n tetrahedral voids and 2n octahedral voids" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What are the changes in properties of a Gu–30%Zn brass sheet after cold rolling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both hardness and electrical conductivity increase significantly", + "Yield strength increases but ultimate tensile strength remains unchanged", + "Ductility improves while maintaining original yield strength", + "Recrystallization temperature decreases due to stored energy accumulation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When water-based substances melt into a liquid state, their volume undergoes the phenomenon of .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The volume increases due to hydrogen bond breaking", + "The volume decreases as molecules pack more efficiently", + "The volume remains constant due to incompressibility of liquids", + "The volume change depends on the specific water-based substance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What are the hardness and microstructure in an eutectoid steel that has been heated to 300°C, quenched to 300°C and held for 10s, and finally quenched to room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HRC=58 with tempered martensite and some pearlite", + "HRC=45 with a mixture of bainite and retained austenite", + "HRC=66 and the microstructure is all martensite", + "HRC=40 with predominantly upper bainite structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why are ceramic materials brittle?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal expansion anisotropy causes microcracking during cooling from sintering temperatures", + "High elastic modulus directly correlates with brittleness due to atomic bond stiffness", + "Lack of grain boundary sliding at room temperature compared to metals", + "The ionic/covalent bonding nature prevents dislocation motion, while porosity creates stress concentration sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between surface tension and surface energy in the liquid state?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface tension applies only to liquids while surface energy is a property of both solids and liquids, with different units of measurement", + "Surface tension arises from intermolecular forces while surface energy is the work required to create new surface, making them fundamentally different quantities", + "Surface tension is a force per unit length while surface energy is energy per unit area, but they are numerically identical for liquids due to their inability to withstand shear stress", + "Surface energy represents potential energy stored at interfaces while surface tension is kinetic energy of surface molecules, leading to different numerical values" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "A photomicrograph was taken of a specimen at a magnification of 100 ×, and it was determined that the average number of grains per square inch was 200. What is this specimen's ASTM grain size number?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.9", + "5.9", + "3.9", + "4.9" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The commonly used method for refining grains in casting processes is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increasing cooling rate", + "Adding nucleating agents", + "Applying ultrasonic vibration", + "Using coarse-grained mold materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to solidification theory, how does vibration crystallization refine the grain size of castings?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vibration increases nucleation sites by promoting heterogeneous nucleation at impurities", + "Mechanical vibration disrupts dendrite growth by introducing dislocations at grain boundaries", + "Acoustic waves from vibration reduce surface tension at the solid-liquid interface", + "Periodic stress fields from vibration prevent solute segregation during solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the Burgers vector of a pure edge dislocation and the direction of dislocation line motion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector forms a 45° angle with the direction of dislocation line motion", + "The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the direction of dislocation line motion", + "The Burgers vector is parallel to the direction of dislocation line motion", + "There is no consistent relationship between Burgers vector and dislocation motion direction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is pseudoeutectic?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The eutectic structure obtained from an alloy of non-eutectic composition", + "A metastable eutectic phase formed during rapid solidification", + "A eutectic-like structure formed in hypereutectic alloys", + "An apparent eutectic point created by overlapping phase diagrams" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lighting lamps has an annealing point of 544°C, a softening point of 780°C, and a viscous flow activation energy of 373.13 kJ/mol. What is its working temperature range?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "780°C~1120°C", + "544°C~780°C", + "373°C~544°C", + "760.6°C~1038.9°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "As the porosity of refractory ceramic bricks increases, what happens to the thermal insulation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal conductivity increases proportionally with porosity", + "Thermal insulation decreases because porosity reduces structural integrity", + "Thermal insulation increases due to increased air pockets acting as insulators", + "No significant change occurs as porosity affects mechanical properties more than thermal properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When a pure metal undergoes allotropic transformation during cooling from high temperature to room temperature with volume expansion, the atomic coordination number of the low-temperature phase is () compared to that of the high-temperature phase.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Unpredictable, depending on the specific crystal structure change", + "Higher, because volume expansion allows more coordination space", + "Identical, as coordination number is independent of phase transformations", + "Lower, due to decreased atomic packing efficiency" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the quenching temperature required to produce a quenched and tempered eutectoid steel with a HRC hardness of less than 50?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Quench to below the M_gamma (less than 130 degrees Celsius)", + "Quench to between 300-400 degrees Celsius to form lower bainite", + "Quench to room temperature (25 degrees Celsius) followed by tempering", + "Quench to just above the A1 temperature (727 degrees Celsius)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The lattice constant of a copper crystal is $a=0.362\\mathrm{nm},$ the density is $\\rho=8.98~\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3},$ and the relative atomic mass is 63.55. Determine the crystal structure of copper from the following options:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "hexagonal close-packed structure", + "body-centered cubic structure", + "face-centered cubic structure", + "diamond cubic structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When Na2O is added to SiO2, making O/Si=2.5, what happens to the crystallization ability?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystallization ability first increases then decreases due to competing network modifiers", + "Crystallization ability is weakened because Na+ ions disrupt the silicate network", + "Crystallization ability remains unchanged as the system reaches a metastable state", + "Crystallization ability is enhanced due to decreased viscosity from increased O/Si ratio" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes 'Syndiotactic'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A polymer with random orientation of substituents relative to the main chain plane", + "A polymer in which the substituents are alternately attached to opposite sides of the main chain plane", + "A polymer where all substituents are on the same side of the main chain plane", + "A polymer with substituents arranged in a helical pattern around the main chain" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why in short-fiber composites with $L0, where ΔT is the undercooling below Tm", + "ΔH<0 at constant pressure, indicating exothermic crystallization", + "ΔS>0 at the melting temperature Tm", + "dG/dT=0 at the equilibrium melting point" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes superplasticity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ability of shape memory alloys to recover their original shape after being deformed up to 8% strain upon heating", + "A special case of viscoelastic behavior where polymers show reversible deformation exceeding 500% strain when heated above glass transition temperature", + "A phenomenon where metallic materials exhibit extreme ductility (>200% elongation) under specific temperature and strain rate conditions, characterized by high strain rate sensitivity (m=0.3-0.8)", + "An anomalous increase in Young's modulus observed in nanocrystalline metals when grain size decreases below 10nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a weak carbide-forming element?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "chromium", + "tungsten", + "manganese", + "vanadium" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The critical resolved shear stress of a single crystal at room temperature is $\\tau_{\\mathfrak{c}}=7.9\\times10^{5}~\\mathrm{Pa}$. If a tensile test is performed on an aluminum single crystal sample at room temperature with the tensile axis in the [123] direction, the stress required to cause the sample to yield is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.42 MPa (using Schmid factor for [111] slip system)", + "1.69 MPa", + "7.9 MPa (directly equating to critical resolved shear stress)", + "0.85 MPa (assuming FCC aluminum's theoretical shear strength)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "According to the relationship between grain diameter and annealing time d²=kt, given that the grain diameter is 23μm after annealing for 30 minutes, the value of the constant k is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "35.3 μm/min", + "17.6 μm²/min", + "529 μm²", + "1.76 μm²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the compression test of a magnesium single crystal at room temperature, the [0001] direction coincides with the compression axis. Assuming that the critical resolved shear stress for twinning on the (10\\overline{1}2) plane is 10 times that for slip on the (0001) plane, denoted as $\\tau_{\\mathrm{e}}$, what will happen when the compressive stress is sufficiently large?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both twinning and slip will occur simultaneously due to stress concentration", + "The crystal will undergo basal slip because it requires lower critical resolved shear stress", + "The crystal will fracture before any deformation mechanism activates", + "The crystal will undergo twinning due to higher Schmid factor for twinning system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The main resistances to solid-state phase transformation are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interfacial energy and elastic strain energy", + "Activation energy and lattice vibration energy", + "Surface tension and dislocation density", + "Gibbs free energy difference and stacking fault energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.2-mm thick wafer of silicon is treated so that a uniform concentration gradient of antimony is produced. One surface contains 1 Sb atom per 10^8 Si atoms and the other surface contains 500 Sb atoms per 10^8 Si atoms. The lattice parameter for Si is 5.407 A. The concentration gradient in atomic percent Sb per cm is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-0.0499 at% Sb/cm", + "-0.02495 at% Sb/cm", + "-0.01247 at% Sb/cm", + "-0.00499 at% Sb/cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical rod of copper (E=110g P a, 16 × 10^{6} psi) having a yield strength of 240 MPa(35,000 psi) is to be subjected to a load of 6660N(1500 lb p). If the length of the rod is 380 mm(15.0 in.), what must be the diameter to allow an elongation of 0.50 mm(0.020 in.)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.87 mm (0.39 in)", + "5.41 mm (0.21 in)", + "7.65 mm (0.30 in)", + "6.22 mm (0.24 in)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The relationship between the probability of annealing twin formation and the stacking fault energy of the crystal is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twinning and slip always occur simultaneously in all crystal structures", + "Twinning is the dominant deformation mechanism in FCC metals at room temperature", + "The twinning stress in HCP metals is inversely proportional to the c/a ratio", + "The critical resolved shear stress for twinning decreases with increasing temperature in BCC metals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes packing density?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It represents the ratio of the volume occupied by atoms in a unit cell to the volume of the unit cell, and is a parameter to measure the tightness of atomic arrangement.", + "It is defined as the mass of atoms per unit volume of a crystal structure, commonly expressed in g/cm³.", + "It describes the percentage of theoretical density achieved in a polycrystalline material after sintering.", + "It refers to the maximum possible coordination number of atoms in a perfect crystalline lattice." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the melting point of aluminum Tm=993K, the volumetric heat of fusion Lm=1.836×10^9 J/m^3, the solid-liquid interface specific surface energy σ=93 mJ/m^2, and the atomic volume V0=1.66×10^-29 m^3. Considering the solidification of liquid aluminum at 1 atm, when the undercooling ΔT=19℃, what is the critical nucleus size r*?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "189 nm", + "47.2 nm", + "94.5 nm", + "63.1 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Directly observing the aluminum sample, the dislocation density within the grains is ρ=5×10^13/m^2. If the angle between subgrains is 5°, estimate the dislocation spacing at the interface (the lattice constant of aluminum a=2.8×10^-10m). The dislocation spacing D is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.28×10^-9m", + "3.14×10^-9m", + "1.12×10^-9m", + "4.56×10^-9m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the precipitation sequence of Al-Cu alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "GP zones → θ′′ → θ′ → θ", + "GP zones → θ′ → θ′′ → θ", + "θ′′ → GP zones → θ′ → θ", + "θ′ → GP zones → θ′′ → θ" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Assume there is an edge dislocation with Burgers vector b in the [0-10] direction gliding along the (100) plane. If another edge dislocation with Burgers vector in the [010] direction moves through the (001) plane, will this dislocation form a kink or a jog when passing through the aforementioned dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both kink and jog", + "Jog", + "Kink", + "Neither, they will annihilate each other" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why are medium carbon (alloy) steels mostly used to manufacture gearbox gears for machine tools?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Medium carbon steels provide the optimal balance between thermal conductivity and wear resistance for gear applications.", + "The lower carbon content prevents brittle fracture while maintaining sufficient hardness through alloying elements like chromium.", + "Their working conditions are much better than those of automobiles, requiring certain toughness in the core and higher hardness on the surface.", + "The specific heat capacity of medium carbon steels matches the thermal cycling requirements of machine tool gearboxes." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Most solid-phase reactions are in", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The reaction rate is controlled by the slowest diffusing species", + "The reaction rate is determined by the activation energy of chemical bonds", + "The reaction occurs at the interface between two phases", + "The reaction rate follows Arrhenius temperature dependence" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The strong outer sheets of sandwich panels are separated by a layer of material that is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a ceramic foam with negative Poisson's ratio", + "a viscoelastic polymer with strain-rate dependent modulus", + "a metallic honeycomb structure with anisotropic stiffness", + "a syntactic foam with controlled porosity distribution" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of dislocations on the nucleation of the second phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocations only affect nucleation in ionic crystals where their charged nature creates electrostatic interactions with precipitates", + "Dislocations inhibit second phase nucleation by creating local compressive stress fields that raise the activation energy barrier", + "Dislocations have no significant effect on nucleation as their strain fields are negligible compared to thermal fluctuations at typical processing temperatures", + "Dislocations act as preferential nucleation sites by providing strain energy relief and atomic-scale irregularities for heterogeneous nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "During the melt cooling and crystallization process, given the solid-liquid interface energy γ_sl=5×10^-6 J/cm^2 and the unit volume free energy change △Gv=2090 J/cm^3 at 900°C, what is the critical nucleus radius?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.239 nm", + "4.78 nm", + "0.478 nm", + "2.39 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1. The vacancy concentration in Fe_xO is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0476", + "0.0910", + "0.0435", + "0.0524" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a simple cubic crystal, if the direction of the dislocation line is [001] and $b=a$ [110], what type of dislocation does this belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "screw dislocation", + "edge dislocation", + "mixed dislocation", + "partial dislocation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation have the same critical nucleus radius, and the critical nucleation work for heterogeneous nucleation is also equal to one-third of the surface energy. Why is heterogeneous nucleation easier than homogeneous nucleation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because heterogeneous nucleation requires lower undercooling to achieve the same nucleation rate", + "Because the interfacial energy between the nucleus and substrate is lower than the liquid-solid interfacial energy", + "Because in heterogeneous nucleation, impurities or mold cavities act as part of the nucleus, reducing the number of atoms needed to be mobilized", + "Because the volume free energy change is larger in heterogeneous nucleation due to substrate effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade ZGMn13?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ZGMn13 is an austenitic stainless steel containing 13% Mn and 0.13% C", + "ZGMn13 is a low alloy structural steel with 13% Mn and 1.3% C", + "ZGMn13 is a high manganese wear-resistant steel, wc=1.15%, wMn=13%", + "ZGMn13 is a tool steel with 13% Mn and 1.3% C, primarily used for cutting tools" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 2.0 kg of a 99.6 wt % Fe-0.4 wt % C alloy that is cooled to a temperature just below the eutectoid. How many kilograms of cementite form?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.228 kg", + "0.114 kg", + "0.057 kg", + "0.400 kg" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why do real solid solutions often not conform to Vegard's law?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because Vegard's law only applies to liquid solutions, not solid solutions", + "Due to the strict requirement of Vegard's law for identical atomic radii of constituent elements", + "Because Vegard's law assumes ideal mixing behavior that neglects electron concentration effects", + "Owing to the mathematical limitation of Vegard's law to binary systems only" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the ${\\bf R O}\\mathrm{-SiO}{2}$ system, the order of the size of the immiscibility regions for: (1) $\\mathbf{Mg0-SiO}{2}$; (2) $\\mathbf{CaO}\\mathbf{-SiO}{2}$; (3) $\\mathbf{SrO}\\mathbf{-SiO}{2}$; (4) BaO$\\mathrm{SiO}_{2}$ is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The immiscibility region size increases with cation size because larger cations promote phase separation", + "The immiscibility region size decreases with increasing cation size due to decreasing field strength", + "The immiscibility region shows no systematic trend with cation size as it depends primarily on temperature", + "The immiscibility region size first increases then decreases with cation size due to competing effects of polarizability and field strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the two synthesis methods of polymer materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal polymerization and photopolymerization", + "Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization", + "Chain-growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization", + "Bulk polymerization and solution polymerization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound FexO, Fe3+/Fe2+=0.1. Determine the value of x in the non-stoichiometric compound FexO.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.925", + "0.957", + "0.982", + "1.045" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that copper has an FCC structure with an atomic radius of 0.1278 nm, calculate its density. (The atomic weight of copper is 63.5, and the Avogadro constant is 0.602×10²⁴)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.93 g/cm³", + "8960 kg/m³", + "8933 kg/m³", + "63.5 g/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal test bar of an FCC metal with a cross-sectional area of 10cm² is subjected to a compression test along the axial direction. Given that the critical resolved shear stress is 0.1kgf/mm² and the initial orientation of the bar axis is [215], determine the axial pressure P at the onset of double slip (without considering physical hardening). The axial pressure P is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1225N", + "2450N", + "4900N", + "980N" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The active layer and passive layer of a thermostatic bimetal strip are respectively", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensite and retained austenite", + "Pearlite and ferrite", + "Bainite and cementite", + "Austenite and martensite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The maximum solid solubility (mole fraction) of nitrogen in γ-Fe is x_N=10.3×10^-2. Given that N atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites, what is the percentage of octahedral interstitial sites occupied by N atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.3%", + "12.5%", + "20.6%", + "5.15%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly defines a space lattice?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A mathematical abstraction representing atomic positions without considering actual atoms", + "The arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material with translational symmetry", + "A series of geometric points arranged in a periodic repetition in three-dimensional space", + "The smallest repeating unit that shows the full symmetry of the crystal structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the tempering temperature range required to produce a quenched and tempered eutectoid steel with a HRC hardness of less than 50?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Temper at a temperature between 200°C and 400°C to avoid excessive softening", + "Temper at a temperature higher than 330°C, but less than 727°C", + "Temper at 727°C to achieve optimal hardness reduction while maintaining strength", + "Temper below 330°C to retain sufficient martensite hardness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal test bar of FCC metal with a cross-sectional area of 10 cm² is subjected to a compression test along the axial direction. The critical resolved shear stress is known to be 0.1 kgf/mm², and the initial orientation of the bar axis is [215]. What is the rotation law and rotation axis when slip begins?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "F→[100], rotation axis [215]×[100]=[015]", + "F→[110], rotation axis [215]×[110]=[115]", + "F→[111], rotation axis [215]×[111]=[633]=[211]", + "F→[111], rotation axis [215]×[101]=[317]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Can a material have an index of refraction less than unity? Why or why not?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the speed of light in a material cannot exceed its speed in vacuum", + "Yes, in metamaterials with engineered negative permittivity and permeability", + "Yes, near absorption resonances where the phase velocity can exceed c", + "No, because all materials slow down electromagnetic waves" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For an Al2O3 specimen with a square cross-section of side length 12mm in a three-point bending test, the distance between the two supports is 40mm. Given the material's fracture strength σfs=352.6 MPa, the load at fracture Ff is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5077.4 N", + "10154.9 N", + "20309.8 N", + "7608.6 N" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "How many grams are there in one amu of a material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.66 x 10^-24 g/amu", + "6.02 x 10^23 g/amu", + "1.00 g/amu", + "9.11 x 10^-28 g/amu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The unit cell is the smallest unit that can fully reflect the characteristics of the crystal structure, whose shape and size are consistent with the corresponding unit parallelepiped.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The smallest structural unit that exhibits the macroscopic properties of the bulk material", + "The smallest volume containing all crystallographic information necessary to reconstruct the full crystal", + "The smallest geometric shape that can be stacked to fill all space without gaps", + "The smallest repeating unit that preserves the complete symmetry of the crystal lattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can increase the number of dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Applying high-temperature annealing above the recrystallization temperature", + "Subjecting the material to cyclic loading below the yield strength", + "Performing rapid quenching from the solution treatment temperature", + "Introducing coherent precipitates through aging treatment" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The maximum solid solubility (mole fraction) of carbon in γ-Fe is x_C=8.9×10^-2. Given that C atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites, what is the percentage of octahedral interstitial sites occupied by C atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "17.8%", + "8.9%", + "10.2%", + "4.45%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the path of atomic diffusion, which of the following are the basic types of diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Bulk diffusion and vacancy diffusion", + "Grain boundary diffusion and interstitial diffusion", + "Dislocation diffusion and surface diffusion", + "All of the above (A+B+C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the diffusion coefficient D of carbon at 920°C, given the activation energy for diffusion is 133984 J/mol and D0=0.23 cm²/s. The correct value of D is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.12 × 10^-7 cm²/s", + "1.56 × 10^-6 cm²/s", + "6.24 × 10^-7 cm²/s", + "2.34 × 10^-7 cm²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After metal undergoes cold plastic deformation, this phenomenon is called deformation strengthening or:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "dislocation strengthening", + "strain hardening", + "work hardening", + "precipitation hardening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If Cr12MoV steel is selected to manufacture a stamping die with certain hot hardness requirements, what heat treatment process should be formulated?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Austempering at 300℃ to achieve bainitic microstructure", + "Normalizing at 850℃ followed by single tempering at 200℃", + "Quenching at 1050～1100℃ followed by multiple tempering at 500-520℃", + "Solution treatment at 1200℃ followed by water quenching" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 5 at% Cu and 95 at% Pt?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.68 wt% Cu and 98.32 wt% Pt", + "5.00 wt% Cu and 95.00 wt% Pt", + "3.21 wt% Cu and 96.79 wt% Pt", + "0.83 wt% Cu and 99.17 wt% Pt" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What cooling rate v is required to avoid spinodal decomposition at 550K when cooling from 850K to 550K, given the required time t=173.6 s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.44 K/s", + "2.88 K/s", + "0.72 K/s", + "3.16 K/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Match the luminescence characteristics with their descriptions.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts decreasing yield strength with decreasing grain size in polycrystalline metals", + "Twinning is the dominant deformation mechanism in pure aluminum at room temperature", + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip in FCC metals is primarily determined by the Peierls-Nabarro stress", + "Dislocation climb is the primary mechanism for plastic deformation in BCC metals at 0.5Tm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why are cold-worked metals more susceptible to corrosion than noncold-worked metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cold-working introduces residual compressive stresses that accelerate anodic dissolution at surface defects", + "Increased dislocation density creates higher energy regions that are more chemically reactive", + "Grain boundary segregation of impurities is enhanced by plastic deformation", + "Work hardening reduces the metal's ability to form protective oxide layers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following electron configurations is for an inert gas?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch coefficient is a universal constant for all metallic materials", + "The Hall-Petch relationship demonstrates reduced yield strength with finer grains because of increased grain boundary sliding", + "The Hall-Petch effect becomes invalid below 10nm grain size due to the inverse Hall-Petch phenomenon", + "The Hall-Petch relationship shows increased yield strength with decreasing grain size due to dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the effect of strain energy on the shape of the new phase. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Strain energy causes all new phases to form as perfect spheres", + "Strain energy only affects the nucleation rate, not the morphology", + "The shape is solely determined by interfacial energy minimization", + "Strain energy can influence the shape of the new phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Coincidence site lattice的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Coincidence site lattice is a non-periodic arrangement that occurs when two dissimilar lattices are superimposed at arbitrary angles, creating a quasicrystalline pattern.", + "Coincidence site lattice is formed when two identical lattices are superimposed without any rotation or translation, resulting in perfect atomic registry.", + "The coincidence site lattice represents the common periodic structure formed by the intersection of two identical lattices after one undergoes a specific rotation that creates a rational fraction of coinciding sites.", + "Consider two identical and coinciding lattices $L_{1}$ and $L_{2}$. After rotating or translating $L_{2}$ relative to $L_{1}$, the lattices formed by the coinciding positions of the two lattices constitute a new periodic superlattice." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram, what is the carbon content below which the material is considered steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.76%C", + "2.11%C", + "4.3%C", + "6.67%C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion coefficient of O in Al2O3, D0(O) = 0.19 m^2/s, and the activation energy Q = 636 kJ/mol, what is its diffusion coefficient D at a temperature of 2000 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.2×10^-15 m^2/s", + "4.7×10^-18 m^2/s", + "0.19 m^2/s", + "636 m^2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the diffusion coefficients at 1223K (4.34×10⁻⁸m²/s) and 1136K (1.78×10⁻⁸m²/s), calculate the activation energy Q for interstitial atom diffusion in face-centered cubic metals.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.3×10⁴J/mol", + "2.4×10⁵J/mol", + "1.2×10⁵J/mol", + "1.8×10⁵J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics and mechanisms of grain refinement strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain refinement strengthening occurs solely due to the reduction in grain boundary area, which decreases dislocation nucleation sites. This mechanism primarily enhances strength but inevitably reduces ductility according to the classical Hall-Petch relationship.", + "Grain refinement strengthening: It is caused by the increase in the number of grains and the decrease in their size, which increases the resistance to continuous dislocation slip, leading to strengthening. At the same time, the dispersion of slip also enhances plasticity. This strengthening mechanism is the only one that can simultaneously increase both strength and plasticity.", + "The strengthening effect arises from grain boundary sliding becoming the dominant deformation mechanism at nanoscale grain sizes. This unique mechanism allows simultaneous increases in both yield strength and strain hardening rate.", + "Grain refinement strengthening works by increasing the elastic modulus of individual grains through quantum confinement effects. The smaller grain size leads to higher stiffness, which directly translates to greater strength while maintaining ductility." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A strain-hardened Cu single crystal has a resolved shear stress of 14MPa. Given the shear modulus G=40GPa and Burgers vector b=0.256 nm, calculate the dislocation density of the Cu single crystal.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.345×10¹¹ m⁻²", + "3.738×10¹² m⁻²", + "1.869×10¹² m⁻²", + "2.803×10¹² m⁻²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the planar density for BCC lithium in the (100) plane?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1624 x 10^16 points/cm^2", + "0.0406 x 10^16 points/cm^2", + "0.0812 x 10^16 points/cm^2", + "0.0573 x 10^16 points/cm^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following elements are commonly used to improve the tempering stability of steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Si, Co", + "Cr, Mo", + "Ni, Mn", + "V, W" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following oxides is expected to have the largest solid solubility in \\mathrm{Al}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The oxide with the closest ionic radius to Al³⁺", + "The oxide with the same crystal structure as Al₂O₃", + "The oxide forming the most stable ternary phase with Al₂O₃", + "The oxide with the highest melting point in the series" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When kaolinite clay [Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4] is heated to a sufficiently high temperature, chemical water is driven off. Under these circumstances, what is the composition of the remaining product (in weight percent Al2O3)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "48.7% Al2O3 by weight (based on typical metakaolin composition)", + "39.5% Al2O3 by weight (neglecting OH group mass loss)", + "52.3% Al2O3 by weight (assuming complete SiO2 loss)", + "45.9% Al2O3 by weight" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a niobium-vanadium alloy that contains 24 wt% Nb and 76 wt% V, with the densities of pure niobium and vanadium being 8.57 and 6.10 g/cm^3 respectively, the number of niobium atoms per cubic centimeter is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.24 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3", + "1.02 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3", + "8.76 × 10^{21} atoms/cm^3", + "6.54 × 10^{21} atoms/cm^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the role of Suzuki atmosphere in strengthening metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Suzuki atmosphere creates short-range ordering that increases the Peierls stress for dislocation movement in BCC metals", + "Suzuki atmosphere increases dislocation density by introducing interstitial impurities that pin dislocations through Cottrell atmospheres", + "Suzuki atmosphere enhances grain boundary strengthening by preferential segregation of solute atoms to grain boundaries", + "Suzuki atmosphere reduces stacking fault energy in FCC crystals by segregating alloying elements to stacking fault regions, requiring higher stress for dislocation motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given the liquid-solid interfacial energy of pure liquid nickel σ=2.53×10^-5 J/cm^2, the critical nucleus radius r*=1 nm, the melting point of pure nickel Tm=1726 K, the heat of fusion ΔLm=18075 J/mol, the molar volume Vs=6.6 cm^3/mol, and the undercooling ΔT=319 K, calculate the critical nucleation work ΔG*.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.12×10^-18 J", + "3.18×10^-18 J", + "5.30×10^-19 J", + "1.06×10^-18 J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In polymers, the property of polymers to change conformations is called what?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "viscoelasticity", + "flexibility", + "conformational entropy", + "tacticity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Under normal circumstances, which mechanism diffuses faster?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary diffusion in nanocrystalline nickel at 800°C", + "Vacancy diffusion in FCC copper at 800°C", + "Interstitial diffusion in BCC iron at 800°C", + "Surface diffusion on single crystal aluminum at 800°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion constant of carbon in γ-Fe D0=2.0×10^-5m^2/s and the activation energy for diffusion Q=140×10^3J/mol, the diffusion coefficient of carbon in γ-Fe at 927℃ is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.42×10^-11 m^2/s", + "2.0×10^-5 m^2/s", + "15.99×10^-12 m^2/s", + "3.18×10^-13 m^2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, the direction of its slip motion is _ to the Burgers vector", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "parallel", + "perpendicular", + "at 45° angle", + "anti-parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The diameter of polyester (PET) carpet fiber is 50 micrometers, immersed in a dye bath containing water, dye, and dye bags at boiling temperature. The diffusion coefficients of water, dye, and dye bags are 1.0×10^-12 m²/s, 1.0×10^-13 m²/s, and 1.0×10^-14 m²/s, respectively. Estimate the time required for water, dye, and dye bags to penetrate into the center of the fiber.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Water: 312.5 s; Dye: 3125 s; Dye bags: 31250 s", + "Water: 625 s; Dye: 6250 s; Dye bags: 62500 s", + "Water: 156.25 s; Dye: 1562.5 s; Dye bags: 15625 s", + "Water: 1250 s; Dye: 12500 s; Dye bags: 125000 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following accurately describes the differences between twinning and slip in the plastic deformation process?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip systems are determined by the Burgers vector and slip plane, whereas twinning systems depend on the twin plane and shear direction; twinning can accommodate strain in directions where slip systems are inactive", + "Both twinning and slip occur through dislocation motion, but twinning involves partial dislocations while slip uses perfect dislocations; twinning produces larger strain increments than slip at comparable stress levels", + "Twinning involves atomic displacements that produce a mirror image of the crystal structure, while slip preserves the original orientation; twinning requires higher stress than slip but results in lower strain per deformation event", + "Twinning creates new grain boundaries while slip does not; the critical resolved shear stress for twinning is typically lower than for slip due to the cooperative nature of atomic movements" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "After water interacts with clay, what can be found around the clay colloidal particles as the distance increases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hydrated cations in Stern layer", + "Loosely bound water", + "Electric double layer with fixed charge density", + "Free water molecules with bulk properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of curvature of 1.9 × 10^{-4} mm (7.5 × 10^{-6} in.) and a crack length of 3.8 × 10^{-2} mm (1.5 × 10^{-3} in.) when a tensile stress of 140 MPa (20,000 psi) is applied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1400 MPa (200,000 psi)", + "2800 MPa (400,000 psi)", + "5600 MPa (800,000 psi)", + "700 MPa (100,000 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Single crystal diamond (Type IIa) along <111> direction", + "Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in-plane", + "Single crystal copper (99.999%) along <100> direction", + "Polycrystalline aluminum nitride (99.5% purity)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between △L/L and sintering time in the mass transfer process?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "△L/L∝t", + "△L/L∝t^(1/3)", + "△L/L∝ln(t)", + "△L/L∝1/t" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the light transmission characteristic of polycrystalline and nonporous electrical insulators?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Translucent", + "Transparent", + "Opaque", + "Variable transparency depending on grain size" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the basic strengthening mechanisms of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "solid solution strengthening, phase transformation, grain refinement strengthening, and dispersion strengthening", + "solid solution strengthening, work hardening, recrystallization, and precipitation hardening", + "solid solution strengthening, work hardening, grain refinement strengthening, and dispersion strengthening", + "work hardening, grain boundary sliding, dispersion strengthening, and solid solution strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A metal alloy is known to have electrical conductivity and electron mobility values of 1.2 × 10^{7}(Ω·m)^{-1} and 0.0050 m^{2}/V·s, respectively. A current of 40 A is passed through a specimen of this alloy that is 35 mm thick. What magnetic field would need to be imposed to yield a Hall voltage of -3.5 × 10^{-7} V?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.94 tesla", + "1.47 tesla", + "0.368 tesla", + "0.735 tesla" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A steel is heated until 40% austenite, with a carbon content of 0.5%, forms. Estimate the temperature.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "727°C", + "760°C", + "800°C", + "680°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The metal magnesium atoms form a hexagonal close packing, and its density is measured to be 1.74 g/cm³. What is the volume of its unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.11×10⁻²² cm³", + "2.74×10⁻²² cm³", + "1.37×10⁻²² cm³", + "5.48×10⁻²² cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the ways to improve the strength of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "increasing the thermal conductivity", + "increasing the elastic modulus", + "reducing the dislocation density", + "solid solution strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For a composite material, how does the ductility of the matrix phase normally compare with the ductility of the dispersed phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dispersed phase has lower activation energy for cross-slip", + "The dispersed phase exhibits greater elastic recovery upon unloading", + "The matrix shows higher dislocation density under equivalent strain", + "The matrix phase has higher strain hardening exponent (n-value)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between deformation by twinning and deformation by slip relative to conditions of occurrence?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twinning requires lower stress levels than slip due to its cooperative atomic movement mechanism", + "Slip occurs preferentially in BCC metals while twinning dominates in FCC metals at room temperature", + "Twinning produces larger strain increments per deformation event compared to slip", + "Slip systems activation depends solely on the Schmid factor while twinning requires additional energy considerations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following lists all the crystal planes included in the {110} crystal plane family in the cubic crystal system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(110)(101)(011)", + "(110)(101)(011)(110)(101)(011)(111)(111)", + "(110)(101)(011)(110)(101)(011)", + "(110)(101)(011)(110)(101)(011)(100)(010)(001)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in orientation relationship between growth during recrystallization and growth during solidification?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both processes maintain Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships with their parent phases", + "Recrystallization growth maintains a strict Burgers orientation relationship, while solidification growth has random orientation", + "Solidification growth follows a specific orientation relationship due to dendritic growth patterns, while recrystallization is random", + "Recrystallization shows no orientation relationship due to strain-induced boundary migration, while solidification maintains cube-on-cube orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose elements A and B can form a simple cubic lattice solid solution with a lattice constant α=0.3nm. If the jump frequencies of A and B atoms are 10⁻¹⁰s⁻¹ and 10⁻⁹s⁻¹, respectively, and the concentration gradient is 10³² atoms/m⁴, what is the flux of B atoms across the marker interface?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-3.0×10⁵ atoms/(m²·s)", + "-1.5×10⁵ atoms/(m²·s)", + "-3.0×10³ atoms/(m²·s)", + "-1.5×10³ atoms/(m²·s)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the stacking fault energy Y=0.01 J/m², shear modulus G=7 × 10^10 Pa, lattice constant α=0.3 nm, Poisson's ratio v=0.3 for an fcc crystal, the equilibrium separation distance between the two partial dislocations $\\frac{a}{6}[11\\vec{2}]$ and $\\frac{a}{6}[2\\overline{{{1}}}\\overline{{{1}}}]$ is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.963×10⁻¹⁰ m", + "2.7852×10⁻⁹ m", + "1.3926×10⁻⁹ m", + "3.4815×10⁻⁹ m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The number-average molecular weight of a poly(styrene-butadiene) alternating copolymer is 1,350,000g / mol. What is the average number of styrene and butadiene repeat units per molecule?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "17060", + "4265", + "8530", + "12795" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that brass containing ${w_{\\mathrm{Zn}}}=0.30$ requires $^{1\\textrm{h}}$ to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $400^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, and $2\\textrm{h}$ at $390^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, the time required to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $420^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.15 h", + "0.26 h", + "0.40 h", + "0.50 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The principle of zone refining is based on:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Electromigration of impurities under temperature gradient", + "Selective evaporation of impurities at high temperature zones", + "Redistribution of solute during directional solidification of solid solution (fractional crystallization)", + "Diffusion-limited segregation at moving liquid-solid interface" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the second criterion upon which factors of safety are based?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yield strength to ultimate strength ratio", + "Previous experience", + "Statistical analysis of material properties", + "Fracture toughness considerations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the shape memory mechanism of shape memory polymers?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The shape memory effect arises from reversible phase transitions between amorphous and crystalline domains, where mechanical deformation is stored in the amorphous phase and recovered upon heating above the transition temperature.", + "Shape memory polymers rely on covalent crosslinking networks that prevent permanent deformation, with shape recovery driven by entropic elasticity when heated above the glass transition temperature.", + "The mechanism involves radiation-induced crosslinking that creates memory points, allowing temporary shapes to be fixed below the crystalline melting point and recovered when reheated.", + "Shape memory behavior is governed by oriented molecular chains in the rubbery state that become frozen in place upon cooling, with recovery occurring when thermal energy allows chains to return to their random coil configuration." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the driving force for the formation of spheroidite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The thermodynamic instability of lamellar cementite", + "The minimization of interfacial energy through curvature effects", + "The reduction in dislocation density during annealing", + "The net reduction in ferrite-cementite phase boundary area" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An Al-Li alloy microstructure shows 28% eutectic and 72% primary β. What is the composition of the alloy and is it hypoeutectic or hypereutectic?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.73% Li, hypoeutectic", + "17.46% Li, hypereutectic", + "22.1% Li, hypoeutectic", + "12.5% Li, hypereutectic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal of aluminum is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 28.1 degrees with the tensile axis. The most favored slip direction makes an angle of 62.4 degrees with the tensile axis. If plastic deformation begins at a tensile stress of 1.95 MPa (280 psi), what is the critical resolved shear stress for aluminum?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.45 MPa (65 psi)", + "1.95 MPa (280 psi)", + "1.10 MPa (158 psi)", + "0.80 MPa (114 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the ionic radii of K⁺ and Cl⁻ are 0.133nm and 0.181nm respectively, and KCl has a CsCl-type structure, calculate its density ρ.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.215 g/cm³", + "1.984 g/cm³", + "2.597 g/cm³", + "2.132 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why does pure metal grow in a planar manner during solidification under a positive temperature gradient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface tension forces dominate at the atomic scale to maintain planar growth", + "The protrusion into superheated liquid experiences higher melting rate due to thermal conductivity differences", + "The positive temperature gradient creates a thermodynamic barrier to dendritic formation", + "Latent heat release automatically stabilizes the solid-liquid interface geometry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the necessary condition for forming an ordered solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Large atomic size mismatch", + "High quenching temperature", + "Precise stoichiometric ratio", + "Slow cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A stress of 70MPa is applied in the [001] direction of an FCC crystal. Which slip system in the crystal will activate first?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111)[10-1] slip system", + "(111)[1-10] slip system", + "(110)[1-11] slip system", + "(100)[011] slip system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors influences the formation of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystal structure compatibility", + "Electronegativity difference <15%", + "Atomic radius difference <5%", + "All of the above" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following kinds of information may be determined with the aid of a phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The elastic modulus of a specific phase at room temperature", + "The phase(s) present at a specified temperature and composition", + "The diffusion coefficient of solute atoms in the matrix phase", + "The exact processing parameters for achieving desired microstructure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the significance of the TTT diagram for eutectoid carbon steel in practical heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Predicts the critical cooling rate required to avoid pearlite formation during continuous cooling", + "Determines the maximum hardness achievable through martensitic transformation at any temperature", + "Provides exact transformation times for bainite formation under non-isothermal conditions", + "Shows the equilibrium phases present at different carbon concentrations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In a body-centered cubic structure, can a dislocation with Burgers vector $a[100]$ decompose into $\\frac{a}{2}[111]+\\frac{a}{2}[1\\overline{1}\\overline{1}]$?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both partial dislocations have equal magnitude", + "Yes, as this decomposition reduces strain energy in BCC crystals", + "Possible, if the dislocation is under high shear stress conditions", + "No, because the vector sum does not equal the original Burgers vector" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the number of atoms in the critical nucleus for copper with a face-centered cubic crystal structure (a=0.3615nm).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "512", + "128", + "216", + "456" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What mainly occurs during the high-temperature recovery of cold-worked metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation annihilation", + "Recrystallization", + "Polygonization", + "Grain boundary migration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the alloy phase and structural characteristics of CuZn?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CuZn is an intermetallic compound with CsCl-type structure and electron concentration 3/2", + "CuZn is an interstitial compound with a hexagonal close-packed structure and c/a=1.633", + "CuZn is a substitutional alloy with face-centered cubic structure and lattice parameter 0.361 nm", + "CuZn is an electron compound, c/a=3.12, with a body-centered cubic structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a doped semiconductor?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A semiconductor with precisely controlled impurity concentrations that alter its charge carrier concentrations without changing its crystal structure", + "A semiconductor where foreign atoms replace lattice sites to create additional energy levels near the conduction or valence band edges", + "A semiconductor formed by alloying two different pure semiconductors to achieve intermediate bandgap properties", + "A semiconductor whose conductivity is enhanced by introducing defects through mechanical deformation rather than chemical impurities" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the movement of an edge dislocation on the slip plane called?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twist", + "Glide", + "Climb", + "Slip" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Is it possible to determine the composition of an iron-carbon alloy if the mass fraction of eutectoid ferrite is 0.82?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, the composition can be uniquely determined as 0.76 wt% C", + "No, the composition cannot be determined from this information alone", + "Yes, but there are two possible compositions (0.76 wt% C and 1.15 wt% C)", + "Only if the alloy is hypoeutectoid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 94 % pearlite and 6 % primary cementite at room temperature. Estimate the carbon content of the steel.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.124 % C", + "0.94 % C", + "0.77 % C", + "1.06 % C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose that solid nickel was able to nucleate homogeneously with an undercooling of only 22°C. How many atoms would have to group together spontaneously for this to occur? Assume that the lattice parameter of the solid FCC nickel is 0.356nm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.68 × 10^{5}", + "2.272 × 10^{6}", + "1.136 × 10^{6}", + "3.408 × 10^{6}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 96% γ and 4% Fe₃C at 800°C. What is the estimated carbon content of the steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.96% C", + "0.77% C", + "4.0% C", + "1.15% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the modulus of elasticity for titanium carbide (TiC) with 5 vol% porosity is 310 GPa (45 x 10^6 psi), what is the modulus of elasticity for the nonporous titanium carbide (TiC)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "342 GPa (49.6 x 10^6 psi)", + "310 GPa (45 x 10^6 psi)", + "327 GPa (47.4 x 10^6 psi)", + "295 GPa (42.8 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "In which temperature range does grain boundary diffusion dominate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Below 0.3Tm (where Tm is absolute melting temperature)", + "Between 0.3-0.5Tm", + "Above 0.5Tm", + "Only at cryogenic temperatures (<100K)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Hafnium has six naturally occurring isotopes with the following abundances and atomic weights: 0.16% of { }^{174} Hf (173.940 amu), 5.26% of { }^{176} Hf (175.941 amu), 18.60% of { }^{177} Hf (176.943 amu), 27.28% of { }^{178} Hf (177.944 amu), 13.62% of { }^{179} Hf (178.946 amu), and 35.08% of { }^{180} Hf (179.947 amu). What is the average atomic weight of Hf to three decimal places?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "178.501 amu", + "178.492 amu", + "178.478 amu", + "178.485 amu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The dislocation that cannot undergo climb motion is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Shockley partial dislocation", + "Frank partial dislocation", + "edge perfect dislocation", + "screw perfect dislocation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a critical nucleus in a metal liquid?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In a metal liquid, an embryo with a radius larger than the critical radius rk can stably grow and is called a critical nucleus", + "The smallest crystalline structure that can form spontaneously in a supercooled liquid without dissolving back", + "A nucleus that has reached the minimum Gibbs free energy required for stable growth in a solidifying alloy", + "The first ordered atomic arrangement that appears during liquid-to-solid transformation in metals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Atomic structure describes electron configurations while crystal structure describes atomic arrangements in solids", + "Atomic structure refers to individual atoms whereas crystal structure refers to the periodic arrangement of unit cells", + "Atomic structure is about nuclear composition while crystal structure is about electron density distributions", + "Atomic structure determines chemical properties while crystal structure determines mechanical properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the number of clusters containing 10 atoms in 1cm³ of copper at its melting point temperature. The atomic volume of liquid copper is 1.6×10⁻²⁹m³, the surface energy is 0.177J/m², and the melting point is 1356K. The number of clusters is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.72×10⁸ cm⁻³", + "1.13×10¹⁴ cm⁻³", + "8.85×10¹⁰ cm⁻³", + "5.64×10¹² cm⁻³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A three-point bend test is performed on a block of ZrO2 that is 8 in. long, 0.50 in. wide, and 0.25 in. thick and is resting on two supports 4 in. apart. When a force of 400 lb is applied, the specimen deflects 0.037 in. and breaks. The flexural strength is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "76,800 psi", + "38,400 psi", + "153,600 psi", + "19,200 psi" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When dΔG/dr=0, what is the obtained 'r' value called?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Gibbs free energy minimum", + "Critical nucleus radius", + "Activation energy barrier", + "Equilibrium grain size" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the modulus of elasticity for spinel (MgAl2O4) with 5 vol% porosity is 240 GPa (35 x 10^6 psi), what is the modulus of elasticity for 15 vol% porosity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "225 GPa (32.6 x 10^6 psi)", + "210 GPa (30.5 x 10^6 psi)", + "195 GPa (28.4 x 10^6 psi)", + "180 GPa (26.1 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relative content of each microstructural constituent in an alloy containing 0.40% C when it is cooled to room temperature under equilibrium conditions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "w_P=50.5%; w_a=49.5%", + "w_P=49.5%; w_a=50.5%", + "w_P=72.4%; w_a=27.6%", + "w_P=27.6%; w_a=72.4%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 92.5 wt% Ag and 7.5 wt% Cu?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "89.7 at% Ag and 10.3 at% Cu", + "92.5 at% Ag and 7.5 at% Cu", + "85.4 at% Ag and 14.6 at% Cu", + "87.9 at% Ag and 12.1 at% Cu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A bubble with a radius of $5\\times10^{-8}\\mathrm{m}$ forms at a depth of $20\\mathrm{cm}$ in a quartz glass melt. The melt density is $2200\\mathrm{kg/m}^{3}$, the surface tension is $0.29\\mathrm{N/m}$, and the atmospheric pressure is $1.01\\times10^{5}\\mathrm{Pa}$. What is the minimum internal pressure required to form this bubble?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "117.04 × 10^5 Pa", + "1.17 × 10^5 Pa", + "29.4 × 10^5 Pa", + "220.8 × 10^5 Pa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the heat treatment process for both hot work die steel and alloy quenched and tempered steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "quenching + low temperature tempering", + "normalizing + annealing", + "solution treatment + aging", + "quenching + high temperature tempering" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements is true regarding thermoplastics with a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and 'work hardening' after deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermoplastics with a lower Tg will exhibit work hardening due to molecular chain alignment under deformation", + "Lower Tg thermoplastics cannot work harden as they remain in the rubbery state at room temperature", + "Work hardening only occurs in thermoplastics with Tg above their service temperature", + "The degree of work hardening is inversely proportional to the difference between Tg and deformation temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Kirkendall effect的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Kirkendall effect: A phenomenon where vacancy diffusion dominates interstitial diffusion in FCC metals at high temperatures", + "Kirkendall effect: A phenomenon in substitutional solid solutions where the relative diffusion of atoms of two components at different rates causes the migration of marker planes", + "Kirkendall effect: The preferential diffusion of smaller atoms through grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials", + "Kirkendall effect: The formation of voids due to equal but opposite diffusion fluxes in binary alloys" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The vacancy formation energy (E_v) and interstitial atom formation energy (E_i) of Al are 0.76 eV and 3.0 eV, respectively. What is the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of vacancies to the equilibrium concentration of interstitial atoms in Al at room temperature (20℃)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.724×10^19", + "1.148×10^13", + "2.632×10^25", + "3.395×10^38" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In NiO, introducing high-valence W6+, how many vacancies will each W6+ generate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2 Ni2+ vacancies", + "1 Ni2+ vacancy", + "3 O2- vacancies", + "1 O2- vacancy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines the term 'component'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ratio of different phases present in a microstructure", + "The smallest structural unit that retains the properties of a material", + "Each element (metal, non-metal) that constitutes an alloy", + "Any constituent that can be mechanically separated from a composite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The dislocation spacing of a Ni crystal is 2000 nm. Assuming each dislocation is caused by an additional (110) atomic plane, the θ angle of the small-angle grain boundary is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.003569527°", + "0.007139054°", + "0.002500000°", + "0.005000000°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (parallel to basal planes)", + "Single crystal diamond along <111> direction", + "Silver at 20°C", + "Bulk copper at cryogenic temperatures (20K)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For two types of diffusion with activation energies of E1= 83.7 kJ/mol and E2=251 kJ/mol, how does the diffusion rate change when the temperature increases from 25°C to 600°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The diffusion rate increases by 2.3×10^6 and 1.7×10^18 times, respectively", + "The diffusion rate increases by 4.6×10^9 and 9.5×10^28 times, respectively", + "The diffusion rate decreases due to thermal expansion effects", + "Both diffusion rates increase by the same factor of 1.2×10^12 times" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the grain boundary energy of a small-angle grain boundary less than for a high-angle one?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The small-angle boundary has more atoms maintaining their original crystal coordination", + "Small-angle boundaries primarily consist of edge dislocations which have lower strain energy", + "High-angle boundaries create more vacancies that increase the system entropy", + "The Burgers vector magnitude is smaller for small-angle boundaries" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At temperatures between 775°C (1048 K) and 1100°C (1373 K), the activation energy and preexponential for the diffusion coefficient of Fe²⁺ in FeO are 102,000 J/mol and 7.3 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s, respectively. What is the mobility for an Fe²⁺ ion at 1000°C (1273 K)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.73 × 10^{-10} m²/V·s", + "4.32 × 10^{-11} m²/V·s", + "8.64 × 10^{-11} m²/V·s", + "3.46 × 10^{-10} m²/V·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a substitutional solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "An alloy phase where solute atoms replace solvent atoms while maintaining the solvent structure", + "A solid solution where interstitial atoms distort the host lattice without replacing atoms", + "A metastable phase formed by rapid quenching that retains solute atoms in non-equilibrium positions", + "A composite structure where solute atoms form ordered clusters within the solvent matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What are the main mass transfer mechanisms in solid-state sintering?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary sliding controlled by creep", + "Plastic deformation via dislocation motion", + "Evaporation-condensation mass transfer", + "Surface diffusion dominated by curvature gradients" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the carbon concentration of an iron-carbon alloy for which the fraction of total ferrite is 0.94?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.94 wt% C", + "0.76 wt% C", + "0.42 wt% C", + "0.25 wt% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.25-in.-diameter copper bar is cold worked 63%. What is the final diameter?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.152 in.", + "0.183 in.", + "0.125 in.", + "0.217 in." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors influences the formation of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic size", + "Crystal symmetry", + "Thermal conductivity", + "Electronegativity difference < 0.3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods and principles can refine metal grain size by increasing undercooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical radius for nucleation decreases exponentially with undercooling", + "Higher undercooling reduces atomic diffusion, suppressing grain growth", + "Undercooling creates more grain boundary defects that inhibit coarsening", + "Increasing undercooling enhances both nucleation rate and growth rate, but nucleation rate dominates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the equilibrium width of extended dislocations in stainless steel. Given the lattice constant of stainless steel a = 0.356 nm, shear modulus G = 10×10^6 N/cm^2, and stacking fault energy γ_I = 15×10^-6 J/m^2. The equilibrium width of extended dislocations d_0 is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.12×10^-5 m", + "2.24×10^-5 m", + "5.6×10^-6 m", + "3.36×10^-5 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In a ternary system phase diagram, if there are n boundary lines, then the number of connecting lines that can be drawn in this phase diagram is .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The number of connecting lines equals the number of phase regions minus one", + "The number of connecting lines is always equal to the number of boundary lines (n)", + "The number of connecting lines is determined by the Gibbs phase rule (F=C-P+2)", + "The number of connecting lines equals twice the number of invariant points" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a metal that has the simple cubic crystal structure, the atomic radius is: (Given: density = 2.05g/cm³, atomic weight = 77.84g/mol)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.122 nm", + "0.144 nm", + "0.156 nm", + "0.134 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The density of Al2O3 is 3.8g/cm3. How many atoms are contained in 1g of Al2O3?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.90×10^22", + "1.18×10^22", + "2.95×10^22", + "3.54×10^22" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the actual packing density of α-Fe (given that for every 200 iron atoms there is 1 H atom, rFe=0.1241nm, rH=0.036nm, a=0.286nm):", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.6845", + "0.7231", + "0.6982", + "0.7124" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on microstructural analysis, the volume of graphite in a gray cast iron accounts for 12%, and the volume of ferrite accounts for 88%. Determine the value of ωC (given that the density of graphite ρG=2.2 g/cm³, and the density of ferrite ρα=7.8 g/cm³).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.042", + "0.037", + "0.028", + "0.051" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose an element has a valence of 2 and an atomic number of 27. Based only on the quantum numbers, how many electrons must be present in the 3d energy level?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6 electrons", + "5 electrons", + "8 electrons", + "7 electrons" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt % C, cooled to below 727 C (1341 F). What is the proeutectoid phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α-ferrite", + "Fe3C", + "Pearlite", + "Martensite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the basic condition for the formation of single crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Maintaining a precisely controlled cooling rate just below the melting point to suppress heterogeneous nucleation", + "Ensuring the melt has extremely high purity (>99.9999%) to eliminate all potential nucleation sites", + "Applying a strong directional temperature gradient to allow only one nucleus to dominate growth", + "Using a seed crystal and carefully controlling solidification parameters to prevent new nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a disordered solid solution transforms into an ordered solid solution, the general trend in the change of alloy properties is: electrical conductivity", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "increases due to reduced electron scattering", + "decreases due to enhanced lattice periodicity", + "remains unchanged as Fermi level is preserved", + "first increases then decreases with ordering parameter" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the planar packing fraction (ppf) on the (110) plane for ZnS (with the zinc blende structure)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.416", + "0.555", + "0.492", + "0.625" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a Pb-70% Sn alloy. What is the composition of the first solid to form during solidification?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "70% Sn", + "19% Sn", + "61.9% Sn", + "98% Sn" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are characteristics of refractory ceramic materials that improve with increasing porosity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Improved fracture toughness under compressive loads", + "Increased elastic modulus at elevated temperatures", + "Enhanced ionic conductivity through grain boundaries", + "Decreased thermal expansion and contraction upon thermal cycling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The shear modulus of Ni is G=75 GPa, and the intrinsic stacking fault energy is γ=150 mJ/m². What is the equilibrium width of dislocation extension?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.505×10⁻⁹ m", + "2.257×10⁻⁹ m", + "0.753×10⁻⁹ m", + "3.010×10⁻⁹ m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the energy of attraction between a cation with a valence of +2 and an anion with a valence of -2, the centers of which are separated by a distance of 3.7nm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-3.7 × 10^{-19} J", + "-6.2 × 10^{-20} J", + "-1.0 × 10^{-18} J", + "-2.5 × 10^{-19} J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines Polymorph?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Materials with identical chemical composition but different crystal structures due to processing history", + "Materials exhibiting reversible structural transformations under mechanical stress", + "Crystals of the same chemical composition that form different structures under varying thermodynamic conditions", + "Materials showing different physical properties while maintaining the same phase structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Using Na2CO3 and Na2SiO3 to dilute the same type of clay slurry (mainly composed of kaolinite minerals), compare the differences in the body density of the two slurries when the same amount of electrolyte is added. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Adding Na2CO3 basically has no effect on the body density of the clay, while adding Na2SiO3 increases the body density of the slurry", + "Both Na2CO3 and Na2SiO3 decrease the body density of the slurry by similar amounts due to their electrolyte nature", + "Na2CO3 increases the body density more significantly than Na2SiO3 because of its higher ionic strength", + "Na2SiO3 decreases the body density while Na2CO3 increases it, due to their opposite effects on clay particle aggregation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What point defects are possible for Al2O3 as an impurity in MgO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mg2+ vacancies and Al3+ interstitials", + "Al3+ substitutions and Mg2+ interstitials", + "Al3+ substitutions and O2- vacancies", + "Mg2+ vacancies and O2- interstitials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the Al-Mg alloy, $x_{\\mathrm{Mg}}=0.05$, what is the mass fraction of Mg ($w_{\\mathrm{Mg}}$) in the alloy (given that the relative atomic mass of Mg is 24.31 and Al is 26.98)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0472", + "0.0500", + "0.0431", + "0.0453" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When the crystal around an edge dislocation contains vacancies below the equilibrium concentration, how will the dislocation climb?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Negative climb", + "Positive climb", + "No climb occurs", + "Lateral slip" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于反尖晶石结构的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Inverse spinel structure belongs to the cubic crystal system with oxygen ions in cubic close packing, where divalent cations occupy octahedral sites and trivalent cations are equally distributed between octahedral and tetrahedral sites", + "Inverse spinel structure is hexagonal with oxygen ions in hexagonal close packing, where all trivalent cations occupy tetrahedral sites and divalent cations occupy octahedral sites", + "Inverse spinel structure has tetragonal symmetry where divalent cations exclusively occupy tetrahedral voids while trivalent cations fill octahedral voids", + "Inverse spinel structure maintains cubic symmetry but with divalent cations in tetrahedral sites and trivalent cations randomly distributed in octahedral sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After the interaction between water and clay, what can be found around the clay colloidal particles as the distance increases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Free water", + "Bound water with reduced mobility", + "Double layer of counterions", + "Hydrated silicate layers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of silicate structure does Ca2Al[AlSiO7] belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Group (double tetrahedron)", + "Chain (pyroxene)", + "Sheet (phyllosilicate)", + "Framework (tectosilicate)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main purpose of normalizing T12 steel file and the structure after normalizing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Normalizing refines the grain size to improve toughness while maintaining hardness", + "Normalizing eliminates the network carbide and prepares for spheroidizing annealing", + "Normalizing dissolves all carbides to create a fully austenitic structure", + "Normalizing reduces internal stresses while preserving the original pearlite structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between deformation by twinning and deformation by slip relative to mechanism?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip occurs along specific crystallographic planes while twinning involves coordinated atomic movement", + "Twinning requires higher stress than slip due to simultaneous atomic movement", + "Slip preserves crystal orientation while twinning creates mirror-image lattice regions", + "Both mechanisms involve dislocation motion but twinning occurs at lower temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "To which category of compounds do Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) and Plexiglas (polymethyl methacrylate) belong?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The material exhibits both ionic and covalent bonding characteristics", + "The material's hardness is primarily determined by its dislocation density", + "The material's thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to its electrical resistivity", + "The material's fracture toughness increases with decreasing grain size according to the Hall-Petch relationship" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The polarization P of a dielectric material positioned within a parallel-plate capacitor is to be 4.0 × 10^-6 C/m^2. What must be the dielectric constant if an electric field of 10^5 V/m is applied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.52", + "5.52", + "6.32", + "3.14" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The activation energy for self-diffusion in copper is 49,300 cal / mol. A copper specimen creeps at 0.002 N / in·h when a stress of 15,000 psi is applied at 600°C. If the creep rate of copper is dependent on self-diffusion, determine the creep rate if the temperature is 800°C.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.002 N/in·h", + "0.04 N/in·h", + "0.4 N/in·h", + "0.004 N/in·h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade GCr15SiMn?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "GCr15SiMn is a stainless steel with 15% Cr and Mn added for austenite stabilization", + "GCr15SiMn is a tool steel with high carbon content (1.5%C) and 15% Cr for corrosion resistance", + "GCr15SiMn is a spring steel containing 15% Cr and 1% Si for improved elasticity", + "GCr15SiMn is a rolling bearing steel, wc=1.5%, Wc=1%, wsi=0.5%, WM=1.05%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What type(s) of bonding would be expected for nylon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic bonding with van der Waals forces", + "Metallic bonding with covalent network", + "Primary covalent bonds with secondary hydrogen bonding", + "Pure covalent bonding only" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Comment on the possibility of classical nucleation given that the dislocation density of heavily worked metallic materials is approximately 10^15 m^-2.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Classical nucleation is enhanced due to the high dislocation density providing preferential nucleation sites", + "Classical nucleation is impossible because the required critical nucleus size exceeds the average dislocation spacing", + "Classical nucleation remains unaffected as dislocations primarily influence growth rather than nucleation", + "Classical nucleation becomes possible only when the dislocation density exceeds 10^16 m^-2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Due to the very long molecular chains, how is the relationship between secondary valence forces and primary valence forces often?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Equal to", + "Greater than", + "Less than", + "Inversely proportional to" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of chain silicates?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Chain silicates are built from [SiO4] tetrahedra sharing all 4 oxygen atoms, creating infinite chains with a fixed Si:O ratio of 1:4", + "Chain silicates consist of [SiO4] tetrahedra sharing 2 or 3 oxygen atoms, forming single chains ([Si2O6]4-) or double chains ([Si4O11]6-) with Si:O ratios of 1:3 and 4:11 respectively", + "Chain silicates feature alternating [SiO4] and [AlO4] tetrahedra sharing 3 oxygen atoms, resulting in a variable Si:O ratio between 1:2.5 and 1:3", + "Chain silicates contain isolated [SiO4] tetrahedra linked by metal cations, maintaining a strict 1:4 Si:O ratio throughout the structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of coring and why it occurs?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Coring is the formation of a hard, brittle phase at grain boundaries due to excessive cooling rates, which prevents uniform diffusion of alloying elements during solidification.", + "Coring is the phenomenon whereby concentration gradients exist across grains in polycrystalline alloys, with higher concentrations of the component having the lower melting temperature at the grain boundaries. It occurs, during solidification, as a consequence of cooling rates that are too rapid to allow for the maintenance of the equilibrium composition of the solid phase.", + "Coring refers to the preferential oxidation of certain alloy components at grain boundaries, creating concentration gradients when cooling rates exceed the critical threshold for equilibrium diffusion.", + "Coring is a defect caused by uneven thermal contraction during solidification, resulting in radial stress patterns that resemble tree rings in the microstructure." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is a tie line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "the line indicating the maximum solubility limit in an alloy system", + "the boundary between single-phase and two-phase regions in a phase diagram", + "the line connecting the composition points of two equilibrium phases", + "the path of phase transformation during continuous cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that H70 brass [w(Zn)=30%] requires 1 hour to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 400°C, and 2 hours at 390°C, calculate the time required to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 420°C.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.13 h", + "0.52 h", + "0.26 h", + "0.39 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of solid solution is ferrite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interstitial", + "Substitutional", + "Intermetallic", + "Eutectic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When a small amount of CaO is doped into ThO2, what is the corresponding solid solution formula?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ThO2-xCax", + "Th1-xCaxO2", + "Th1-xCaxO2-x", + "(Th,Ca)O2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an Al-Cu alloy with an atomic fraction of Cu at 4.6%, after solution treatment at 550°C, the α phase contains x(Cu)=2%. When reheated to 100°C and held for a period, the precipitated θ phase spreads throughout the entire alloy volume. The θ phase has an fcc structure with r=0.143nm, and the average spacing between θ particles is 5nm. If the Cu atoms in the α phase can be neglected after θ precipitation, how many Cu atoms does each θ particle contain?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "303.2 atoms/particle", + "75.8 atoms/particle", + "151.6 atoms/particle", + "227.4 atoms/particle" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When stretching a single crystal, the slip plane is most prone to slip when it turns to an angle of _____ with the external force axis.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "90°", + "30°", + "60°", + "45°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bond predominates in metallic materials, how strong is the bonding, and consequently, what is their elastic modulus like?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metallic bonds, moderately strong, resulting in intermediate elastic modulus comparable to covalent solids", + "Metallic bonds, relatively weak, leading to lower elastic modulus than ionic crystals", + "Mixed covalent-metallic bonds, very strong, producing exceptionally high elastic modulus", + "Secondary bonds dominating, extremely weak, causing elastic modulus similar to polymers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the correct expression for the unsteady-state diffusion equation when the diffusion coefficient D does not vary with concentration?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "∂C/∂t = D(∂C/∂x)", + "∂C/∂x = D(∂²C/∂t²)", + "∂²C/∂t² = D(∂²C/∂x²)", + "∂C/∂t = D(∂²C/∂x²)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why does the hardness of tempered martensite diminish with tempering time at constant temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increased carbon diffusion leads to precipitation hardening reversal at prolonged tempering times", + "The growth of cementite particles reduces phase boundary area, decreasing dislocation barrier effectiveness", + "Dislocation density decreases due to recrystallization of the ferrite matrix", + "The tetragonality of martensite gradually disappears, reducing lattice distortion hardening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When the temperature increases from 20℃ to 1020℃, the lattice constant expands by (4 × 10^-4)%, and the density decreases by 0.012%. Assuming the total mass remains unchanged, the total volume change rate ΔV/V is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.008%", + "0.004%", + "0.016%", + "0.012%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why does cold-drawn high-carbon steel wire have the highest strength among various types of steel currently used in industry?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The high strength primarily results from the combination of work hardening during cold drawing and the refinement of pearlite interlamellar spacing achieved through isothermal treatment", + "The lead bath treatment creates a unique surface alloying layer that significantly enhances the wire's tensile strength", + "Cold drawing induces a complete phase transformation from austenite to martensite, which is responsible for the ultra-high strength", + "The high carbon content directly correlates with strength through solid solution strengthening, with cold drawing playing only a minor role" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The reason why glass is isotropic is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The rapid quenching process aligns all molecular dipoles in random orientations", + "The long-range disorder of the glass structure exhibits statistical homogeneity macroscopically", + "The covalent network structure prevents preferential crystallographic directions", + "The absence of grain boundaries eliminates anisotropic effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Cr12MoV钢的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cr12MoV exhibits superior toughness at cryogenic temperatures due to its bcc crystal structure", + "The high chromium content in Cr12MoV primarily improves its oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures", + "Cr12MoV achieves its hardness through precipitation hardening from vanadium carbides", + "Cr12MoV is commonly used for hot forging dies due to its excellent thermal fatigue resistance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a given material, would you expect the surface energy to be greater than, the same as, or less than the grain boundary energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "They are equal since both represent interface energies", + "Grain boundary energy is greater because it involves more atomic disorder", + "Surface energy is greater due to broken atomic bonds creating higher energy states", + "It depends on the crystallographic orientation of the surface" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If 50 mol% Na2O is added to SiO2, what is the O:Si ratio?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.0", + "3.0", + "2.0", + "2.5" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.4-in. diameter, 12-in-long titanium bar has a yield strength of 50,000 psi, a modulus of elasticity of 16x10^6 psi, and Poisson's ratio of 0.30. When a 500-lb load is applied, the final length of the bar is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "12.00149 in", + "12.00298 in", + "11.99702 in", + "12.00000 in" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Point out the correct way to produce a batch of sand castings with significant thickness variations and require uniform grain size:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Using directional solidification with controlled heat extraction rates", + "Adding grain refiners to the entire melt before pouring", + "Maintaining constant cooling rate throughout all sections", + "Applying ultrasonic vibration during solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a continuous and oriented fiber-reinforced composite, the modulus of elasticity in the transverse direction is 3.66 GPa (5.3 x 10^5 psi). If the volume fraction of fibers is 0.25, what is the modulus of elasticity of the matrix phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.79 GPa (4.04 x 10^5 psi)", + "3.66 GPa (5.3 x 10^5 psi)", + "4.88 GPa (7.08 x 10^5 psi)", + "1.83 GPa (2.65 x 10^5 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For metals and alloys that do not undergo phase transformations in the solid state, can their grain size be changed without remelting? What methods can be used to alter it?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Applying high-frequency ultrasonic vibration during solidification", + "Direct isothermal holding at 0.9Tm for extended periods", + "Cold deformation followed by recrystallization annealing", + "Controlled martensitic transformation through rapid quenching" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What are the advantages of forming metals by extrusion as opposed to rolling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The mechanical properties of extruded materials are superior in all directions", + "Higher production rates and better surface finish can be achieved with extrusion", + "Extrusion requires lower temperatures than rolling, reducing energy consumption", + "Pieces having more complicated cross-sectional geometries may be formed and seamless tubing may be produced" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How does increasing the degree of crystallinity of a semicrystalline polymer affect its tensile strength?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decreases because crystallites act as stress concentrators", + "Increases due to stronger intermolecular forces in crystalline regions", + "Remains unchanged as amorphous regions dominate mechanical properties", + "First increases then decreases due to crystal size exceeding critical defect size" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "During solid-state phase transformation nucleation, when the nucleus morphology is disk-shaped, it has the minimum what energy and the maximum what?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "minimum total free energy and maximum chemical driving force", + "minimum surface energy and maximum elastic energy", + "minimum interfacial energy and maximum strain energy", + "minimum strain energy and maximum interface energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the flexural strength for a test given a cylindrical specimen of aluminum oxide with a radius of 2.5mm (0.10 in.) and a support point separation distance of 30mm (1.2 in.) when a load of 620 N (140 lbf) is applied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "248 MPa (36,000 psi)", + "379 MPa (53,500 psi)", + "413 MPa (60,000 psi)", + "310 MPa (45,000 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Given a powder compact with an average particle size of 5μm, after sintering for 2 hours, the neck growth ratio x/r=0.1. If grain growth is not considered, how much time is required to sinter the compact to a neck growth ratio x/r=0.2 through diffusion mass transport?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8h", + "64h", + "32h", + "16h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes eutectoid transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution into two phases with the same crystal structure", + "The transformation of a liquid phase into two different solid phases upon cooling", + "The process in which a single solid phase simultaneously precipitates two new solid phases with different compositions and crystal structures", + "The diffusionless transformation of a high-temperature phase into a martensitic structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a polymer-matrix fiber-reinforced composite, which of the following correctly compares the desired mechanical characteristics of matrix and fiber phases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The fiber phase should have lower elastic modulus than the matrix to ensure proper stress transfer.", + "Both phases must exhibit high stiffness, but the matrix should have higher fracture toughness than the fibers.", + "The matrix phase must be ductile and is usually relatively soft, whereas the fiber phase must be stiff and strong.", + "Matrix and fiber phases should have nearly identical thermal expansion coefficients to prevent interfacial failure." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancy diffusion becomes negligible above the Debye temperature of the material", + "Interstitial diffusion is the dominant mechanism for substitutional alloying elements in FCC metals", + "Both mechanisms exhibit the same temperature dependence as described by the Arrhenius equation", + "Vacancy diffusion requires higher activation energy than interstitial diffusion due to lattice distortion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which plane among (100), (110), and (111) in a face-centered cubic crystal is the close-packed plane?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(100) plane due to its highest planar density in simple cubic crystals", + "(110) plane because it contains the closest-packed direction <110>", + "(111) plane with its hexagonal arrangement of atoms", + "All three planes are equally close-packed in FCC crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a Network former?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "elements with electronegativity >1.7 that require modifiers to form glass", + "materials with coordination number ≤4 that can modify glass structure", + "substances with single bond energy ≥335kJ/mol that can form glass independently", + "compounds with bond angles <120° that stabilize glass networks" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For spherical Al2O3 particles with a diameter of 1μm surrounded by excess MgO particles, the formation of spinel is observed. At a constant temperature, 20% of the Al2O3 reacts in the first hour. Using the Jander equation, calculate the time required for complete reaction.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.00 h", + "25.00 h", + "194.62 h", + "100.00 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the second stage involved in the formation of particles of a new phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diffusion - the atomic transport process enabling phase transformation", + "Nucleation - the formation of stable clusters of the new phase", + "Coarsening - the competitive growth where larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones", + "Growth - the increase in size of the new phase particles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a factory used a nylon rope sling that had been in stock for two years, a fracture accident occurred even though the load-bearing capacity was far greater than the lifting stress. The reason for the fracture was:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "UV-induced crosslinking from improper storage", + "Stress concentration at manufacturing defects", + "Viscoelastic creep deformation under sustained load", + "Hydrolysis-induced chain scission from ambient moisture absorption" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When a small amount of CaO is doped into ThO2, which of the following is the correct defect reaction equation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CaO + ThTh → CaTh' + O0 + ThO2", + "CaO → CaTh'' + O0 + V0''", + "CaO + V0 → CaTh'' + O0", + "CaO + O0 → CaTh'' + V0'' + 1/2 O2(g)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The atomic number of copper is 29, its relative atomic mass is 63.54, and it has two isotopes, Cu63 and Cu65. What is the percentage content of the two copper isotopes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "63% Cu63 and 37% Cu65", + "65% Cu63 and 35% Cu65", + "50% Cu63 and 50% Cu65", + "73% Cu63 and 27% Cu65" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes extrinsic diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Extrinsic diffusion is the dominant mass transport mechanism in pure materials, where the activation energy includes both vacancy formation and migration energies.", + "Extrinsic diffusion refers to atomic migration driven by external stress fields, where the activation energy depends on both the stress magnitude and temperature gradient across the material.", + "Extrinsic diffusion occurs when impurity atoms directly exchange positions with host atoms, requiring simultaneous motion of both species. This mechanism dominates in heavily doped systems at high temperatures.", + "Extrinsic diffusion: It is a migration phenomenon caused by vacancies generated from the doping of inequivalent impurity ions. The activation energy of extrinsic diffusion only includes the migration energy of mass points, and extrinsic diffusion dominates at low temperatures." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Compare gray and malleable cast irons with respect to mechanical characteristics. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Gray iron exhibits higher impact toughness than malleable iron due to its flake graphite structure", + "Malleable iron shows better machinability than gray iron because of its lower carbon content", + "Both irons demonstrate similar damping capacities despite their different graphite morphologies", + "Gray iron's compressive strength is significantly lower than its tensile strength due to graphite orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What type(s) of bonding would be expected for rubber?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic bonding", + "Metallic bonding", + "Covalent bonding with some van der Waals bonding", + "van der Waals bonding" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the main reasons for dislocations promoting nucleation in the case where the composition of the new phase differs from that of the parent phase. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocations act as preferential nucleation sites primarily due to their high strain energy, which lowers the activation energy barrier for nucleation regardless of compositional differences.", + "When the composition of the new phase differs from that of the parent phase, the segregation of solute atoms along dislocation lines (forming Cottrell atmospheres) facilitates the precipitation of the new phase and also promotes nucleation.", + "The difference in composition between phases creates a lattice mismatch that is accommodated by dislocations, making them ideal nucleation sites through purely geometric considerations.", + "Solute atoms preferentially decorate dislocation cores, creating local compositional fluctuations that mimic the new phase's structure but do not significantly affect nucleation kinetics." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relative content of each phase when an alloy containing 0.40% C is cooled to room temperature under equilibrium conditions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "w_α=88%; w_Fe3C=12%", + "w_α=94%; w_Fe3C=6%", + "w_α=96%; w_Fe3C=4%", + "w_α=92%; w_Fe3C=8%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the characteristics of extrinsic diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Extrinsic diffusion shows temperature-independent behavior because it is controlled by fixed impurity concentrations.", + "Extrinsic diffusion has higher activation energy than intrinsic diffusion due to additional vacancy formation energy.", + "The activation energy of extrinsic diffusion only includes the energy of particle migration, and extrinsic diffusion dominates at low temperatures.", + "The diffusion coefficient for extrinsic diffusion follows an Arrhenius relationship with the same slope as intrinsic diffusion." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the melting point of Cu tm=1083°C, latent heat of fusion Lm=1.88×10^3 J/cm^3, and specific surface energy σ=1.44×10^5 J/cm^2. The critical nucleus radius for homogeneous nucleation of Cu at 853°C is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.88×10^-9 m", + "1.44×10^-9 m", + "9.03×10^-10 m", + "2.16×10^-9 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why can rapid changes in external temperature cause many ceramic devices to crack or break?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because rapid temperature changes exceed the elastic modulus of ceramic materials", + "Due to the low thermal conductivity of ceramics causing localized thermal stresses", + "Because most ceramics are mainly composed of crystalline and glass phases, and the thermal expansion coefficients of these two phases differ significantly", + "Due to phase transformations in the ceramic microstructure under thermal shock" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "At 550°C (823K), the enrichment rate of sulfur at the grain boundaries of γ-Fe is 15700. The bonding energy between sulfur atoms and iron is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "82.3 kJ/mol and 0.85 eV", + "157 kJ/mol and 1.63 eV", + "66.1 kJ/mol and 0.68 eV", + "45.7 kJ/mol and 0.47 eV" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A liquidus line separates which of the following combinations of phase fields?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α and Liquid +α", + "Liquid and Liquid +α", + "α and α+β", + "Liquid +α and α+β" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines the term 'phase'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A thermodynamic state characterized by a specific free energy minimum under given conditions", + "A distinct state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) with uniform physical properties throughout", + "The angular relationship between crystallographic planes in a polycrystalline material", + "A portion or region within an alloy that has the same (or continuously varying) composition, structure, and properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If the density is increased to 10^10 mm^-2 by cold working, what would be the chain length of dislocations in 1000 mm^3 of material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.0 x 10^10 mm", + "3.1 x 10^6 km", + "6.2 x 10^6 miles", + "2.5 x 10^7 light-years" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For cold-formed components, which of the following should be performed promptly after forming to remove residual internal stress and prevent the components from deformation or cracking during use?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solution treatment at 0.8Tm followed by quenching", + "Stress relief annealing at 0.3-0.5Tm for 1 hour", + "Recrystallization annealing at 0.6Tm with slow cooling", + "Normalizing at 0.9Tm with air cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose we introduce one carbon atom for every 100 iron atoms in an interstitial position in BCC iron, giving a lattice parameter of 0.2867 nm. For the Fe-C alloy, the density is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.65 g/cm³", + "8.02 g/cm³", + "7.89 g/cm³", + "7.93 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under non-equilibrium crystallization conditions, which of the following statements is correct regarding the formation of divorced eutectic structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Alloys near the eutectic point show higher divorced eutectic tendency due to constitutional undercooling", + "The divorced eutectic formation is primarily controlled by the cooling rate rather than composition position", + "Divorced eutectics form more easily in hypereutectic alloys due to primary phase nucleation barriers", + "The divorced eutectic morphology results from insufficient diffusion time for solute partitioning" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Conductivity in a metal is almost always reduced by the introduction of defects into the lattice. The factor primarily affected by defects is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density threshold for dynamic recovery in aluminum at 300K", + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip system activation in pure copper", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress required for dislocation motion in tungsten", + "The stacking fault energy value for austenitic stainless steel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The plasticity of a polymer is related to which temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The temperature where storage modulus equals loss modulus (tan δ=1)", + "The onset temperature of molecular chain segment motion in DMA curves", + "The temperature at which polymer chains achieve complete freedom of rotation", + "The temperature where polymer transitions from rubbery to viscous flow state" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Fiberglass is a composite material of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Resin and Carbon fiber", + "Polymer matrix and Glass fiber", + "Epoxy and Silicon fiber", + "Resin and Glass fiber" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When most of the latent heat of crystallization can be dissipated through the liquid phase during ingot solidification, the main solid microstructure is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Directionally solidified columnar structure", + "Equiaxed grains with random crystallographic orientation", + "Dendritic growth with secondary arm spacing <100μm", + "Single crystal with <5° misorientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the packing density of the diamond structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.68", + "0.52", + "0.34", + "0.74" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the conditions for the occurrence of secondary recrystallization (abnormal growth)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Isothermal holding above 0.8Tm with rapid quenching", + "High stacking fault energy and uniform dislocation distribution", + "The presence of recrystallization texture, second-phase particles, or surface thermal grooves", + "Simultaneous satisfaction of Hall-Petch relationship and Schmid factor" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the concept of modification treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Electrochemical treatment to alter the surface composition of metals by ion implantation", + "Heat treatment process to modify the surface hardness of cast alloys through rapid quenching", + "Adding solid-phase substances to molten metal before casting to promote heterogeneous nucleation and refine grains", + "Mechanical deformation process to refine grain structure through severe plastic deformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "An isothermally transformed eutectoid steel is found to have a yield strength of 410 MPa. What is the estimated interlamellar spacing in the pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.14 × 10^-4 mm", + "2.45 × 10^-6 m", + "1.67 × 10^-5 cm", + "8.90 × 10^-7 cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why can shot peening and surface rolling significantly improve the fatigue limit of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The mechanical impacts refine the grain structure throughout the entire material volume, improving overall strength", + "The surface treatments increase the elastic modulus of the material, making it more resistant to cyclic deformation", + "The processes create a work-hardened surface layer with compressive stresses that counteract tensile stresses and delay crack initiation", + "The treatments create a smoother surface finish that reduces stress concentration factors" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the relative atomic mass of Si is 28.09, if there are 5×10^10 electrons capable of free movement in 100g of Si, what is the proportion of freely moving electrons to the total number of valence electrons?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.830 × 10^-15", + "1.166 × 10^-14", + "2.915 × 10^-15", + "1.024 × 10^-13" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The microscopic mechanisms of diffusion in crystalline solids include:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation climb mechanism", + "Interstitial mechanism", + "Grain boundary sliding mechanism", + "Surface diffusion mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the microstructural transformation of quenched steel during tempering at 250-400°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decomposition of retained austenite", + "Formation of ε-carbide (Fe2-3C)", + "Recovery of dislocation density", + "Precipitation of cementite (Fe3C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "High-density polyethylene may be chlorinated by inducing the random substitution of chlorine atoms for hydrogen. If this substitution occurs for 5% of all the original hydrogen atoms, the concentration of Cl (in wt%) that must be added is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.6 wt%", + "5.0 wt%", + "35.7 wt%", + "20.3 wt%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The jump frequency of carbon atoms in solid solution is Γ=1.7×10^28 s^-1 at 925℃ and Γ=2.1×10^9 s^-1 at 20℃. Using the interstitial diffusion calculation formula D=α²PΓ, what is the ratio of the diffusion coefficients D_925℃/D_20℃?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.7×10^28/2.1×10^9 = 8.1×10^18", + "8.1×10^17", + "ln(1.7×10^28/2.1×10^9) = 43.8", + "(1.7×10^28 - 2.1×10^9) = 1.7×10^28" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An undeformed specimen of some alloy has an average grain diameter of 0.050 mm. You are asked to reduce its average grain diameter to 0.020 mm. Is this possible? If so, explain the procedures you would use and name the processes involved. If it is not possible, explain why.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because grain refinement below 0.030 mm requires specialized severe plastic deformation techniques", + "Yes, by cold working followed by recrystallization annealing at a temperature below the alloy's melting point", + "Yes, by simply heating the alloy to just below its melting temperature to induce spontaneous grain refinement", + "No, because the Hall-Petch relationship shows grain size cannot be reduced below 0.025 mm in polycrystalline materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of the filtrate loss of clay slurry adsorbed with the given cations (from small to large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Al3+ < H+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 1-mm sheet of FCC iron is used to contain nitrogen in a heat exchanger at 1200°C. The concentration of N at one surface is 0.04 atomic percent and the concentration at the second surface is 0.005 atomic percent. What is the flux of nitrogen through the foil in N atoms/cm^2·s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.42 × 10^{15} N atoms/cm^2·s", + "7.57 × 10^{12} N atoms/cm^2·s", + "1.89 × 10^{10} N atoms/cm^2·s", + "4.63 × 10^{13} N atoms/cm^2·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a mixed dislocation line, what is the relationship between its Burgers vector and the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector is always perpendicular to the dislocation line", + "The Burgers vector is always parallel to the dislocation line", + "The Burgers vector can be either perpendicular or parallel depending on the slip system", + "Neither perpendicular nor parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron configuration for the ion Cu+?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s1", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Two positive edge dislocations on the same slip plane, each with a Burgers vector b, when they approach infinitely close, what is the total energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "αGb²", + "2αGb²", + "4αGb²", + "8αGb²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following characteristics are displayed by hard magnetic materials in terms of magnetization and demagnetization field requirements?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Demagnetization occurs spontaneously at room temperature", + "Exhibit low coercivity and high magnetic permeability", + "Magnetization and demagnetization require relatively high applied fields", + "Magnetization direction easily rotates with small applied fields" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming carbon atoms are all located in the octahedral interstices of γ-Fe, at 1000°C, 1.7 weight percent of carbon atoms are dissolved in γ-Fe. Calculate how many carbon atoms are present in 100 unit cells and determine the proportion of octahedral interstices occupied by carbon atoms (the atomic weight of iron is 55.85, and the atomic weight of carbon is 12.01).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32 carbon atoms and 8% of octahedral interstices occupied", + "16 carbon atoms and 4% of octahedral interstices occupied", + "64 carbon atoms and 16% of octahedral interstices occupied", + "8 carbon atoms and 2% of octahedral interstices occupied" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The flexural strength and associated volume fraction porosity for two specimens of the same ceramic material are as follows: \n\nσ_fs (MPa) | P \n-----------|----\n100 | 0.05 \n50 | 0.20 \n\nCompute the flexural strength for a 0.10 volume fraction porosity.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "71.6 MPa", + "79.4 MPa", + "85.2 MPa", + "63.8 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous precipitation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both types preserve crystal orientation, but discontinuous precipitation occurs faster due to higher nucleation rates at grain boundaries", + "Continuous precipitation maintains the parent phase orientation while discontinuous alters it, with diffusion distances differing by orders of magnitude", + "The key difference is temperature dependence: continuous occurs isothermally while discontinuous requires rapid quenching", + "Discontinuous precipitation forms spherical precipitates while continuous creates lamellar structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal test bar of FCC metal with a cross-sectional area of 10cm² is subjected to a compression test along the axial direction. The critical resolved shear stress is known to be 0.1kgf/mm², and the initial orientation of the bar axis is [215]. The final stable orientation of the crystal (assuming the test bar does not fracture before reaching the stable orientation) is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[101]", + "[111]", + "[215]", + "[110]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A 20m long aluminum rod with a diameter of 14.0mm is drawn through a die with an aperture of 12.7mm. The length of the aluminum rod after drawing is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "24.3m", + "22.1m", + "20.0m", + "18.6m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the driving force for steady-state diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The temperature gradient", + "The chemical potential gradient", + "The concentration gradient", + "The stress gradient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The crystal structure with point group L6L27PC belongs to the crystal system.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The activation energy for vacancy diffusion is always lower than interstitial diffusion in FCC metals", + "The Peierls stress in BCC metals is typically higher than in FCC metals due to their more open crystal structure", + "Twin boundary migration in HCP metals occurs at lower temperatures than in FCC metals because of their lower stacking fault energy", + "Grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline materials at all temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A slip plane and a (7) on it form a slip system. Which of the following correctly fills in the blank (7)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Burgers vector", + "slip direction", + "twinning plane", + "critical resolved shear stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "How are unequal-sized spheres packed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Larger spheres form simple cubic packing with smaller spheres filling all cubic voids", + "Smaller spheres form BCC packing while larger spheres occupy the body-centered positions", + "Both sphere sizes independently achieve HCP packing in separate domains", + "Larger spheres form FCC packing while smaller spheres occupy all tetrahedral and octahedral voids" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In engineering, it is often considered that the grain size of steel does not grow when heated to 760°C, but will significantly grow at 870°C. If the original grain diameter of the steel is 0.05 mm, the empirical formula for grain growth is D^(1/n)−D0^(1/n)=c t, where D is the grain diameter after growth; D0 is the original grain diameter; c is the proportionality constant; t is the holding time. Given that at 760°C, n=0.1, c=6×10^(−16), the grain diameter of steel with a carbon content of 0.8% after holding at 760°C for 1 hour is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0516 mm", + "0.0508 mm", + "0.0492 mm", + "0.0524 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why does cast iron with a chemical composition of 'three lows' (low carbon, silicon, and manganese content) and 'one high' (high sulfur content) tend to form white iron during production?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The high sulfur content preferentially combines with manganese to form MnS inclusions, reducing free manganese available to counteract sulfur's graphitization inhibition", + "Low carbon content decreases the driving force for graphite nucleation while high sulfur increases the interfacial energy between graphite and melt", + "Silicon deficiency prevents the breakdown of cementite into graphite, while sulfur stabilizes the metastable cementite phase", + "The combined effect of reduced graphitization promoters (C, Si) and enhanced inhibitor (S) shifts the critical cooling rate below the actual cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A solid solution contains xMgO=30/10−2 and xLiF=70/10−2. What are the mass fractions of Li+, Mg2+, F−, and O2−?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "wLi+=16/10−2, wMg2+=24/10−2, wF−=42/10−2, wO2−=18/10−2", + "wLi+=14/10−2, wMg2+=28/10−2, wF−=42/10−2, wO2−=16/10−2", + "wLi+=18/10−2, wMg2+=22/10−2, wF−=46/10−2, wO2−=14/10−2", + "wLi+=16/10−2, wMg2+=24/10−2, wF−=44/10−2, wO2−=16/10−2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the movement of an edge dislocation perpendicular to the slip plane called?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Glide", + "Climb", + "Cross-slip", + "Twist" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Using the dislocation theory of plastic deformation, explain why the strength of metallic materials increases with finer grain size. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "During plastic deformation of metallic polycrystalline materials, coarse grains accumulate a larger number of dislocations at grain boundaries, creating a significant stress field that can activate dislocation sources in adjacent grains, allowing deformation to continue. In contrast, fine grains accumulate fewer dislocations at grain boundaries, requiring a greater external force to activate dislocation sources in adjacent grains for deformation to proceed. Therefore, finer-grained materials require a larger external force to undergo plastic deformation, meaning that the strength of the material increases with finer grain size.", + "Finer grain sizes increase the density of grain boundaries, which act as barriers to dislocation motion. Since grain boundaries are regions of high energy, they absorb dislocations and prevent their propagation, effectively increasing the material's yield strength by requiring higher stress to move dislocations across these boundaries.", + "The Hall-Petch relationship shows that yield strength is inversely proportional to the square root of grain size. This is because smaller grains have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, leading to more grain boundary area that must be overcome by dislocations during plastic deformation, thus increasing the material's strength.", + "In fine-grained materials, the increased number of grain boundaries leads to more effective dislocation pinning points. These pinning points restrict dislocation movement by creating local stress fields that oppose the applied stress, thereby increasing the critical resolved shear stress required for plastic deformation and enhancing the material's strength." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "To dissolve MgF2 into LiF, what type of vacancies should be introduced into LiF?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cation vacancies to maintain charge neutrality", + "Anion vacancies to compensate for the smaller Mg2+ ion", + "Schottky defects to balance both cation and anion sites", + "Frenkel defects to accommodate the size mismatch" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a negative temperature gradient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A thermodynamic state where the temperature decreases with increasing energy in a population-inverted system", + "A thermal profile where the temperature increases with depth in a solidifying alloy, indicating faster cooling at the surface", + "The condition in a heat-treated steel where the core temperature exceeds the surface temperature during quenching", + "In the liquid phase at the crystallization front, the distribution where the temperature gradually decreases from the solid-liquid interface toward the interior of the liquid phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an aligned fibrous composite, when a stress is applied in a direction that is parallel to the fibers, what is the reinforcement efficiency?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The fiber aspect ratio is greater than the stress transfer length ratio", + "The critical fiber length is exactly 10 times the fiber diameter", + "The fiber-matrix interface strength exceeds the matrix yield strength", + "The composite strain matches the matrix plastic deformation onset" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Can magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide (solute) form a continuous solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, but only at high temperatures where entropy dominates the free energy", + "Yes, because both are oxides with similar ionic radii of Mg2+ and Al3+", + "No, because the valence difference between Mg2+ and Al3+ prevents substitution", + "No, because MgO has a rock salt structure while Al2O3 has a corundum structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pairs of polymers, which one is more likely to crystallize: alternating poly(styrene-ethylene) copolymer or random poly(vinyl chloride-tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both copolymers will crystallize equally due to similar backbone flexibility", + "Random poly(vinyl chloride-tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer because fluoropolymers generally have higher crystallinity", + "Alternating poly(styrene-ethylene) copolymer due to its regular chain structure allowing better packing", + "Neither copolymer can crystallize due to their irregular chemical structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the changes in mechanical properties of deformed metals during annealing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hardness and strength decrease, elongation increases", + "Hardness increases, strength decreases, elongation remains constant", + "Hardness decreases, strength increases, elongation decreases", + "All mechanical properties improve simultaneously" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which class of material is generally associated with the highest density values at room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High-entropy alloys with FCC crystal structure", + "Tungsten-based heavy alloys", + "Osmium-iridium intermetallic compounds", + "Bulk metallic glasses containing platinum group metals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Compared to pure iron, how do the strength and hardness of ferrite change?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher", + "Lower", + "Same as pure iron", + "Depends on the carbon content" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the reason for the difference in property changes between short-period elements and long-period elements?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The lanthanide contraction causes unexpected periodicity in transition metals", + "Long-period elements exhibit stronger metallic bonding due to increased nuclear charge", + "Relativistic effects become significant in heavier elements altering orbital shapes", + "The presence of d-block elements introduces additional electron shielding effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The fundamental reason for diffusion to occur in materials is ( ).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The presence of lattice vacancies", + "Concentration gradient exists", + "Chemical potential gradient exists", + "Thermal vibration amplitude exceeds atomic spacing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The diffusion coefficients for silver in copper are given at two temperatures: T(°C) = 650, D(m2/s) = 5.5 × 10^-16 and T(°C) = 900, D(m2/s) = 1.3 × 10^-13. What is the magnitude of D at 875°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.7 × 10^-14 m2/s", + "1.3 × 10^-13 m2/s", + "5.5 × 10^-16 m2/s", + "8.3 × 10^-14 m2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly identifies the scope of the statement: 'For carbon steel of any composition, as the carbon content increases, the relative amount of ferrite in the structure decreases, while the relative amount of pearlite increases.'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "When carbon content is below 0.02 wt%", + "For all carbon steels including hypereutectoid compositions", + "Only when cooling rate exceeds 100°C/s", + "For hypoeutectoid carbon steel only" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For heterogeneous nucleation at grain boundaries (double spherical cap shape, with all interfaces being incoherent), what is the critical nucleus formation energy ΔGb*? Given the contact angle θ=50°, nucleation driving force ΔG1=5×10^8 J/m^3, and incoherent interface energy γin=0.5 J/m^2.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.307×10^-18 J", + "2.615×10^-18 J", + "5.230×10^-18 J", + "3.922×10^-18 J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How do the strength and hardness of a metal with finer grains compare to the same metal with coarser grains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Equal since grain size does not affect bulk properties", + "Lower because finer grains reduce dislocation density", + "Higher due to increased grain boundary strengthening", + "Higher for strength but lower for hardness due to different deformation mechanisms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At $800^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, one atom in $10^{10}$ atoms has sufficient energy to move within the solid, while at $900^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, only one atom in $10^{9}$ atoms does. The activation energy (J/atom) is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4×10⁻¹⁸ J/atom", + "1.2×10⁻¹⁹ J/atom", + "2.5×10⁻¹⁹ eV/atom", + "0.8×10⁻¹⁸ J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The density of Al2O3 is 3.8g/cm3. How many atoms are present in 1 mm3?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.24×10^20", + "1.12×10^20", + "5.6×10^19", + "3.36×10^20" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "During the melt cooling and crystallization process, given the solid-liquid interface energy γ_sl=5×10^-6 J/cm^2 and the unit volume free energy change △Gv=418 J/cm^3 at 1000°C, the energy required for the phase transition is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.36×10^-17 J", + "5.97×10^-18 J", + "2.09×10^-16 J", + "1.19×10^-17 J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are habit planes in the context of solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Planes of maximum atomic density in the parent phase", + "The interface planes with minimum surface energy between parent and product phases", + "Crystallographic planes in the parent phase where the new phase preferentially forms", + "The most elastically compliant planes in the parent phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of diffusion always accompanies the crystallization process of solid solution alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Self-diffusion", + "Vacancy-mediated diffusion", + "Interstitial diffusion", + "Dissimilar atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a magnesium single crystal is stretched along the [0001] direction, what is the deformation mode of the crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Basal slip occurs due to the lowest CRSS in this orientation", + "Prismatic slip dominates as the Schmid factor is maximized", + "Pyramidal slip becomes active to accommodate c-axis strain", + "No plastic deformation occurs, only elastic deformation until fracture" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Can the new dislocation generated by the dislocation reaction $$ \\frac{a}{2}[10\\overline{{{1}}}] + \\frac{a}{6}[\\overline{{{1}}}21] \\rightarrow \\frac{a}{3}[11\\overline{{{1}}}] $$ move on the slip plane?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because the Burgers vector is parallel to the (111) slip plane", + "Yes, because the reaction product has a smaller Burgers vector magnitude", + "No, because the new dislocation is a pure edge type on a non-slip plane", + "No, because the reaction violates the Frank's rule for dislocation energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the yield strength of industrial pure copper is ${\\pmb{\\sigma{s}}}=70~{\\bf M}{\\bf P}{\\bf a}$, its grain size is $N{\\mathrm{A}}=18$ per $'\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{m}^{2}$, and when $N{\\mathbf{A}}=$ $\\bf{4025}$ per $\\scriptstyle{\\prime}{\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{m}^{2}}$, ${\\pmb{\\sigma}}{\\mathsf{S}}={\\pmb{95}}\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{P}{\\bf a}$. Calculate ${\\pmb\\sigma_{\\mathfrak{s}}}$ when $N{\\mathbf{A}}=260$ per $\\scriptstyle{\\left/{\\mathfrak{m m}}^{2}\\right.}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "72.1 MPa", + "78.3 MPa", + "85.6 MPa", + "68.9 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the number-average relative molecular weight of linear polytetrafluoroethylene is 5×10^5, its C-C bond length is 0.154 nm, and the bond angle θ is 109°, its root-mean-square length is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "24.7 nm", + "15.4 nm", + "7.8 nm", + "31.2 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the concentration distribution of the diffusing component, what are the basic types of diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancy and interstitial diffusion", + "Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion", + "Self-diffusion and interdiffusion", + "Thermal and chemical diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The modulus of elasticity for boron carbide (B4C) having 5 vol% porosity is 290 GPa (42 x 10^6 psi). What is the modulus of elasticity for the nonporous material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "304 GPa (44.1 x 10^6 psi)", + "320 GPa (46.3 x 10^6 psi)", + "290 GPa (42 x 10^6 psi)", + "275 GPa (40 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the symbol V_{Na}?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vanadium-doped sodium compound", + "Sodium atom vacancy", + "Voltage across sodium electrolyte", + "Vibrational mode of sodium lattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Would you expect NiO to have the cesium chloride, sodium chloride, or zinc blende structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "cesium chloride structure", + "sodium chloride structure", + "zinc blende structure", + "wurtzite structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When a 3000-kg load is applied to a 10-mm-diameter ball in a Brinell test of a steel, an indentation of 3.1mm is produced. Estimate the tensile strength of the steel.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "158,000 psi", + "137,000 psi", + "225,000 psi", + "194,000 psi" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "A specimen of some metal having a rectangular cross section 11.2mm × 12.4mm is pulled in tension with a force of 31200N, which produces only elastic deformation. Given that the elastic modulus of this metal is 63 GPa, the resulting strain is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.46 × 10^{-3}", + "3.58 × 10^{-3}", + "2.92 × 10^{-3}", + "5.84 × 10^{-3}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the actual grain size of austenite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The theoretical maximum grain size predicted by the Hall-Petch relationship", + "The size of austenite grains obtained under a specific heat treatment condition", + "The average grain size measured at room temperature after quenching", + "The critical grain size required for recrystallization to occur" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the defect reaction equation for the formation of a vacancy-type solid solution when CaCl2 dissolves in NaCl?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CaCl2 → CaNa• + 2ClCl + Va•", + "CaCl2 + Va' → CaNa' + 2ClCl", + "CaCl2 → CaNa' + 2ClCl + Va'", + "CaCl2 + NaNa → CaNa' + 2ClCl + VaNa'" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of grain growth?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain growth occurs through the migration of grain boundaries driven by surface energy reduction, resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution as smaller grains are consumed by larger ones.", + "Grain growth is the process in which the average grain size of a strain-free material continuously increases during heat treatment without altering its distribution. Within the green body, grain sizes grow uniformly; during grain growth, pores remain at grain boundaries or grain boundary junctions.", + "Grain growth is primarily governed by dislocation movement and results in a decrease in grain boundary energy, leading to a random distribution of grain sizes.", + "Grain growth involves the coalescence of adjacent grains through atomic diffusion along grain boundaries, creating a gradient in grain sizes from the surface to the bulk material." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose that FCC rhodium is produced as a 1-mm thick sheet, with the (111) plane parallel to the surface of the sheet. How many (111) interplanar spacings d_{111} thick is the sheet? See Appendix A for necessary data.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.563 × 10^6 d_{111} spacings", + "2.281 × 10^6 d_{111} spacings", + "9.126 × 10^6 d_{111} spacings", + "1.141 × 10^6 d_{111} spacings" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the ASTM grain size number if 25 grains/square inch are observed at a magnification of 50.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.0", + "4.2", + "2.9", + "3.6" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How does dislocation achieve plastic deformation of metal materials through movement?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Plastic deformation is achieved through dislocation movement", + "Plastic deformation occurs when dislocations reach a critical density causing lattice collapse", + "Dislocation movement primarily affects elastic modulus rather than plastic deformation", + "Plastic deformation requires simultaneous dislocation movement and vacancy diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the position of solute atoms in the lattice, into how many categories can solid solution phases be divided?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Equilibrium and metastable solid solutions", + "Primary and secondary solid solutions", + "Substitutional and interstitial solid solutions", + "Homogeneous and heterogeneous solid solutions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Symmetric tilt grain boundaries are composed of what type of dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Edge", + "Screw", + "Mixed (edge + screw)", + "Partial" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the phenomenon called when a metal with finer grains exhibits higher strength and hardness but lower plasticity and toughness compared to the same metal with coarser grains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Precipitation hardening", + "Hall-Petch effect", + "Solid solution strengthening", + "Grain refinement strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the similarities between solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "They all require the presence of interstitial atoms to maintain charge neutrality", + "They all involve substitutional atoms replacing host atoms in the lattice", + "They all result in significant changes to the crystal's unit cell parameters", + "They are all point defects with structures identical to the host crystal phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Can it be said that there is actually only one diffusion law, not two?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both laws can be unified under the general transport theorem for all materials", + "No, because the first law describes steady-state diffusion while the second law describes non-steady-state diffusion", + "No, because the first law applies to metals while the second law applies to ceramics", + "Yes, because the second law is just a continuity equation derived from the first law's conservation principle" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a copper crystal, when the a/2[101] dislocation on the (111) plane reacts with the a/2[011] dislocation on the (11-1) plane, which of the following describes the nature of the new dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The new dislocation b=a[110] is a perfect screw dislocation that can glide on both (111) and (11-1) planes", + "The new dislocation b=a/2[110] is a unit edge dislocation with slip plane (001), making it sessile", + "The reaction produces a mixed dislocation with Burgers vector a/6[112] that can cross-slip between the original planes", + "No stable dislocation forms as the reaction is energetically unfavorable in copper's FCC structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of layered silicates?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[Si04] shares 3 O2-, forming planar layers with [Si4010] complex anions (Si:O=4:10)", + "[Si04] shares 2 O2-, forming chain structures with [Si306] complex anions (Si:O=3:9)", + "[Si04] shares 4 O2-, forming 3D frameworks with [SiO2] complex anions (Si:O=1:2)", + "[Si04] shares 1 O2-, forming isolated tetrahedra with [SiO4] complex anions (Si:O=1:4)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If diffusion occurs in a Cu-Al diffusion couple, in which direction will the interface marker move?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Toward the Al side due to faster Cu diffusion in Al", + "Toward the Cu side due to higher Al vacancy concentration", + "Remains stationary as diffusion rates are equal", + "Oscillates due to competing Kirkendall effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the origin and morphological characteristics of Fe3C eutectic?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The eutectic Fe3C primarily nucleates at grain boundaries and grows as dendritic structures.", + "Fe3C forms as discrete particles uniformly distributed in the ferrite phase during eutectic reaction.", + "The cementite in the eutectic product ledeburite, which generally exists as the matrix.", + "Fe3C in eutectic structures appears as continuous thin films separating austenite phases." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which valence state of cations must be present in the exchange of originally adsorbed cations in clay for mud peptization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The presence of divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+) is essential for peptization due to their strong bridging effect between clay layers", + "Trivalent cations (e.g., Al3+) are required as they provide optimal charge density for colloidal stability", + "A mixture of mono- and divalent cations creates the ideal balance between dispersion and flocculation", + "Monovalent cations (e.g., Na+) are necessary to maximize double layer repulsion between particles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Predict whether Indium (In) will act as a donor or an acceptor when added to Cadmium Sulfide (CdS). Assume that the impurity elements are substitutional.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Donor (n-type)", + "Acceptor (p-type)", + "Amphoteric (both donor and acceptor)", + "Neutral impurity (no doping effect)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given a hard alloy containing WC, TiC, TaC, and Co with mass fractions of 0.25, 0.15, 0.05, and 0.05, respectively. Their densities are 15.77 g/cm³, 4.94 g/cm³, 14.5 g/cm³, 8.9 g/cm³. What is the density of this composite material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "13.2 g/cm³", + "11.5 g/cm³", + "9.8 g/cm³", + "10.7 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Nickel has a face-centered cubic structure with an atomic radius of r_Ni=0.1246 nm. How many atoms are present in 1 mm^2 on the (100) plane of nickel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.1×10^13 atoms/mm^2", + "1.2×10^14 atoms/mm^2", + "3.0×10^13 atoms/mm^2", + "8.5×10^13 atoms/mm^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is one problem that might exist with a steel weld that was cooled very rapidly?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensite formation leading to brittle fracture", + "Excessive grain growth reducing yield strength", + "Dissolution of carbides improving ductility", + "Formation of pearlite enhancing toughness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate minimum temperature at which it is possible to austenitize a 0.20 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a normalizing heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "At least 850°C (1560°F)", + "At least 727°C (1340°F)", + "At least 905°C (1660°F)", + "At least 723°C (1333°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines deformation texture?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The anisotropic mechanical properties resulting from cold working processes", + "The residual stress distribution pattern formed after plastic deformation", + "The phenomenon of crystallographic orientation preference occurring during polycrystalline deformation", + "The grain boundary misorientation angle distribution in deformed materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Diffusion by which mechanism occurs more rapidly in metal alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancy diffusion", + "Interstitial diffusion", + "Grain boundary diffusion", + "Surface diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Predict whether Sulfur (S) will act as a donor or an acceptor when added to Indium Antimonide (InSb). Assume that the impurity elements are substitutional.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Neutral (no doping effect)", + "Acceptor (p-type)", + "Amphoteric (both donor and acceptor)", + "Donor (n-type)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the cesium chloride structure, what is the lattice parameter for CsBr?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.721 Å (confusing with CsCl lattice parameter)", + "4.286 Å (using ionic radii sum without considering coordination number effects)", + "4.1916 Å", + "4.512 Å (incorrectly applying NaCl structure calculation)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A completely amorphous and nonporous polymer will be", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The polymer will exhibit anisotropic thermal conductivity due to random chain orientation", + "The polymer will show higher crystallinity upon rapid quenching from melt state", + "The polymer's glass transition temperature will decrease with increasing molecular weight", + "The polymer will demonstrate shape memory effects without any crosslinking" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For α-Fe slightly below 910°C, the lattice constant α=0.2892nm, what is the atomic radius of α-Fe?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1028nm", + "0.1446nm", + "0.1252nm", + "0.1364nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "a≠b≠c,α≠β≠γ crystals belong to the crystal system.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased yield strength with decreasing grain size due to dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries", + "The Hall-Petch relationship shows decreased yield strength with finer grain size because of increased grain boundary sliding", + "The Hall-Petch relationship becomes invalid below a critical grain size where grain boundary diffusion dominates", + "The Hall-Petch relationship demonstrates linear proportionality between yield strength and the square root of grain size" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The dislocations that can undergo cross-slip must be ().", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Edge dislocation with high Peierls stress", + "Screw dislocation in FCC crystals", + "Mixed dislocation with 60° character", + "Screw dislocation in BCC crystals at 0.6Tm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For alloy C with atomic weight 127.3 g/mol, density 9.23 g/cm³, and atomic radius 0.142 mm, its crystal structure is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)", + "Face-centered cubic (FCC)", + "Body-centered cubic (BCC)", + "Simple cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The volume change rate during the γ-Fe→α-Fe transformation (given the lattice constant of γ-Fe α=0.3633nm, and the lattice constant of α-Fe α=0.2892nm) is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.254", + "1.128", + "0.796", + "0.886" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given a powder compact with an average particle size of 5μm, after sintering for 2 hours, the neck growth rate x/r=0.1. If grain growth is not considered, how much time is needed to sinter the compact to a neck growth rate x/r=0.2 via material transport by flow?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2h", + "4h", + "8h", + "16h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The viscosity corresponding to the glass transition temperature Tf is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The temperature where free volume disappears according to free volume theory", + "The temperature where configurational entropy becomes zero according to Adam-Gibbs theory", + "The temperature where viscosity reaches 1012 Pa·s in oxide glasses", + "The temperature where relaxation time reaches 100 seconds in polymer glasses" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Some metal alloy is known to have electrical conductivity and electron mobility values of 1.5 × 10^{7} (Ω·m)^{-1} and 0.0020 m^{2}/V·s, respectively. Through a specimen of this alloy that is 35 mm thick is passed a current of 45 A. What magnetic field would need to be imposed to yield a Hall voltage of -1.0 × 10^{-7} V?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.32 tesla", + "1.16 tesla", + "0.29 tesla", + "0.58 tesla" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In MgS, the unit cell parameter a=0.5201 nm, and the anions are in contact with each other. What is the radius of S2-?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.368 nm", + "0.184 nm", + "0.260 nm", + "0.177 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.66 x 10^24 atoms/lb-mol", + "6.022 x 10^23 atoms/lb-mol", + "453.6 x 10^23 atoms/lb-mol", + "2.73 x 10^26 atoms/lb-mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the diffusion coefficient of carbon in γ-Fe (face-centered cubic), given the diffusion coefficient formula as D=0.21exp[-141284/RT] cm²/s, temperature T=800°C (1073K), and gas constant R=8.314 J/(mol·K). The diffusion coefficient is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.7×10^-9 cm²/s", + "1.4×10^-7 cm²/s", + "2.1×10^-8 cm²/s", + "5.8×10^-6 cm²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following alloy tool steels has the best comprehensive mechanical properties?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9SiCr", + "5CrMnMo", + "Cr12", + "W18Cr4V" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can be used to form non-crystalline solids (NCS)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Rapid quenching of metallic melts at cooling rates >10^6 K/s", + "Slow cooling of polymer melts below their glass transition temperature", + "Ion implantation-induced amorphization of crystalline silicon", + "Mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the critical temperature Tc of a superconductor?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The highest temperature at which Cooper pairs can form", + "The temperature at which the material becomes completely diamagnetic", + "The temperature at which the resistance abruptly drops to zero", + "The temperature where the Meissner effect is first observed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "To what equation does the expression for interplanar spacing (d_{ ext {hkl }}) reduce for crystals having cubic symmetry, given that (a,(b), and c are the lattice parameters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1/d = (h + k + l)/a", + "d = a/√(h² + k² + l²)", + "1/d² = (h² + k² + l²)/a²", + "d = a/(h + k + l)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The diffusion coefficients for iron in nickel are given at two temperatures: 1273 K with D = 9.4 x 10^-16 m^2/s and 1473 K with D = 2.4 x 10^-14 m^2/s. What is the magnitude of D at 1100°C (1373 K)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.4 x 10^-16 m^2/s", + "2.4 x 10^-14 m^2/s", + "5.4 x 10^-15 m^2/s", + "1.7 x 10^-14 m^2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When 6 mol% of MgO is added to the UO2 lattice to form a substitutional solid solution, what is its solid solution formula?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "U0.94Mg0.06O1.97", + "U0.94Mg0.06O2", + "U0.94Mg0.06O2.06", + "U0.94Mg0.06O1.94" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After quenching, 1.2% steel obtains a martensite and a small amount of retained austenite structure. What changes will occur when heated to 680°C and held for 2 hours?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Carbides are distributed in granular form within the ferrite matrix, resulting in a granular pearlite structure", + "The retained austenite transforms into fresh martensite due to thermal activation", + "A fully spheroidized cementite structure forms in a ferrite matrix", + "The structure remains largely unchanged as this temperature is below Ac1" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At room temperature the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility for aluminum are 3.8 x 10^7 (Ω·m)^-1 and 0.0012 m^2/V·s, respectively. The number of free electrons per cubic meter for aluminum at room temperature is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.75 x 10^27 m^-3", + "3.16 x 10^28 m^-3", + "1.98 x 10^29 m^-3", + "6.33 x 10^26 m^-3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Pb has a face-centered cubic structure with an atomic radius of 0.1750 nm. The volume of its unit cell is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1212 nm³", + "0.0848 nm³", + "0.1750 nm³", + "0.2165 nm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For pure iron carburized at $950\\mathrm{\\textperthousand}$, it is desired to achieve a carbon content of $\\mathfrak{w}{1}\\left(\\mathbb{C}\\right)=0,9\\%$ at a depth of $0.1\\mathrm{mm}$. Assuming the surface carbon content remains at $w{2}\\left(\\mathsf{C}\\right)=1.20\\%$, and the diffusion coefficient $D_{\\mathtt{Y F e}}{=}10^{{-}10}\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}^{2}/\\mathbf{s},$, calculate the minimum carburization time required to meet this requirement.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "327 s", + "654 s", + "163.5 s", + "81.75 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the microstructural transformation of quenched steel during tempering at 200-300°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Precipitation of cementite needles", + "Formation of pearlite colonies", + "Complete recrystallization of martensite", + "Transformation of retained austenite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What changes occur in polymer texture when heated?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Heating reduces viscosity but maintains original texture through crosslinking", + "Heating increases crystallinity by allowing polymer chains to align more orderly", + "Heating causes oriented polymers to disorient due to increased chain mobility", + "Heating creates permanent texture changes by breaking covalent bonds in the backbone" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A process where abnormal grain growth occurs after primary recrystallization, driven by surface energy minimization in thin films", + "The formation of new strain-free grains through nucleation and growth after cold working, replacing deformed grains", + "A phenomenon where certain crystallographic orientations grow preferentially due to anisotropic grain boundary energies", + "The coarsening of precipitates during aging treatment through Ostwald ripening mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why can only the two components of substitutional solid solutions mutually dissolve infinitely, while interstitial solid solutions cannot?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic size mismatch in interstitial solutions causes excessive lattice strain energy that cannot be compensated by configurational entropy", + "Interstitial sites have limited spatial capacity that physically prevents complete dissolution of solute atoms", + "The activation energy for interstitial diffusion is too high to achieve homogeneous distribution at equilibrium", + "Substitutional solutions obey Vegard's law while interstitial solutions follow different thermodynamic rules" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For many polymer materials, their tensile strength σi is a function of the number-average relative molecular mass Mn̅: the formula is given by σi = σ0 - A / Mn̅, where σ0 is the tensile strength at infinite molecular weight, and A is a constant. Given two types of poly(methyl methacrylate) with number-average relative molecular masses of 4×10^4 and 6×10^4, the corresponding tensile strengths are 107 MPa and 170 MPa, respectively. Determine the tensile strength σb when the number-average relative molecular mass is 3×10^4.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "72 MPa", + "53 MPa", + "44 MPa", + "89 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes intermediate phases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metastable phases formed at grain boundaries due to rapid cooling, exhibiting properties intermediate between the matrix and precipitates.", + "Transitional phases that temporarily exist during alloy solidification before reaching equilibrium composition.", + "Phases formed between components in an alloy, which have structures different from those of the pure components. Located in the intermediate region of the phase diagram.", + "Solid solutions where solute atoms occupy interstitial positions, creating intermediate mechanical properties." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonding would be expected for bronze?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Covalent", + "Ionic", + "Metallic", + "Mixed metallic-covalent" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a slip system in a crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The system governing elastic deformation through atomic bond stretching", + "A combination of a slip plane and a slip direction on that plane", + "The primary mechanism for twinning deformation in BCC crystals", + "A mathematical model predicting dislocation nucleation sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Small-angle grain boundaries are composed of dislocations, among which symmetric tilt boundaries are composed of (14) dislocations, and twist boundaries are composed of (15) dislocations. Which of the following correctly fills in the blanks (14) and (15)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "edge; mixed", + "screw; edge", + "mixed; edge", + "edge; screw" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a Pb-15% Sn alloy. During solidification, what is the composition of the first solid to form?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8% Sn", + "15% Sn", + "2% Sn", + "19% Sn" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In UO2 crystals, the diffusion of O2- proceeds via the mechanism.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "vacancy", + "interstitial", + "dopant point defect", + "Frenkel defect" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron configuration for the ion O2-?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1s2 2s2 2p6", + "1s2 2s2 2p4", + "1s2 2s2 2p5", + "1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Unknown" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are examples of forming continuous substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "PbTiO3-PbZrO3", + "Fe-C (steel system)", + "Al2O3-Cr2O3", + "Cu-Zn (brass system)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the basis for the classification of silicate crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The presence of non-silicate anions in the structure", + "The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in the unit cell", + "The coordination number of silicon atoms", + "The degree of polymerization of [SiO4] tetrahedra" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "directly proportional to the band gap energy", + "inversely proportional to the square root of temperature", + "exponentially dependent on the Fermi level position", + "linearly related to the density of states at the conduction band edge" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the thermodynamic condition for uphill diffusion to occur?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "∂G/∂x>0", + "∂²G/∂x²<0", + "∂μ/∂x=0", + "∂²G/∂x²>0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The subgrain boundaries formed after polygonization contain π edge dislocations, and the misorientation between subgrains is 10^-3 radians. Assuming there is no interaction between dislocations before polygonization, how much energy is released after polygonization (expressed as a percentage)? (The grain boundary energy E⊥-E0θ(A-1)=β, where A is set to 0.5)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "12.50%", + "25.99%", + "50.00%", + "7.32%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the characteristics of the space lattice in the cubic crystal system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The lattice parameters satisfy a≠b≠c with α=β=γ=90°", + "The lattice parameters of the cubic crystal system are a=b=c, α=β=γ=90°", + "The lattice parameters satisfy a=b≠c with α=β=90°, γ=120°", + "The lattice parameters satisfy a=b=c with α=β=γ≠90°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The term 'segment' is used to describe which property of polymers?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "tensile strength", + "crystallinity", + "flexibility", + "glass transition temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 20m long aluminum rod with a diameter of 14.0mm is drawn through a die with an aperture of 12.7mm. The true strain experienced by this aluminum rod is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "17.82%", + "19.47%", + "21.35%", + "23.14%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose the microstructure of a certain alloy consists of spherical second-phase particles and a matrix. If the actual diameters of the second-phase particles are all equal, how should the particle size be determined under a metallographic microscope?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Use the smallest visible particle diameter as reference", + "Calculate the average diameter of all visible particles", + "Measure the diameter where the particle intersects the focal plane", + "Measure the diameter of the largest particle" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following elements do not form carbides?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cr, W, Mo", + "Si, B, N", + "Al, Ti, V", + "Ni, Co, Cu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The reaction of forming mullite from Al2O3 and SiO powders is controlled by diffusion and conforms to the Jander equation. The experiment was conducted under constant temperature conditions. When the reaction proceeded for 1 hour, it was measured that 15% of the reactants had reacted. In how much time will all the reactants be converted into products?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.67h", + "44.44h", + "359.63h", + "100h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the angle between (111) and (111) in a simple cubic crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "70°32′", + "109°28′", + "90°", + "54°44′" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the aging process of aluminum alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "After high-temperature solution treatment, aluminum alloys are rapidly cooled to form a supersaturated solid solution, followed by the precipitation of metastable phases during subsequent heating and holding processes.", + "Aging occurs when aluminum alloys are slowly cooled from high temperatures, allowing equilibrium phases to form directly without going through a supersaturated state.", + "The aging process involves the spontaneous decomposition of aluminum alloys at room temperature due to inherent thermodynamic instability.", + "Aging is primarily caused by surface oxidation of aluminum alloys, which then propagates into the bulk material over time." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly compares the arrangement of silicon-oxygen frameworks in silicate crystals and silicate glasses?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In silicate crystals, the silicon-oxygen frameworks are arranged in an orderly manner according to certain symmetrical rules; in silicate glasses, the arrangement of silicon-oxygen frameworks is disordered", + "Both silicate crystals and glasses exhibit long-range order in silicon-oxygen frameworks, but with different symmetry elements", + "Silicate glasses maintain short-range order similar to crystals, but with varying bond angles that disrupt medium-range order", + "The primary difference lies in the coordination number of silicon atoms: 4 in crystals and variable in glasses" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming that at 1000°C, atoms diffuse through an Al2O3 crystal a distance x in 3h, estimate the time required for Al atoms to diffuse through the same Al2O3 crystal a distance of 9x.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "243h", + "27h", + "81h", + "9h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-3% (Si) alloy containing MnS particles, when the particle radius is $0.05\\mu m$ and the volume fraction is approximately 1%, annealing below 850℃ results in the cessation of normal grain growth when the average grain diameter of the matrix is $6\\mu m$. What is the reason for this phenomenon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The stacking fault energy of the Fe-Si matrix decreases below 850°C, inhibiting dislocation motion necessary for grain growth.", + "The MnS particles dissolve into the matrix at 850°C, altering the solute drag effect and stopping grain growth.", + "The critical grain size is determined by the ratio of particle spacing to grain boundary curvature, reaching equilibrium at 6μm.", + "The dispersed particles exert a pinning effect on grain boundary migration, and when the driving force for grain boundary migration equals the resistance caused by the particles, the limiting grain size is reached." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "To which type of diffusion problem does Fick's first law apply?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Non-steady-state diffusion with time-dependent boundary conditions", + "Steady-state diffusion", + "Anisotropic diffusion in single crystals", + "Concentration-dependent diffusivity systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which crystal system listed below has the following interaxial angle relationship?\n\\[\n\\alpha \\neq \\beta \\neq \\gamma \\neq 90^{\\circ}\n\\]", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is independent of crystal orientation in FCC metals", + "CRSS decreases with increasing temperature due to enhanced dislocation mobility", + "CRSS is higher for edge dislocations than screw dislocations in BCC metals at room temperature", + "CRSS follows Schmid's law only for single crystals, not polycrystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The dislocation that cannot undergo climb motion is ().", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Shockley partial dislocation", + "Frank partial dislocation", + "Edge full dislocation", + "Screw full dislocation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "There is a glass containing soda, with a mass fraction of SiO2 at 80% and Na2O at 20%. What is the fraction of non-bridging O atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.216", + "0.333", + "0.400", + "0.250" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following lists the hazardous substances prohibited by the EU RoHS Directive (now enacted as a regulation) that came into effect on July 1, 2006, along with their maximum allowable concentrations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Lead (Pb, 0.1%), Mercury (Hg, 0.1%), Cadmium (Cd, 0.01%), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6, 0.1%), Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB, 0.1%), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE, 0.1%)", + "Lead (Pb, 0.1%), Mercury (Hg, 0.01%), Cadmium (Cd, 0.1%), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6, 0.1%), Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB, 0.1%), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE, 0.1%)", + "Lead (Pb, 0.1%), Mercury (Hg, 0.1%), Cadmium (Cd, 0.01%), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6, 0.1%), Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB, 0.01%), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE, 0.1%)", + "Lead (Pb, 0.1%), Mercury (Hg, 0.1%), Cadmium (Cd, 0.01%), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6, 0.01%), Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB, 0.1%), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE, 0.1%)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Spherical Al2O3 particles with a diameter of 1μm are surrounded by excess MgO particles, and the formation of spinel is observed. At a constant temperature, 20% of the Al2O3 reacts in the first hour. Using the Ginstling equation, calculate the time required for complete reaction.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "100.00 h", + "25.00 h", + "5.00 h", + "68.12 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The activation energy for the diffusion of carbon in chromium is 111,000 J/mol. Given that the diffusion coefficient at 1400 K is 6.25 × 10^{-11} m²/s, what is the diffusion coefficient at 1100 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.8 × 10^{-13} m²/s", + "1.2 × 10^{-11} m²/s", + "6.25 × 10^{-12} m²/s", + "4.6 × 10^{-12} m²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a CaO–ZrO2 ceramic with w(CaO)=4%, calculate the relative amounts (in mol%) of monoclinic ZrO2 solid solution (Monoclinic ZrO2 SS) and cubic ZrO2 solid solution (Cubic ZrO2 SS) at room temperature, given the solubilities of monoclinic ZrO2 solid solution and cubic ZrO2 solid solution at room temperature are 2mol% CaO and 15mol% CaO, respectively.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "20% monoclinic ZrO2 SS and 80% cubic ZrO2 SS", + "46.2% monoclinic ZrO2 SS and 53.8% cubic ZrO2 SS", + "80% monoclinic ZrO2 SS and 20% cubic ZrO2 SS", + "53.8% monoclinic ZrO2 SS and 46.2% cubic ZrO2 SS" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, what is the relationship between its cross-slip motion direction and the Burgers vector?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Parallel", + "Perpendicular", + "At 45 degrees", + "Depends on the slip plane orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Confirm that the number of Bohr magnetons associated with each iron atom, given that the saturation magnetization is 1.70 × 10^{6} A/m, iron has a BCC crystal structure, and the unit cell edge length is 0.2866 nm, is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.40 bohr magnetons/atom", + "2.22 bohr magnetons/atom", + "1.91 bohr magnetons/atom", + "2.16 bohr magnetons/atom" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the critical resolved shear stress for crystal slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The yield strength of a single crystal along its slip direction", + "The maximum shear stress a crystal can withstand before fracture occurs", + "The stress at which dislocation multiplication becomes the dominant deformation mechanism", + "The minimum resolved shear stress required for alternate slip in the slip systems of a crystal" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When a compressive force is applied along the [0001] direction of a hexagonal close-packed single crystal, what is the primary mode of deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Basal slip on (0001) plane", + "Prismatic slip on {10-10} planes", + "Pyramidal slip on {11-22} planes", + "Twinning after elastic deformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the equivalent time required to achieve the same carburization depth at 1000°C (1273K) as 10 hours at 900°C (1173K), given Q=32900 cal/mol and R=1.987 cal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.299 h", + "1.832 h", + "5.647 h", + "7.214 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Beryllium has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a0=0.22858 nm and c0=0.35842 nm. The atomic radius is 0.1143 nm, the density is 1.848 g/cm3, and the atomic weight is 9.01 g/mol. What is the packing factor in the unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.68", + "0.77", + "0.82", + "0.74" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 18 % pearlite and 82 % primary ferrite at room temperature. The carbon content of the steel is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.156 %c", + "0.77 %c", + "0.45 %c", + "0.0218 %c" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the steady-state creep data for an iron at a stress level of 140 MPa (20,000 psi) and knowing that the stress exponent n for this alloy is 8.5, what is the steady-state creep rate at 1300 K and a stress level of 83 MPa (12,000 psi)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.72 × 10^{-1}h^{-1}", + "2.15 × 10^{-2}h^{-1}", + "8.62 × 10^{-2}h^{-1}", + "4.31 × 10^{-2}h^{-1}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A 850-lb force is applied to a 0.15-in. diameter nickel wire having a yield strength of 45,000 psi and a tensile strength of 55,000 psi. What will happen to the wire?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The wire will return to its original shape after elastic deformation", + "The wire will fracture immediately due to stress concentration", + "The wire will experience significant necking followed by rupture", + "The wire will undergo uniform plastic deformation without necking" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When the radii of silicon and oxygen in quartz (SiO2) are 0.038 nm and 0.114 nm respectively, what is the packing density (assuming the atoms are spherical)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.28", + "0.42", + "0.33", + "0.37" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a binary system composed of A and B, when α and β phases are in equilibrium, the relationship between composition (x) and free energy (G) for the two components is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The total free energy of the system must be minimized", + "The chemical potentials of component B must be equal in both phases", + "The molar volumes of both phases must be identical", + "The entropy of mixing must be maximized in both phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "As dislocation density increases, the resistance to dislocation movement", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decreases due to dislocation screening effects", + "Increases linearly with dislocation density", + "Remains constant as it depends only on Peierls stress", + "First increases then decreases beyond critical density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "MgO dissolves into Al2O3 to form a solid solution, assuming the formation of cation interstitials. Which of the following is the correct reaction equation using Kroger-Vink notation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3MgO → 3Mg••i + 2V•Al + 3OO×", + "2MgO → 2Mg•Al + V••i + 2OO×", + "MgO + Al2O3 → Mg••Al + 2V•O + 3OO×", + "3MgO → 3Mg•Al + V••i + 3OO×" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the formation temperatures of bainitic transformation, pearlitic transformation, and martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Bainitic and pearlitic transformations occur simultaneously in the same temperature range, while martensitic transformation occurs at much lower temperatures", + "All three transformations occur below the eutectoid temperature, with pearlite forming first, followed by bainite, and martensite forming last", + "Martensitic transformation occurs at the highest temperature (above A3), followed by bainitic transformation, with pearlitic transformation occurring at the lowest temperature", + "Pearlitic transformation occurs in the high-temperature region (below A1), bainitic transformation occurs in the medium-temperature region (below Bs), and martensitic transformation occurs in the low-temperature region (below Ms)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-1.15% C alloy, at what temperature does austenite first begin to transform on cooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "880°C", + "727°C", + "912°C", + "1148°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the anti-friction properties of HT150 and annealed 20 steel:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150 has better anti-friction properties due to its higher graphite content", + "20 steel shows superior anti-friction performance after annealing due to carbide precipitation", + "Both materials exhibit similar anti-friction properties as they have comparable hardness", + "HT150 performs worse due to its lower yield strength compared to 20 steel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When a crystal is subjected to external forces, the moving dislocations inside it will intersect, resulting in the formation of jogs and kinks. What is the length of these jogs and kinks the same as that of the intersecting dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The magnitude of the Burgers vector", + "The mean free path of dislocations in the crystal", + "The interatomic spacing along the slip plane", + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that contains 99.7 lb_{m} copper, 102 lb_{m} zinc, and 2.1 lb_{m} lead?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "c_{\\mathrm{cu}} = 49.7 \\, \\text{wt}%, c_{\\mathrm{zn}} = 50.0 \\, \\text{wt}%, c_{\\mathrm{pb}} = 0.3 \\, \\text{wt}%", + "c_{\\mathrm{cu}} = 49.7 \\, \\text{at}%, c_{\\mathrm{zn}} = 50.0 \\, \\text{at}%, c_{\\mathrm{pb}} = 0.3 \\, \\text{at}%", + "c_{\\mathrm{cu}} = 50.0 \\, \\text{at}%, c_{\\mathrm{zn}} = 49.7 \\, \\text{at}%, c_{\\mathrm{pb}} = 0.3 \\, \\text{at}%", + "c_{\\mathrm{cu}} = 50.0 \\, \\text{wt}%, c_{\\mathrm{zn}} = 49.7 \\, \\text{wt}%, c_{\\mathrm{pb}} = 0.3 \\, \\text{wt}%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Is it possible to grind up and reuse polypropylene?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the polymer chains undergo irreversible scission during the grinding process", + "Yes, because polypropylene's semi-crystalline structure allows it to retain mechanical properties after multiple melt cycles", + "Only if mixed with virgin material, as recycled PP always requires compatibilizers", + "Yes, but only for non-structural applications due to severe molecular weight degradation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly defines a solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A metastable phase formed by rapid quenching that exhibits composition gradients across grain boundaries.", + "A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals where the secondary component forms distinct crystalline regions within the primary matrix.", + "When foreign components enter the crystal structure, occupying part of the host crystal phase's lattice sites or interstitial positions, while still maintaining a single crystal phase, such a crystal is called a solid solution.", + "Any polycrystalline material containing solute atoms segregated at dislocations or grain boundaries." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel wire with a diameter of 0.89 mm has σ_ss=980 MPa and σ_sb=1,130 MPa. There is also an aluminum alloy with σ_as=255 MPa and σ_ab=400 MPa. Their densities are known to be ρ_s=7.85 g/cm³ and ρ_a=2.7 g/cm³, respectively. If the aluminum wire is to bear the same maximum load without deformation, how much heavier or lighter is it compared to the steel wire (expressed as a percentage)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "12% lighter", + "28% lighter", + "45% heavier", + "32% heavier" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the formation process of austenite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Carbon diffusion controls the growth rate while interface mobility determines nucleation sites", + "Austenite forms through instantaneous polymorphic transformation without nucleation barriers", + "Nucleation occurs preferentially at prior pearlite colony boundaries due to lower interfacial energy", + "Spheroidized cementite dissolves before ferrite transforms to reduce overall system energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the radius of an atom that will just fit into the octahedral site in FCC copper without disturbing the crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.529 Å", + "0.414 Å", + "0.732 Å", + "0.225 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The $c/a$ ratio for an ideal hexagonal close-packed metal is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.633", + "√(8/3)", + "2√2", + "π/√2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于孪晶和孪晶界的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A twin boundary is a special type of stacking fault where the crystal structure changes abruptly without any mirror symmetry, commonly observed in FCC metals under high stress.", + "A twin boundary is a high-angle grain boundary with misorientation angle greater than 15 degrees, where the atomic arrangement is completely random across the boundary.", + "A twin boundary is an interface such that atoms on one side are located at mirror image positions of those atoms situated on the other boundary side. The region on one side of this boundary is called a twin.", + "A twin boundary is a phase boundary separating two distinct crystal structures, where the lattice parameters on either side are fundamentally different." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the general process of spheroidizing annealing in the manufacturing process of round dies made from 9SiCr steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Heating to 730-750°C with slow cooling at 20°C/hour", + "Heating to 850-870°C followed by rapid quenching in oil", + "Heating to 790-810°C followed by isothermal holding at 700-720°C", + "Cyclic heating between 650-750°C with air cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The process in which a single solid phase simultaneously precipitates two new solid phases with different compositions and crystal structures is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "martensitic", + "peritectic", + "spinodal decomposition", + "eutectoid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the recrystallization activation energy of a $\\mathtt{C u}{\\sim}30\\%\\mathtt{Z n}$ alloy is $250\\mathrm{kJ/mol}$, and it takes 1 hour for this alloy to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $400^{\\circ}C$, calculate how many hours it will take for this alloy to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $390\\mathrm{\\textperthousand}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.510 hours", + "1.962 hours", + "2.450 hours", + "1.000 hours" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A Gu–30%Zn brass plate is cold rolled by 25%, reducing its thickness to 1 cm. Subsequently, the plate is further reduced to a thickness of 0.6 cm. What is the total cold deformation degree?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "40%", + "55%", + "64%", + "25%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The microscopic mechanisms of diffusion in crystalline solids include:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "grain boundary sliding", + "dislocation climb mechanism", + "vacancy mechanism", + "twin boundary migration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the crystal structure for a metal with a0=0.42906 nm, r=0.1858 nm and one atom per lattice point.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "simple cubic", + "fcc", + "hcp", + "bcc" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For aluminum, the heat capacity at constant volume Cv at 30 K is 0.81 J/mol-K, and the Debye temperature is 375 K. Estimate the specific heat at 425 K.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "24.2 J/mol-K", + "0.81 J/mol-K", + "1.12 kJ/kg-K", + "923 J/kg-K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In what ways does chlorinated polyethylene differ from poly(vinyl chloride)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "PVC contains chlorine in alternating monomer units while chlorinated polyethylene has random side-chain chlorination", + "Chlorinated polyethylene exhibits higher thermal stability due to its fully saturated carbon backbone", + "Chlorinated polyethylene has a more random chlorine distribution while PVC has ordered 1:3 chlorine substitution", + "The chlorination process creates crosslinks in polyethylene but maintains linear chains in PVC" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the zinc blende structure of BeO, what is the packing factor?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.740", + "0.684", + "0.625", + "0.520" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the different atomic arrangement structures at the interface, which of the following are the three types of interfaces that phase interfaces in solids can be divided into?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary, twin boundary, phase boundary", + "Elastic, plastic, viscoelastic", + "Coherent, semi-coherent, incoherent", + "Perfect, partial, mixed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between the purpose of quenching for austenitic stainless steel and wear-resistant steel compared to that of general steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To relieve internal stresses caused by prior cold working processes", + "To increase hardness through rapid cooling and martensite formation", + "To refine grain size and improve overall mechanical properties", + "Solution treatment to prevent intergranular corrosion by maintaining single-phase austenite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A structural component is fabricated from an alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 45 MPa. It has been determined that this component fails at a stress of 300 MPa when the maximum length of a surface crack is 0.95 mm. What is the maximum allowable surface crack length (in mm) without fracture for this same component exposed to a stress of 300 MPa and made from another alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 100.0 MPa? The geometry factor Y is the same in both cases.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.69 mm", + "1.55 mm", + "0.42 mm", + "2.11 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron configuration for the Br- ion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 4p6", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 2.5 kg of austenite containing 0.65 wt % C, cooled to below 727 C (1341 F). What are the kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase formed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pearlite: 1.95 kg, Proeutectoid ferrite: 0.55 kg", + "Pearlite: 2.30 kg, Proeutectoid cementite: 0.20 kg", + "Pearlite: 2.12 kg, Proeutectoid ferrite: 0.38 kg", + "Pearlite: 2.25 kg, Proeutectoid cementite: 0.25 kg" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose one Schottky defect is present in every tenth unit cell of MgO. MgO has the sodium chloride crystal structure and a lattice parameter of 0.396 nm. The density of the ceramic is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.512 g/cm^3", + "3.978 g/cm^3", + "4.205 g/cm^3", + "3.650 g/cm^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the Burgers vectors of edge dislocations and screw dislocations, and the properties of a curved dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vectors of edge dislocations are perpendicular to the dislocation line direction, while for screw dislocations they are parallel. A curved dislocation line has constant Burgers vector but varying character along its length.", + "Both edge and screw dislocations have Burgers vectors parallel to their line directions, but edge dislocations additionally require perpendicular slip planes. Curved dislocations maintain constant Burgers vector magnitude but may change direction.", + "Edge dislocations have Burgers vectors parallel to the line direction while screw dislocations have perpendicular Burgers vectors. Curved dislocations exhibit continuous transition between these two pure types.", + "The Burgers vector orientation is irrelevant for dislocation classification. All curved dislocations naturally maintain pure edge character throughout their length due to strain field symmetry." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following interfaces has the lowest interfacial energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Low-angle grain boundary (θ < 15°) in a pure metal with edge dislocations", + "Semi-coherent interface between a metal and a ceramic with 5% lattice mismatch", + "Perfectly bonded amorphous-crystalline interface with no structural defects", + "Coherent interface between two single-crystal metals with identical lattice parameters" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes an intrinsic semiconductor?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A semiconductor with equal numbers of electrons and holes at thermal equilibrium", + "A semiconductor with high purity and no doped impurities", + "A semiconductor whose conductivity is dominated by intrinsic defects", + "A semiconductor with temperature-independent carrier concentration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Extended dislocation的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Extended dislocations are formed by the interaction of edge and screw dislocations in FCC metals under high stress", + "Extended dislocations occur when two perfect dislocations combine to form a single dislocation with double Burgers vector", + "A complete dislocation dissociates into two partial dislocations and the stacking fault between them, and this dislocation configuration is called an extended dislocation", + "The width of an extended dislocation is determined solely by the elastic modulus of the material" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a general property of glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Definite glass transition temperature for all compositions", + "Sharp melting point at a defined temperature", + "Crystalline long-range order in atomic arrangement", + "Continuous change in properties during transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why are thermal conductivities higher for crystalline than noncrystalline ceramics?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystalline ceramics have long-range ordered atomic structures that allow efficient phonon propagation with minimal scattering", + "The higher density of crystalline ceramics provides more atoms per unit volume to conduct heat through electron transport", + "Noncrystalline ceramics have higher thermal expansion coefficients that disrupt phonon transmission pathways", + "Crystalline ceramics contain fewer grain boundaries that would otherwise reflect thermal vibrations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The viscosity of Pyrex glass is 10^9 Pa·s at 1400°C and 10^13 Pa·s at 840°C. To facilitate forming, approximately what temperature is required for the glass to reach a viscosity of 10^5 Pa·s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3094.2°C", + "1680°C", + "2150°C", + "2750°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes grain growth and secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain growth is the uniform increase in grain size where pores remain at boundaries, while secondary recrystallization involves abnormal growth where pores get trapped inside grains", + "Both processes involve uniform grain size increase, but secondary recrystallization occurs at lower temperatures than primary grain growth", + "Grain growth eliminates all pores, while secondary recrystallization introduces new porosity at triple junctions", + "Secondary recrystallization is simply accelerated grain growth that occurs when heating rates exceed 50°C/min" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How is the fiber texture represented?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "", + "", + "{h k l}", + "[h k l]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines the term 'microstructure'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The surface topography of a material observed at magnifications above 1000x using electron microscopy", + "The atomic-scale arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material as determined by X-ray diffraction", + "Under certain external conditions, the collective of several different phases that constitute an alloy of a certain composition", + "The characteristic pattern of grain boundaries and defects visible in a polished and etched metal sample" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What property must the medium exhibit for slurry peptization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Acidic", + "Alkaline", + "Neutral", + "Depends on the zeta potential of the particles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the crystal structures of CaO and MgO, and determine whether CaO-MgO meets the crystal structural conditions for forming a solid solution.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the large difference in ionic radii (Ca²⁺=1.00Å vs Mg²⁺=0.72Å) prevents stable substitution", + "No, because CaO has a higher coordination number (8) than MgO (6) in their crystal structures", + "Yes, but only at high temperatures where their thermal expansion coefficients converge", + "Yes, because both have FCC NaCl-type structures with similar lattice parameters (4.81Å for CaO vs 4.21Å for MgO)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the packing density of a crystal structure with a coordination number of 6 for a monoatomic substance?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.740", + "0.680", + "0.523", + "0.602" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the fiber stress σf of Al2O3 short fibers when the length exceeds the critical length, given the fiber tensile strength σfa=2275MPa, critical length Lc=299.3μm, and actual length L=4mm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2190MPa", + "2275MPa", + "2045MPa", + "2350MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At what temperature or temperature range is primary cementite formed, and through what reaction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "727-1148°C, eutectoid reaction: γ→Fe3C1 + α", + ">1148°C, eutectic reaction: L→Fe3C1", + "<727°C, precipitation reaction: α→Fe3C1", + "1495°C, peritectic reaction: L + δ→Fe3C1" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A cold-drawn steel wire rope was used to hoist a large workpiece into a furnace and was heated together with the workpiece to $1,000^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$. Upon completion of heating, when the workpiece was lifted out, the steel wire rope broke. What is the reason for this?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cold-drawn steel's dislocation density decreased during heating, causing strength loss", + "Thermal expansion mismatch between the wire and workpiece induced fracture", + "The steel's elastic modulus dropped below critical value at high temperature", + "Carbon diffusion at 1000°C created brittle cementite layers at grain boundaries" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly lists the crystal planes included in the {110} and {100} crystal plane families in the cubic crystal system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "{110}: (110) (101) (011) (110) (101) (011) (110) (101) (011) {100}: (100) (010) (001) (001) (010) (100)", + "{110}: (110) (101) (011) (110) (101) (011) {100}: (100) (010) (001)", + "{110}: (110) (101) (011) {100}: (100) (010) (001)", + "{110}: (110) (101) (011) (110) (101) (011) {100}: (100) (010) (001) (001) (010) (100)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given a diffusion couple composed of pure chromium and pure iron, after 1 hour of diffusion, the Matano plane moved by 1.52×10^(-3) cm. It is known that the ratio of the square of the distance moved by the Matano plane to the diffusion time is a constant. Determine the moving speed of the Matano plane.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.52×10^(-3)/3600 cm/s", + "1.52×10^(-3)/7200 cm/s", + "(1.52×10^(-3))^2/3600 cm/s", + "1.52×10^(-3) cm/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Relative to electrons and electron states, what does the l quantum number specify?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The electron subshell (orbital shape)", + "The principal energy level", + "The electron spin orientation", + "The magnetic moment projection" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "During the plastic deformation of metals, after twinning occurs, the crystal orientations on both sides of the twin plane exhibit (11), and the crystal undergoes (12) shear. Which of the following correctly fills in the blanks (11) and (12)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "asymmetric relationship; non-uniform", + "symmetric relationship; uniform", + "mirror symmetry; directional", + "random orientation; localized" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If O:Si ≈ 2.5 is the criterion for glass-forming tendency, what is the maximum amount of Na2O that can form a glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1/4", + "1/2", + "2/5", + "1/3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the phenomena of superheating and supercooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Superheating and supercooling correspond, respectively, to heating or cooling above or below a phase transition temperature without the occurrence of the transformation.", + "Superheating occurs when a material's temperature exceeds its melting point while remaining solid, whereas supercooling is the suppression of crystallization below the freezing point.", + "These phenomena describe the hysteresis effect in first-order phase transitions, where the transition temperature depends on the direction of temperature change.", + "Superheating is the temperature overshoot during rapid heating, while supercooling refers to the undercooling required for nucleation in solidification processes." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If the positive direction of a dislocation line is defined as the original opposite direction, what will happen to the Burgers vector of this dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector magnitude will double", + "The Burgers vector will reverse its direction", + "The Burgers vector will remain unchanged", + "The Burgers vector will rotate by 90 degrees" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "During austenite nucleation, not only (10) fluctuations and (11) fluctuations are required, but also (12) fluctuations are needed. Which of the following correctly fills in the blanks (10), (11), and (12)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "structure; energy; composition", + "energy; composition; stress", + "composition; temperature; pressure", + "temperature; entropy; free energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of a habit plane in the context of solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The crystallographic plane exhibiting minimum interfacial energy between parent and product phases", + "The plane with maximum atomic density where phase transformation initiates preferentially", + "The parent phase crystal plane that is parallel to the main plane of the new phase during solid-state transformation", + "The slip plane in the parent phase that facilitates martensitic transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Two edge dislocations with opposite signs on the same slip plane have Burgers vectors of b. If they approach infinitely close, what is the total energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The total energy equals the sum of individual dislocation line energies", + "The total energy equals 2Gb² where G is the shear modulus", + "The total energy approaches infinity due to stress field superposition", + "The total energy becomes zero due to annihilation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When a pure metal undergoes an allotropic transformation during cooling from high temperature to room temperature with volume expansion, the atomic coordination number of the low-temperature phase is ___ that of the high-temperature phase.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The equilibrium vacancy concentration increases", + "The activation energy for vacancy migration decreases", + "The dislocation mobility significantly improves", + "The stacking fault energy becomes negative" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the casting properties of HT150 and annealed 20 steel.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150 has superior fluidity but lower hot tear resistance than annealed 20 steel", + "Annealed 20 steel exhibits better mold filling capability due to its lower carbon content", + "Both materials show similar casting characteristics after the annealing process", + "HT150 demonstrates better overall casting properties including shrinkage control" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Below the critical temperature Tc, superconductors possess complete which property?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Magnetic susceptibility", + "Electrical conductivity", + "Thermal conductivity", + "Mechanical ductility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the direction of diffusion flow?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Along the direction of decreasing free energy at constant temperature", + "From regions of low concentration to high concentration when temperature gradient exists", + "From regions of high chemical potential to low chemical potential", + "Opposite to the direction of increasing entropy in closed systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The index of refraction of quartz is anisotropic. Suppose that visible light is passing from one grain to another of different crystallographic orientation and at normal incidence to the grain boundary. If the indices of refraction for the two grains are 1.544 and 1.553 in the direction of light propagation, what is the reflectivity at the boundary?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.89 × 10^{-4}", + "8.45 × 10^{-6}", + "1.23 × 10^{-3}", + "3.67 × 10^{-5}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the drift velocity of electrons in germanium at room temperature when the magnitude of the electric field is 1000 V/m?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "380 m/s", + "1900 m/s", + "760 m/s", + "480 m/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A metal test bar with a length of 20cm and a cross-sectional area of 4cm² is fixed at the upper end, and a tensile force of 980N is applied at the lower end. What are the normal stress and shear stress on a plane that forms a 0° angle with the central axis of the metal test bar?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "normal stress σθ=245MPa; shear stress τθ=245MPa", + "normal stress σθ=245MPa; shear stress τθ=0", + "normal stress σθ=0; shear stress τθ=245MPa", + "normal stress σθ=0; shear stress τθ=0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When a nucleation agent is added to liquid pure metal, which of the following statements about its growth morphology is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It will always form equiaxed grains due to uniform nucleation", + "Its growth morphology will not change", + "Dendritic growth becomes inevitable due to constitutional supercooling", + "The morphology transitions to columnar as nucleation density increases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following polymers would be suitable for the fabrication of cups to contain hot coffee?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polycarbonate (Tg = 150°C, high optical clarity)", + "PET polyester (Tg = 70°C, excellent barrier properties)", + "Polypropylene (Tg = -10°C, food-safe crystalline form)", + "Poly(vinyl chloride) (Tg = 85°C, rigid formulation with thermal stabilizers)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3, the cation-anion radius ratios are 0.47, 0.36, and 0.40 respectively. Is the solid solubility in the MgO-Cr2O3 system expected to be limited or unlimited? Why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Limited solubility due to different crystal structures despite radius ratio similarity", + "Unlimited solubility because the radius ratio difference (14.89%) is below 15% threshold", + "Limited solubility due to significant charge difference between Mg2+ and Cr3+", + "Unlimited solubility because both oxides have oxygen as the anion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In stable ZrO2 material, cations form an fcc structure, and anions occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites. If 20 mol% CaO is added, how many anions are needed for 100 cations to maintain electrical neutrality?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "160", + "200", + "180", + "190" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Shape memory alloy components undergo plastic deformation in the (1) state and recover their original shape after (2).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yield occurs when the stress component normal to the slip plane reaches a critical value", + "Dislocation motion initiates when the applied stress exceeds the theoretical shear strength of the perfect crystal", + "Plastic deformation begins when the Schmid factor reaches its maximum value of 0.5", + "The critical resolved shear stress is reached when the Burgers vector aligns with the slip direction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming carbon atoms are all located in the octahedral interstices of γ-Fe, what is the maximum proportion of octahedral interstices occupied by carbon atoms in γ-Fe? (The atomic weight of iron is 55.85, and the Avogadro constant is 0.602×10^24)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "40 carbon atoms per 100 unit cells", + "50 carbon atoms per 100 unit cells", + "1 carbon atom per unit cell", + "4 carbon atoms per unit cell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the difference between a phase and a microconstituent?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phase is a homogeneous portion with uniform properties, while a microconstituent is a microstructure feature that may contain multiple phases", + "A phase refers to atomic arrangement, while a microconstituent describes grain boundary characteristics", + "A phase is defined by its mechanical properties, while a microconstituent is defined by its thermal properties", + "A phase must be visible to the naked eye, while a microconstituent requires microscopic observation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the driving force for recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The difference in internal energy between the strained and unstrained material", + "The reduction in dislocation density during annealing", + "The stored elastic strain energy in the crystal lattice", + "The thermodynamic instability of deformed grain boundaries" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following measures can be taken to improve the strength of stainless steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Work hardening combined with low-temperature tempering for martensitic grades", + "Increasing chromium content above 20% to enhance dislocation mobility", + "Solution annealing at 1100°C followed by rapid quenching for all types", + "Applying grain growth inhibitors to maintain small grain size in austenitic steels" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following elements are commonly used to improve hardenability?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, C", + "Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, B", + "Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, B", + "Cr, Ni, Mn, Al, B" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal of zinc is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 65 degrees with the tensile axis. The most favored slip direction makes an angle of 30 degrees with the same tensile axis. If plastic deformation begins at a tensile stress of 2.5 MPa (355 psi), what is the critical resolved shear stress for zinc?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.91 MPa (130 psi)", + "1.25 MPa (180 psi)", + "2.17 MPa (315 psi)", + "3.54 MPa (510 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "How is tool steel further classified?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "By carbon content: low-carbon, medium-carbon, and high-carbon tool steel", + "By application: cutting tools, dies, and measuring instruments", + "By heat treatment method: annealed, quenched, and tempered tool steel", + "By alloying elements: tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium-based tool steels" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes non-equilibrium crystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystallization occurring under conditions where diffusion cannot keep pace with solidification rates, leading to solute trapping", + "Crystallization that strictly follows equilibrium phase diagrams with complete solute redistribution", + "A process where crystallization occurs isothermally with infinite diffusion time", + "Crystallization that only occurs in amorphous materials through homogeneous nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At room temperature the electrical conductivity of PbTe is 500 (Ω·m)^{-1}, whereas the electron and hole mobilities are 0.16 and 0.075 m^{2}/V·s, respectively. What is the intrinsic carrier concentration for PbTe at room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.66 × 10^{22} m^{-3}", + "1.33 × 10^{22} m^{-3}", + "6.65 × 10^{21} m^{-3}", + "3.99 × 10^{22} m^{-3}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What would be the result if carburizing of steel parts is not conducted in the γ phase region?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensite formation would occur spontaneously even without subsequent quenching", + "Surface decarburization would occur instead of carburization due to reverse carbon diffusion", + "Carbon solubility limit would be exceeded, causing graphite precipitation throughout the material", + "Carburizing would proceed normally but at a slower rate due to reduced diffusion coefficients" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the effect of undercooling variation on the driving force during solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The driving force increases quadratically with undercooling, as described by ΔG = -k(ΔT)^2 where k is a material-specific constant", + "Undercooling has no effect on driving force since solid-state transformations are diffusion-controlled rather than thermally activated", + "The relationship follows an inverse logarithmic dependence: ΔG = -Rln(1+ΔT/T0) where R is the gas constant", + "Driving force shows a linear dependence on undercooling only below a critical temperature threshold Tc" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the meaning of the steel grade 38CrMoAlA?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "38CrMoAlA is a low-alloy structural steel with 0.38% carbon, 1.00% manganese, 0.20% silicon, and 0.90% aluminum", + "38CrMoAlA is a high-speed tool steel with 0.38% carbon, 1.00% chromium, 0.20% molybdenum, and 0.90% aluminum", + "38CrMoAlA is a stainless steel containing 38% chromium, 1% molybdenum, and 0.9% aluminum for corrosion resistance", + "38CrMoAlA is a nitriding-specific steel (quenched and tempered steel), wc=0.38%, wc=1.00%, WM=0.2%, 0A=0.9%, wsi=0.3%, wM=0.45%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Predict whether Boron (B) will act as a donor or an acceptor when added to Germanium (Ge). Assume that the impurity elements are substitutional.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both donor and acceptor depending on the crystal orientation", + "Donor due to its small atomic radius allowing extra electron mobility", + "Neither, as B forms an isoelectronic trap in Ge", + "Acceptor due to having one less valence electron than Ge" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If the atomic radius of a metal that has the face-centered cubic crystal structure is 0.123nm, what is the volume of its unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.321nm³", + "0.183nm³", + "0.258nm³", + "0.416nm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At what approximate temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for iron?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "300°C (572°F)", + "450°C (842°F)", + "600°C (1112°F)", + "0.4 × melting temperature (K)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is the distinction between electronic and ionic conduction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Electronic conduction involves electron hopping between localized states, while ionic conduction requires mobile vacancies", + "Electronic conduction occurs in metals, while ionic conduction is exclusive to liquid electrolytes", + "The charge carriers in electronic conduction are always electrons, whereas ionic conduction can involve either cations or anions", + "Electronic conduction shows temperature-independent resistivity, while ionic conduction always exhibits Arrhenius behavior" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A screw dislocation with $b=a/2$ [10] moves on the (111) plane. If it encounters an obstacle during motion and undergoes cross-slip, the cross-slip system is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "From (111) to (110) plane", + "From (111) to (11 ) plane", + "From (111) to (100) plane", + "From (111) to (112) plane" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given: The critical nucleus size of aluminum r*=94.5 nm, atomic volume V0=1.66×10^-29 m^3. Calculate the number of atoms Nr* in a nucleus with radius r*.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.18 × 10^8", + "1.06 × 10^8", + "4.24 × 10^8", + "2.12 × 10^8" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a φ5mm carbon steel sample with a carbon mass fraction of w_c=0.012, after quenching at 860°C and then tempering, which of the following describes how the microstructure changes during the tempering process?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "At 200-300°C, retained austenite transforms into fresh martensite rather than tempered martensite", + "Between 100-200°C, ε-carbides precipitate causing significant hardness increase due to coherent strain fields", + "During tempering below 100°C, carbon atoms cluster forming carbon-rich regions without carbide precipitation", + "Above 300°C, rapid carbide coarsening occurs while α-phase remains in highly dislocated state" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following lists all the crystal planes included in the {110} plane family of the cubic crystal system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(110), (101), (011), (100), (010), (001)", + "(110), (101), (011)", + "(110), (101), (011), (110), (101), (011)", + "(110), (101), (011), (111), (111), (111)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Among the following three substances, which one is most likely to form glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "SiO2 (pure silica with high melting point)", + "Na2O·SiO2 (higher modifier content)", + "NaCl (ionic crystal with simple cubic structure)", + "Na2O·2SiO2 (soda-lime silicate composition)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Can all parts of a dislocation loop be edge dislocations? Why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, if the Burgers vector is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, creating a prismatic dislocation", + "No, because dislocation loops must contain both edge and screw components by definition", + "Yes, but only for perfect dislocation loops in FCC crystals", + "No, because the curvature of the loop inherently requires mixed character dislocations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the forgeability of HT150 and annealed 20 steel:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150 has better forgeability due to its higher carbon content improving hot workability", + "Annealed 20 steel has better forgeability because its lower carbon content reduces cracking risk during deformation", + "Both materials have similar forgeability as they are in annealed condition", + "HT150 cannot be forged while annealed 20 steel has moderate forgeability" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of motion can a screw dislocation undergo?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cross-slip", + "Climb", + "Slip", + "Twist" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列哪些是金属的典型晶体结构类型？", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "FCC", + "BCC", + "HCP", + "Diamond cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How many types of spatial lattice forms may correspond to the seven crystal systems?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "230 (space groups)", + "7 (corresponding to crystal systems)", + "32 (crystallographic point groups)", + "14 (Bravais lattices)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly states the Pauli exclusion principle?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Pauli exclusion principle states that electrons preferentially occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing", + "The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have identical quantum numbers", + "The Pauli exclusion principle states that electrons fill atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy levels", + "The Pauli exclusion principle states that each electron state can hold no more than two electrons, which must have opposite spins" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the time t required for spinodal decomposition to occur over a diffusion distance of λ_m/2=50 nm (with λ_m=100 nm) at 550K, given the interdiffusion coefficient D=-2.4×10^-18 m²/s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "86.8 s", + "173.6 s", + "347.2 s", + "1.04×10^3 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "After quenching T8 steel wire to 550°C and holding for 1s, what is its phase and composition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Austenite (γ-Fe) with 0.8% C", + "Pearlite (α-Fe + Fe3C) with 0.8% C", + "Bainite (α-Fe + Fe3C) with 0.8% C", + "Martensite with 0.8% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade 9SiCr?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9SiCr is a bearing steel with wc=1.0%, wSi=0.3%, wCr=1.5%, wMo=0.2%", + "9SiCr is a high-speed steel with wc=0.9%, wSi=1.2%, wCr=0.8%, wV=0.2%", + "9SiCr is a spring steel with wc=0.6%, wSi=1.8%, wCr=0.5%, wMn=0.7%", + "9SiCr is a low-alloy tool steel with wc=0.9%, ws=1%, Wc=1.1%, wMn=0.45%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A green body with an initial particle size of 5μm is sintered for 2h to reach x/r=0.1. If sintering continues until x/r=0.2 (without considering grain growth), what is the required sintering time when material transport occurs via dissolution-precipitation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "128h", + "8h", + "32h", + "512h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A crystal with space group Fm3m has a:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "face-centered cubic structure", + "body-centered cubic structure", + "hexagonal close-packed structure", + "simple cubic structure with octahedral voids" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the density of GaAs is ${5.307\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3}}$, the atomic weights of Ga and As are 69.72 and 74.92 respectively, and its crystal structure is cubic $\\mathbf{Z}\\mathbf{n}\\mathbf{S}$ type, the unit cell parameter of GaAs is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.5681 nm", + "0.5632 nm", + "0.5657 nm", + "0.5619 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the planar density of the (111) plane in a face-centered cubic crystal, given the atomic radius r=(√2/4)a?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.78", + "0.90", + "1.15", + "0.58" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The viscosity corresponding to the glass transition temperature Tg is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress for dislocation motion in pure aluminum at room temperature", + "The yield strength of fully annealed copper single crystal", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress for edge dislocations in bcc iron", + "The theoretical shear strength of a perfect crystal lattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For most metals, the relationship between elastic and shear moduli is approximately which of the following?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "G = E/(2(1+ν)) where ν=0.5 (perfectly incompressible material)", + "G = E/3 (derived from cubic crystal symmetry assumption)", + "G ≈ 0.38E (typical for FCC metals with ν≈0.33)", + "G = E/2 (maximum theoretical value for ν=0)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of slurry fluidity for clay adsorbed with the given cations (from small to large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The vacancy formation energy of copper is 1.7×10⁻¹⁹ J. Calculate the average vacancy concentration C at 1000°C, given the Boltzmann constant K=1.38×10⁻²³ J/K.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.14×10⁻⁵", + "1.25×10⁻⁴", + "6.27×10⁻⁵", + "2.51×10⁻⁴" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The atomic weight of iron is 55.84, its density is 7.3g/cm³, its melting point is 1593°C, its heat of fusion is 11495J/mol, and the solid-liquid interface energy is 2.04×10⁻⁵J/cm². What is the critical nucleus size at an undercooling of 10°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.6×10⁻⁷ m", + "1.8×10⁻⁷ m", + "9.2×10⁻⁸ m", + "2.7×10⁻⁷ m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If a single crystal aluminum rod with a diameter of $5mm$ starts to slip when a tensile force of 40N is applied along the rod axis [123], what is the critical resolved shear stress of aluminum during slipping?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.23MPa", + "0.95MPa", + "2.04MPa", + "3.56MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "According to the Hume-Rothery rules, which of the following statements correctly describes the influence of crystal structure on solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystal structure similarity is necessary but not sufficient for forming extensive solid solutions", + "The difference in crystal structure can be compensated by adjusting the atomic size factor to achieve complete solubility", + "Only when the two components have the same crystal structure can they form an infinite (or continuous) solid solution", + "Different crystal structures can form infinite solid solutions if their electronegativity difference is less than 0.4" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A typical paper clip weighs 0.59g and consists of BCC iron. The number of unit cells in the paper clip is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.778 × 10^21 cells", + "1.592 × 10^21 cells", + "6.370 × 10^21 cells", + "3.185 × 10^21 cells" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a cylindrical nickel wire 2.0 mm(0.08 in.) in diameter and 3 × 10^{4}mm (1200 in.) long. When a load of 300N(67 lb^{2}) is applied and assuming that the deformation is totally elastic, what is its elongation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "27.6 mm (1.06 in.)", + "6.9 mm (0.27 in.)", + "13.8 mm (0.53 in.)", + "3.45 mm (0.13 in.)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the composition of HT150 and annealed 20 steel. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150 has higher carbon content but lower silicon content than annealed 20 steel", + "Both materials have nearly identical phosphorus and sulfur content due to modern refining processes", + "The main compositional difference is the presence of chromium in 20 steel for corrosion resistance", + "Annealed 20 steel contains more carbon than HT150 to achieve its higher strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Cesium chloride (CsCl) has an ordered body-centered cubic structure, which belongs to", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The coordination number of Cs+ is 8, forming a true body-centered cubic lattice", + "The structure is face-centered cubic with 12 nearest neighbors for Cs+", + "It's a simple cubic lattice where each ion has 6 nearest neighbors", + "The structure is hexagonal close-packed with 12 nearest neighbors" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound ZrO2-x, the lattice defect present is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Schottky defects dominate at temperatures below 0.5Tm", + "Frenkel defects require cation-anion size mismatch", + "Dislocation climb is the primary mechanism for high-temperature creep", + "Grain boundary diffusion has higher activation energy than lattice diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Rubber is an excellent damping material and friction material due to its outstanding", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The stacking fault energy in austenitic stainless steels", + "The Hall-Petch coefficient for nanocrystalline materials", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress in bcc metals", + "The strain-rate sensitivity exponent (m-value) in superplastic deformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are commonly used elements in alloy steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, and V, in addition to Fe and C", + "Al, Cu, Zn, and Pb, in addition to Fe and C", + "Ti, W, Co, and Nb, in addition to Fe and C", + "All of the above are commonly used in alloy steel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A force of 100000 N is applied to a 10mm × 20mm iron bar having a tensile strength of 480 MPa. What will happen to the bar?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The bar will fracture immediately due to brittle failure", + "The bar will experience necking because the applied stress of 500 MPa exceeds the tensile strength of 480 MPa", + "The bar will undergo elastic deformation but not yield, as the stress is below the yield strength", + "The bar will plastically deform but not neck, as the stress is only slightly above the tensile strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "At 800°C, which of the following phases exist in Fe-0.002C steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α phase only", + "γ phase only", + "α + γ phases", + "δ + γ phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the atomic arrangement and bonding in ordered alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The greater the bonding energy between dissimilar atoms, the more likely they are to form disordered solid solutions", + "Ordered arrangements occur when the enthalpy of mixing is positive, favoring solute-solvent interactions over like-atom interactions", + "The atomic arrangement is determined by the ratio of covalent to metallic bond character, with higher covalent character leading to more ordered structures", + "Atomic ordering requires the solute atoms to have larger radii than the solvent atoms to create lattice strain fields" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does fibrous structure have on the properties of metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increases longitudinal strength while reducing transverse ductility due to impurity alignment", + "Uniformly enhances both strength and toughness in all directions through grain refinement", + "Decreases overall strength but improves corrosion resistance by creating diffusion pathways", + "Has negligible effect as the fiber direction can be ignored in isotropic loading conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the mass fraction of α ferrite in pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.82", + "0.93", + "0.77", + "0.89" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose the microstructure of an alloy consists of multiple two-phase lamellar eutectic domains with different orientations and uniform distribution. The actual interlamellar spacing in each domain is equal. How should this interlamellar spacing be determined under a metallographic microscope?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Measure the maximum observable spacing and apply a correction factor", + "Calculate the average spacing from multiple randomly selected domains", + "Use the spacing perpendicular to the viewing direction", + "Measure the minimum interlamellar spacing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the magnetic properties of a substance and the filling of electrons outside the atomic nucleus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Substances with completely filled electron shells exhibit ferromagnetism due to strong electron correlation effects", + "Materials with partially filled d-orbitals always show paramagnetism regardless of temperature", + "Diamagnetism occurs only in materials with completely empty outer electron shells", + "The magnetic moment of an atom is solely determined by its nuclear spin configuration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The driving force for the coarsening of precipitates is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The elastic strain energy minimization in the matrix", + "The surface energy reduction of the precipitate-matrix interface", + "The Gibbs free energy difference between different particles", + "The chemical potential gradient between large and small precipitates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions is the first law of diffusion only applicable?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "When the concentration gradient is linear", + "Steady state", + "For ideal solutions only", + "At constant temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A beam of light is shined on a thin (sub-millimeter thick) single crystal wafer of material. The light source is special since it can be tuned to provide any wavelength of visible light on demand. The specimen is illuminated such that the frequency of light is decreased over time while the transmitted intensity of the light is measured. If the sample becomes transparent when the frequency is less than [F] THz, what is the band gap of the material, in eV? Assume that an intrinsic excitation of electrons is responsible for the absorption.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.239 × 10^{-3} [F] eV", + "4.135 × 10^{-3} [F] eV", + "6.582 × 10^{-3} [F] eV", + "2.998 × 10^{-3} [F] eV" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The Cl- ion has an electron structure that is identical to which inert gas?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Neon", + "Argon", + "Krypton", + "Xenon" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The correct order of coordination numbers for the following alloy phases from small to large is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The stacking fault energy of austenitic stainless steel decreases with increasing Ni content", + "The stacking fault energy of pure Cu is lower than that of Cu-30%Zn alloy at 500°C", + "The stacking fault energy of pure Al is higher than that of Al-4.5%Cu alloy at room temperature", + "The stacking fault energy of HCP metals is generally higher than that of FCC metals with similar atomic bonding" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The minimum recrystallization temperature of iron is estimated to be:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Iron's Curie temperature (1043 K)", + "0.4 × melting point (615 K)", + "0.6 × melting point (923 K)", + "723 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the voltage generated in an Fe/Fe2+ concentration cell with Fe2+ concentrations of 0.5 M and 2 × 10^-2 M?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0591 V", + "0.0828 V", + "0.0207 V", + "0.0414 V" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When selecting the unit parallelepiped of a space lattice, the primary principle is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The unit parallelepiped should contain the minimum number of lattice points", + "The symmetry of the unit parallelepiped should conform to the symmetry of the entire space lattice", + "The edges of the unit parallelepiped must coincide with crystallographic axes", + "The volume of the unit parallelepiped should be minimized for computational efficiency" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An aluminum alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 25,000 psi √m fails under a stress of 42,000 psi, with fracture initiating at the surface. Assuming f=1.1, estimate the size of the flaw that initiated fracture.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.093 in", + "0.042 in", + "0.125 in", + "0.067 in" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Using Na2CO3 and Na2SiO3 to dilute the same type of clay (mainly composed of kaolinite mineral) slurry, respectively, compare the differences in fluidity of the two slurries when the same amount of electrolyte is added.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Na2CO3 increases fluidity more than Na2SiO3 due to stronger ionic dissociation", + "Both electrolytes decrease fluidity by compressing the double layer", + "Adding Na2CO3 has no effect while Na2SiO3 increases fluidity", + "Na2SiO3 decreases fluidity by forming silicate networks" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "FCC lead has a lattice parameter of 0.4949 nm and contains one vacancy per 500 Pb atoms. The density is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "11.335 g/cm³", + "11.415 g/cm³", + "11.286 g/cm³", + "11.512 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are examples of uphill diffusion in metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fickian diffusion in dilute alloys", + "Cottrell atmospheres formation around dislocations", + "Vacancy-mediated diffusion in pure metals", + "Grain boundary diffusion at high temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1, what is the value of x in Fe_xO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.9565", + "0.9478", + "0.9652", + "0.9357" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How do the types of material bonding affect the mechanical properties of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metallic bonds generally result in higher hardness than covalent bonds due to their delocalized electron structure", + "Ionic bonded materials exhibit superior plasticity compared to metallic bonded materials because of their symmetrical crystal structure", + "Van der Waals bonding leads to higher elastic modulus than metallic bonding in crystalline materials", + "Covalent bonding typically produces materials with lower strength than molecular bonding due to weaker bond energies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Pure iron transforms from bcc structure to fcc structure at 17°C, with a volume reduction of 1.06%. What is the relative change in atomic radius?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-2.47%", + "-1.06%", + "-0.53%", + "-3.18%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under conditions where cupric oxide (CuO) is exposed to reducing atmospheres at elevated temperatures, some of the Cu2+ ions will become Cu+. How many Cu+ ions are required for the creation of each defect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "One Cu+ ion per defect", + "Two Cu+ ions per defect", + "Three Cu+ ions per defect", + "One Cu+ and one oxygen vacancy per defect" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an ASTM grain size of 6, approximately how many grains would there be per square inch without any magnification?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "320000 grains/in.^2", + "160000 grains/in.^2", + "640000 grains/in.^2", + "80000 grains/in.^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When measuring the decomposition rate of alumina monohydrate, it was found that during the isothermal reaction, the mass loss increased linearly with time up to about 50%, and the rate of mass loss was less than the linear law when exceeding 50%. The rate increases exponentially with temperature. Is this a diffusion-controlled reaction or an interface first-order reaction-controlled reaction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface nucleation-controlled reaction", + "Interface first-order reaction-controlled reaction", + "Mixed control mechanism with both diffusion and reaction components", + "Diffusion-controlled reaction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The essence of a crystal is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Particles are arranged in a periodic repetition in three-dimensional space", + "Atoms are packed in the most dense configuration possible", + "Electrons are delocalized in a continuous energy band", + "Unit cells exhibit perfect translational symmetry at all temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In CaS, the unit cell parameter a=0.567 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. The radius of S2- is known to be 0.177 nm. What is the radius of Ca2+?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.142 nm", + "0.107 nm", + "0.213 nm", + "0.284 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 97 wt% Fe and 3 wt% Si?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "97.0 at% Fe and 3.0 at% Si", + "96.1 at% Fe and 3.9 at% Si", + "94.2 at% Fe and 5.8 at% Si", + "92.5 at% Fe and 7.5 at% Si" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For \\mathrm{UO}_{2} with fluorite structure, the packing factor is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.520", + "0.740", + "0.680", + "0.624" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the forms of alloying elements in steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Only dissolved in austenite and forming carbides, with no free state possible", + "Dissolved in matrix phases, forming strengthening precipitates, existing as free elements, and forming non-metallic inclusions", + "Exclusively forming intermetallic compounds and never dissolving in the matrix", + "Always forming solid solutions with iron and never creating inclusions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A niobium alloy is produced by introducing tungsten substitutional atoms in the BCC structure; eventually an alloy is produced that has a lattice parameter of 0.32554nm and a density of 11.95g/cm³. The fraction of the atoms in the alloy that are tungsten is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.298", + "0.265", + "0.412", + "0.345" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why are there no more than 14 Bravais lattices?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the 14 lattices represent all possible combinations of symmetry operations that preserve translational periodicity", + "Due to the mathematical constraint that only 14 unique combinations of lattice parameters can satisfy the crystallographic restriction theorem", + "Because higher-order lattices would violate the Pauli exclusion principle for electron arrangements in crystals", + "The limitation arises from the maximum number of unique Voronoi cell configurations possible in 3D space" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Parameters of short fiber composite: $\\varphi_{\\mathrm{f}}=0.4$, $d_{\\mathrm{t}}=25\\mu\\mathrm{m}$, $\\sigma_{\\mathrm{{\\scriptscriptstyle M}}}=2500\\mathrm{MPa}$, $\\sigma_{\\mathfrak{m u}}=275~\\mathrm{MPa}$, and the interfacial shear strength between fiber and matrix is $200\\mathrm{MPa}$. Assuming the fiber stress varies linearly at both ends of the fiber, approximately estimate the strength of the randomly oriented short fiber composite when the fiber length is $1~\\mathrm{mm}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1560 MPa", + "825 MPa", + "1087 MPa", + "475 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the strain energy of a 1cm long edge dislocation (r0=1nm, R=1cm, μ=5×10^10Pa, b=0.25nm, ν=1/3). The strain energy is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.4×10^-9J", + "1.5×10^-10J", + "3.75×10^-12J", + "6×10^-11J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the type of solid solution formed by B in α-Fe and γ-Fe, its location, and the solubility (mole fraction). The atomic radii of the elements are as follows: B: 0.091 nm, α-Fe: 0.124 nm, γ-Fe: 0.126 nm. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In both α-Fe and γ-Fe, B exclusively forms interstitial solid solutions at tetrahedral sites with similar solubility", + "In α-Fe, B forms a substitutional solid solution due to its relatively large size, with solubility below 0.02 mole fraction", + "In γ-Fe, B forms an interstitial solid solution at octahedral sites with solubility exceeding 0.1 mole fraction", + "B cannot form any solid solution in α-Fe due to severe lattice distortion, but dissolves interstitially in γ-Fe" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In an FCC unit cell, what are the interstitial positions and their number?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Octahedral sites at cell center and edge centers (4 total)", + "Tetrahedral sites formed by face centers (8 total)", + "Octahedral sites at face centers (6 total)", + "Tetrahedral sites formed by corner atoms (12 total)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the characteristics of the microstructure and properties obtained by spinodal decomposition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Spinodal decomposition creates a single-phase supersaturated solid solution with composition fluctuations invisible even at atomic resolution.", + "Spinodal decomposition produces a lamellar microstructure with alternating layers of different compositions, similar to pearlite formation in steels.", + "The resulting microstructure shows randomly dispersed spherical precipitates with a Gaussian size distribution, analogous to classical nucleation and growth.", + "The microstructure obtained by spinodal decomposition typically exhibits a quasi-periodic and interconnected composition modulation structure or a sponge-like organization, which is uniformly fine and can only be resolved under an electron microscope." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The density of potassium, which has the BCC structure and one atom per lattice point, is 0.855 g/cm3. The atomic weight of potassium is 39.09 g/mol. The lattice parameter is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.774 x 10^-8 cm", + "5.3355 x 10^-8 cm", + "5.3355 x 10^-10 m", + "3.774 x 10^-10 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The typical ingot structure usually consists of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface fine grain zone", + "Homogeneous dendritic structure throughout", + "Alternating layers of austenite and ferrite", + "Radially aligned columnar crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the three categories of ceramic materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Glass; Ceramics; Glass-ceramics", + "Oxides; Carbides; Nitrides", + "Structural; Functional; Bioceramics", + "Traditional; Advanced; Amorphous" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the manufacturing of Al2O3 ceramics, the particle size of the raw material is 2μm. After holding at the sintering temperature for 30min, the measured grain size is 10μm. What will be the grain size in μm after holding at the same sintering temperature for 2h?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.66μm", + "14.14μm", + "40μm", + "20μm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the viscosity corresponding to the characteristic temperature Tg?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.8×10^12 dPa·s (common misquoted value from early literature)", + "10^12 Pa·s (glass transition criterion for polymers)", + "1013 dPa·s (typical viscosity at melting point)", + "18×10^13 dPa·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade W6Mo5Cr4V2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "W6Mo5Cr4V2 is a high-speed steel with 0.85% C, 6% W, 5% Mo, 4% Cr, and 2% V", + "W6Mo5Cr4V2 is a tool steel with 6% W, 5% Mo, 4% Cr, and 2% V, but no carbon content", + "W6Mo5Cr4V2 is a stainless steel with 6% W, 5% Mo, 4% Cr, and 2% V, similar to 316L but with tungsten", + "W6Mo5Cr4V2 is a high-speed steel with 6% W, 5% Mo, 4% Cr, and 2% V, where carbon content is implied but not specified" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes stored energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A small portion of the energy consumed during cold deformation exists within the deformed crystal in the form of elastic strain energy and structural defect energy", + "The total potential energy difference between the deformed and annealed states of a material", + "The energy required to initiate recrystallization in a cold-worked metal", + "The excess free energy stored primarily as vacancies and dislocations after plastic deformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compress the above-mentioned cold-rolled sheet from 1cm thickness to 0.6cm, calculate the total engineering strain ε.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ε ≈ -40%", + "ε ≈ -55%", + "ε ≈ -60%", + "ε ≈ -30%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between crazing and cracking?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crazing represents atomic-scale defects, whereas cracking is macroscopic failure", + "Crazing occurs in ductile materials only, whereas cracking happens in brittle materials", + "Crazing is reversible upon stress removal, while cracking is permanent", + "Crazing involves localized yielding forming fibrillated structures, while cracking is complete material separation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition of the alloy if eutectoid cementite exists in addition to proeutectoid cementite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.11 wt% C", + "0.76 wt% C", + "0.83 wt% C", + "1.43 wt% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following accurately describes the difference in molecular chemistry between silicone polymers and other polymeric materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Silicone polymers achieve their flexibility through carbon double bonds in the backbone", + "Silicone polymers exhibit higher thermal conductivity due to their silicon-oxygen backbone structure", + "The presence of silicon atoms gives silicone polymers higher crystallinity than conventional polymers", + "Silicone polymers have a backbone of alternating silicon-oxygen bonds, while most polymers have carbon-carbon backbones" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "As temperature decreases, the fraction of total number of atoms that are capable of diffusive motion", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic vibration frequency becomes harmonic", + "The vacancy concentration increases", + "The activation energy for diffusion decreases", + "The dislocation density reaches a critical threshold" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the primary differences between addition and condensation polymerization techniques?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Addition polymerization requires an initiator while condensation polymerization proceeds spontaneously at room temperature", + "Condensation polymers always contain heteroatoms in the backbone whereas addition polymers are exclusively carbon-based", + "Addition polymerization produces water as a byproduct while condensation polymerization does not generate any small molecules", + "The degree of polymerization in addition reactions is limited by stoichiometric balance, unlike in condensation polymerization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for aluminum?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Room temperature (25°C)", + "0.4 times the melting point (≈200°C)", + "100°C (212°F)", + "Recrystallization temperature (≈150°C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "In an aluminum specimen, the dislocation density within the grains was measured to be 5×10^9/cm². Assuming all dislocations are concentrated on the subgrain boundaries; each subgrain has a regular hexagonal cross-section. The misorientation angle between subgrains is 5°, and if all dislocations are edge dislocations with b = a/2 [101], the magnitude of the Burgers vector is equal to 2×10^-10 m. What is the dislocation spacing on the subgrain boundary?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.75×10^-10 m", + "11.5×10^-10 m", + "46×10^-10 m", + "23×10^-10 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "After welding A and A-B alloy, the Kirkendall effect occurs, and the interface is measured to move towards the A sample. Then", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The vacancy flux is dominated by A atoms diffusing into the A-B alloy", + "The vacancy flux is dominated by B atoms diffusing into pure A", + "The interdiffusion coefficient is negative in this system", + "The marker velocity is proportional to the square of the concentration gradient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When a simple cubic crystal is twisted by an angle θ around the [001] axis, what kind of dislocation will form (specify the direction of the dislocation line and the Burgers vector)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mixed type, dislocation line direction=[110], Burgers vector=a[110]", + "Edge type, dislocation line direction=[100], Burgers vector=a[010]", + "Screw type, dislocation line direction=[001], Burgers vector=a[001]", + "Edge type, dislocation line direction=[001], Burgers vector=a[100]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is one important difference between continuous cooling transformation diagrams for plain carbon and alloy steels regarding the position of the pearlite-proeutectoid noses?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The pearlite-proeutectoid noses for alloy steels are positioned at higher temperatures than for plain carbon steels", + "The pearlite-proeutectoid noses for plain carbon steel alloys are positioned at shorter times than for the alloy steels", + "Plain carbon steels show a single nose while alloy steels show double noses in their CCT diagrams", + "The nose positions are identical but the transformation kinetics differ due to carbon diffusion rates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In terms of the lattice constant, what is the atomic diameter in the HCP crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "√(8/3) times the lattice constant 'a'", + "Equal to the lattice constant 'a'", + "Equal to the height 'c' of the unit cell", + "√(3/2) times the lattice constant 'a'" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A polymer bar's dimensions are 1 in. × 2 in. × 15 in. The polymer has a modulus of elasticity of 600,000 psi. What force is required to stretch the bar elastically to 15.25 in.?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "400,000 psi", + "100,000 lb", + "200,000 lb", + "300,000 N" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What factors constitute the resistance to phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "grain boundary energy and dislocation density", + "elastic modulus and stacking fault energy", + "activation energy and thermal conductivity", + "strain energy and interface energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an edge dislocation line, its climb direction is _ to the Burgers vector", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "at 45°", + "parallel", + "perpendicular", + "anti-parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What are the heat treatment conditions (temperature, time, cooling rate, etc.) for normalizing φ25 hot-rolled eutectoid steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "780°C holding for 1h, air cooling", + "850°C holding for 30min, furnace cooling", + "720°C holding for 2h, water quenching", + "900°C holding for 15min, air cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a congruent phase transformations there are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No change in crystal structure symmetry", + "Simultaneous change in both composition and crystal structure", + "Only change in composition while maintaining the same crystal structure", + "A discontinuous change in free energy with temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At 727°C, the maximum carbon content in the equilibrium iron-carbon alloy is w_C=0.0218% for ferrite, while the carbon content in austenite is w_C=0.77%. Why does the carbon content differ so greatly between the two?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the higher stacking fault energy of austenite allows more carbon atoms to be accommodated in its crystal structure", + "Because the radius of the flat octahedral interstitial sites in the ferrite crystal is much smaller than that of the regular octahedral interstitial sites in the austenite crystal", + "Because ferrite has a higher diffusion coefficient for carbon at this temperature, causing carbon to preferentially leave the phase", + "Because the magnetic ordering in ferrite creates electronic repulsion that limits carbon solubility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The commonly used method to refine grains in casting processes is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increasing the cooling rate", + "Decreasing the pouring temperature", + "Adding grain refiners (e.g., TiB2)", + "Applying ultrasonic vibration during solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the light transmission characteristic of single crystal electrical insulators?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Transparent", + "Translucent due to internal grain boundaries", + "Opaque due to free electron absorption", + "Wavelength-dependent transparency with IR opacity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Compute the number of electrons that each aluminum atom donates, on average, to a bulk piece of aluminum metal. Room temperature data for aluminum: The resistivity of aluminum is 2.63 × 10^{-8} Ω·m, the electron mobility of aluminum is 0.0012 m²/(V·s), the mass density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm³, and the atomic weight of aluminum is 27 g/mol. The number of electrons donated per aluminum atom is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.29 electron/atom", + "1.00 electron/atom", + "2.65 electron/atom", + "3.00 electron/atom" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Given the following electrical characteristics for both intrinsic and p-type extrinsic indium phosphide ( \\mathrm{InP} ) at room temperature, calculate the electron and hole mobilities:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "μₑ = 0.02 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.50 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 0.50 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.02 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 1.25 m²/V·s, μₕ = 0.05 m²/V·s", + "μₑ = 0.05 m²/V·s, μₕ = 1.25 m²/V·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What are the close-packed directions of an ideal hexagonal close-packed crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "<11-20>", + "[0001]", + "(1-100)", + "(11-20)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the crystallographic characteristics of martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Random nucleation of new phase with isotropic growth, accompanied by significant volume diffusion", + "A strict orientation relationship between phases maintained through shear deformation, with an invariant habit plane", + "Complete loss of crystallographic registry, resulting in polycrystalline microstructure with high angle grain boundaries", + "Gradual lattice rotation through dislocation climb, preserving the original crystal symmetry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines fracture toughness K_IC?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "K_IC is the critical stress required to propagate a crack under plane strain conditions, expressed in MPa", + "K_IC is the maximum elastic strain energy density a material can absorb before fracture, measured in J/m^3", + "K_IC is the critical value of the stress intensity factor for a Type I crack, representing the fracture toughness in terms of stress intensity factor under linear elastic conditions, with the unit MPa*m^0.5", + "K_IC is the ratio of applied stress to crack length at which fast fracture occurs, dimensionless" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Given a 1 cm³ brass sample annealed at 700°C with an initial grain diameter of 2.16×10⁻³ cm, the grain boundary energy of brass is 0.5 J/m². A calorimeter measured a total heat release of 0.035 J after holding for 2 hours. Determine the grain size after holding for 2 hours:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.9×10⁻³ cm", + "4.3×10⁻³ cm", + "1.2×10⁻² cm", + "6.5×10⁻⁴ cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the dislocation density ρ when the shear strength is $42\\mathrm{MPa}$. The dislocation density ρ can be calculated using the formula ρ = (τ̄/αGb)^2, where α is a constant (typically taken as 0.5). Substituting τ̄ = 42×10^6 Pa, G = 50×10^9 Pa, and b = 3.12×10^-10 m, the dislocation density ρ is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "42×10^9 m^-2", + "3.2×10^14 m^-2", + "7.3×10^12 m^-2", + "1.5×10^11 m^-2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the microstructure transformation of quenched steel during tempering at 100-250°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Formation of lower bainite", + "Decomposition of martensite", + "Precipitation of epsilon-carbides", + "Recrystallization of ferrite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The main reason why it is difficult to form a single-phase structure in polymer alloys is that the alloy has", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The entropic contribution to mixing is significantly reduced due to the large molecular weight of polymers", + "The high viscosity of molten polymers prevents adequate diffusion for homogeneous mixing", + "Most polymer pairs exhibit positive heat of mixing due to incompatible solubility parameters", + "Crystallinity in semi-crystalline polymers creates thermodynamic barriers to single-phase formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are factors affecting the solubility of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Atomic size difference <15% and same crystal structure", + "Electronegativity difference >1.7 and FCC structure", + "Valence electron concentration = 1.36 and BCC structure", + "All of the above meet Hume-Rothery rules" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How does solute concentration affect the diffusion coefficient in many solid solution alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The diffusion coefficient decreases exponentially with solute concentration due to lattice strain effects", + "The diffusion coefficient increases linearly with solute concentration up to the solubility limit", + "The diffusion coefficient shows a minimum at intermediate concentrations due to competing vacancy mechanisms", + "The diffusion coefficient becomes concentration-independent above 5 at.% solute due to percolation threshold effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given the elastic properties of glass (E=70 000 MPa, ν=0.25), the theoretical strength of glass as an amorphous material is estimated to be in the range of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "17 500~23 333 MPa", + "4 900~7 000 MPa", + "70~93 GPa", + "10 500~14 000 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "BCC lithium has a lattice parameter of 3.5089 × 10^-8 cm and contains one vacancy per 200 unit cells. The density of Li is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.541 g/cm³", + "0.532 g/cm³", + "0.515 g/cm³", + "0.508 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Pauling's rules apply to which of the following crystal structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "molecular", + "covalent", + "metallic", + "ionic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Using the carburization equation, calculate the value of erf(x/(2√(Dt))) given the surface carbon content ρs=1.2%, initial carbon content ρ0=0.1%, and target carbon content ρ(x,t)=0.45%.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.682", + "0.625", + "0.745", + "0.550" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-1.15% C alloy, what is the primary microconstituent that forms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Eutectic mixture of α-ferrite and Fe3C", + "Primary α-ferrite", + "Primary Fe3C", + "Proeutectoid cementite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a copper single crystal is stretched with the force axis in the [001] direction and a critical resolved shear stress of 0.64 MPa, what tensile stress is required to initiate slip in the crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.22 MPa", + "0.64 MPa", + "1.11 MPa", + "1.57 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the use of tin-based and lead-based babbitt alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Lead-based alloys are preferred for high-load applications because of their superior hardness", + "Tin-based alloys exhibit better fatigue resistance at high speeds due to their higher thermal conductivity", + "Tin-based alloys contain antimony which forms hard cuboids that improve wear resistance at all speeds", + "Lead-based alloys should never be used in marine environments due to rapid galvanic corrosion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The bolts on the gear hobbing machine should have been made of 45 steel, but T12 steel was mistakenly used. The high-temperature tempering process for 45 steel was still applied. What microstructure and performance will be obtained in this case?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fine tempered martensite with good toughness and ductility", + "Coarse tempered sorbite with retained austenite and poor toughness", + "Spheroidized cementite in ferrite matrix with excellent machinability", + "Bainitic structure with balanced strength and toughness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At a temperature of 1223K, the diffusion coefficient of interstitial atoms in a face-centered cubic metal is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.17×10⁻⁸m²/s", + "4.34×10⁻⁸m²/s", + "8.68×10⁻⁸m²/s", + "1.73×10⁻⁷m²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the packing density of the most densely packed plane in a BCC crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.8332", + "0.9069", + "0.6802", + "0.7405" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the number of atoms N in 1 cm³ of copper, given that the density of copper is 8.9 g/cm³, the relative atomic mass is 63.5, and Avogadro's number is 6.02×10²³. The correct answer is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.06×10²³", + "8.4×10²²", + "0.84×10²³", + "5.3×10²²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the total migration distance $S$ of carbon atoms, given the carbon atom jump frequency as $\\Gamma=1.7\\times10^{9}/\\mathrm{s}$, jump distance as $2.53\\times10^{-10}\\mathrm{m}$, and time as $4\\mathrm{h}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.72×10^6 m", + "0.619 m", + "6193 m", + "2.53×10^-10 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following conditions must be satisfied for spontaneous dislocation reactions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Burgers vector conservation and elastic strain energy reduction", + "Crystallographic alignment and temperature above recrystallization point", + "Geometric conditions and energy conditions", + "Dislocation density threshold and applied stress exceeding Peierls stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the lattice shear during bainitic transformation, pearlitic transformation, and martensitic transformation. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Bainitic transformation involves higher lattice shear than martensitic due to its intermediate transformation temperature", + "All three transformations involve lattice shear, with martensitic showing the highest shear strain", + "Only martensitic transformation involves lattice shear, while pearlitic and bainitic are diffusion-controlled with no shear", + "Pearlitic transformation involves no lattice shear, while bainitic transformation and martensitic transformation involve lattice shear" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If tension is applied along the [110] direction of an FCC crystal, which of the following is the correct set of possible activated slip systems?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111)[110], (111)[101], (111)[011], (111)[110]", + "(111)[110], (111)[101], (111)[011], (111)[101]", + "(111)[101], (111)[011], (111)[110], (111)[011]", + "(111)[101], (111)[011], (111)[110], (111)[101]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A glass composition (wt%) is Na2O 14%, CaO 13%, SiO2 73%, with a density of 2.5 g/cm3. If soda ash, limestone, and quartz sand are used as raw materials to melt this glass with 1000 kg of quartz sand, how much of the other two raw materials are needed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "409.85 kg of soda ash and 397.50 kg of limestone", + "245.91 kg of soda ash and 238.50 kg of limestone", + "327.88 kg of soda ash and 318.00 kg of limestone", + "163.94 kg of soda ash and 159.00 kg of limestone" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy having a plane strain fracture toughness of 45 MPa √m (41 ksi √in.) is exposed to a stress of 1000 MPa (145,000 psi). Will this specimen experience fracture if it is known that the largest surface crack is 0.75 mm (0.03 in.) long? Assume that the parameter Y has a value of 1.0.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No fracture occurs because the applied stress is below the yield strength of 4340 steel", + "Fracture occurs because the critical crack length (1.2 mm) exceeds the actual crack size", + "No fracture occurs because the stress intensity factor (38 MPa√m) is below the fracture toughness", + "Fracture occurs because the specimen can only tolerate 927 MPa before fracture" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What causes secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "application of external magnetic field during sintering", + "presence of trace amounts of glass-forming oxides", + "uneven particle size distribution in the initial powder", + "exact stoichiometric ratio of constituent elements" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If the resistance (shear stress) that dislocation slip needs to overcome is 9.8×10^5 Pa for copper, the shear modulus G of copper is 4×10^10 Pa, and the lattice constant is 0.55 nm. How thick is the low-dislocation-density layer on the surface of copper? It is known that copper has a face-centered cubic structure, and the Burgers vector length is 0.36/√2 nm = 0.255 nm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.07×10^-7 m", + "4.14×10^-7 m", + "1.24×10^-6 m", + "8.28×10^-7 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The following true stresses produce the corresponding true plastic strains for a brass alloy:\n\nTrue Stress (psi) | True Strain\n------------------|------------\n60,000 | 0.15\n70,000 | 0.25\n\nWhat true stress is necessary to produce a true plastic strain of 0.21?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "67,600 psi", + "65,200 psi", + "63,800 psi", + "66,400 psi" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the diffusion coefficient of intrinsic diffusion and temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "D=D0exp(-ΔHm/RT)", + "D=D0exp(-(ΔHf/2 + ΔHm)/RT)", + "D=D0exp(-ΔHf/RT)", + "D=D0exp(-(ΔHf + ΔHm)/RT)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions can austenite transform into lamellar pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "When the material is first quenched to form martensite, then tempered at 600°C for 2 hours", + "When the austenitizing temperature is low, the holding time is short, the composition is heterogeneous, and the cooling rate is slow", + "When the carbon content exceeds 2.1% and the cooling rate matches the TTT diagram's nose region", + "When the austenitizing temperature is high, the holding time is long, the composition of austenite is uniform, and the cooling rate is fast" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of framework silicates?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[SiO4] shares 3 O2-, forming chains with Si:O ratio of 1:3, and may contain isolated [AlO6] octahedra", + "[SiO4] shares 4 O2-, forming a skeleton [(AlxSi4)O], with the complex anion group being [SiO4]4, and the Si:O ratio is 1:4", + "[SiO4] shares 2 O2-, forming sheet structures with Si:O ratio of 1:2.5, and contains hydroxyl groups", + "[SiO4] shares 1 O2-, forming isolated tetrahedra with Si:O ratio of 1:4, and requires charge-balancing cations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of passivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Passivity refers to the spontaneous formation of a protective oxide layer that always prevents further corrosion.", + "Passivity is the increase in electrical conductivity of metals when exposed to oxidizing environments.", + "Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity, under particular environmental conditions, of normally active metals and alloys.", + "Passivity is the phenomenon where metals exhibit reduced mechanical strength due to surface oxidation." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Fick's first law describes the characteristics of steady-state diffusion, where the concentration does not vary with .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The vacancy concentration gradient in a BCC iron single crystal at 900°C", + "The carbon concentration gradient in austenite during isothermal pearlite transformation", + "The oxygen concentration gradient across a ZrO2 electrolyte in a solid oxide fuel cell", + "The hydrogen concentration gradient in palladium during electrochemical permeation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly compares the elastic modulus of ceramic materials, metal materials, and polymer materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metals > Ceramics > Polymers (all amorphous forms)", + "Ceramics > Metals > Polymers (all crystalline forms)", + "Metals > Ceramics ≈ Polymers (all at 500°C)", + "Ceramics ≈ Metals > Polymers (all single crystals)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What materials can be used to manufacture the vehicle body itself?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High-purity alumina (99.9% Al2O3) with controlled grain boundary diffusion", + "Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with 8 mol% Y2O3 doping", + "Silicon carbide reinforced with 30 vol% carbon nanotubes", + "Borosilicate glass with precisely engineered thermal expansion coefficient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Gallium has an orthorhombic structure, with a0=0.45258 nm, b0=0.45186 nm, and c0=0.76570 nm. The atomic radius is 0.1218 nm. The density is 5.904 g/cm3 and the atomic weight is 69.72 g/mol. Determine the packing factor in the unit cell.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.387", + "0.452", + "0.521", + "0.612" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.001 -in. BCC iron foil is used to separate a high hydrogen gas from a low hydrogen gas at 650^{\\circ} C .5 × 10^{8} H atoms / {cm}^{3} are in equilibrium with the hot side of the foil, while 2 × 10^{3} H atoms / {cm}^{3} are in equilibrium with the cold side. The flux of hydrogen through the foil is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.65 × 10^{6} H atoms/cm^2·s", + "1.65 × 10^{8} H atoms/cm^2·s", + "0.33 × 10^{6} H atoms/cm^2·s", + "0.33 × 10^{8} H atoms/cm^2·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The melt is a mixture of .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress for {111}<110> slip in FCC metals at 0K", + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress for {110}<111> slip in BCC metals at 0K", + "The theoretical shear strength of a perfect crystal (G/2π)", + "The Orowan stress for dislocation bypassing nanoscale precipitates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If the dislocation density in a certain crystal is known to be ρ=10^6~10^7 cm/cm^3, and the average length of F-R dislocation sources measured experimentally is 10^-4 cm, determine the number of F-R dislocation sources in the dislocation network.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "n=10^14~10^15 per cm^3", + "n=10^6~10^7 per cm^3", + "n=10^2~10^3 per cm^3", + "n=10^10~10^11 per cm^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most densely packed direction in a body-centered cubic crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "<110>", + "<100>", + "<111>", + "<112>" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the basic types of dislocations and their characteristics?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Edge dislocation: Burgers vector parallel to dislocation line, creates tensile strain field. Screw dislocation: Burgers vector perpendicular to dislocation line, creates shear strain field.", + "Edge dislocation: slip direction parallel to dislocation line, extra quarter-plane of atoms. Screw dislocation: slip direction at 45° to dislocation line, helical atomic arrangement.", + "Edge dislocation: slip direction perpendicular to dislocation line (⊥), extra half-plane of atoms. Screw dislocation: slip direction parallel to dislocation line, spiral atomic arrangement around the line.", + "Both types have slip directions at 45° to dislocation lines; edge dislocations create compressive strain while screw dislocations create torsional strain." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What type of solid solution compound does Cu3Sn belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Electron compound with specific electron concentration", + "Substitutional solid solution with random Sn distribution", + "Interstitial solid solution with Sn occupying octahedral sites", + "Ordered substitutional solid solution with superlattice formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the crystallization structures in Ni-Cu alloy castings with uneven thickness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both sections develop dendritic structures, but thin sections show finer dendrites due to higher cooling rates", + "Thin sections form cellular structures due to faster heat dissipation, while thick sections develop dendritic structures from slower cooling", + "Thick sections form cellular structures from constitutional supercooling, while thin sections develop equiaxed grains", + "Microstructure is identical in both sections due to identical chemical composition" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the role of Cottrell atmosphere in strengthening metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cottrell atmosphere describes the clustering of vacancies around edge dislocations in HCP metals, creating a local stress field that impedes dislocation motion and enhances yield strength.", + "Cottrell atmosphere refers to the formation of solute-rich zones around screw dislocations in FCC metals, which increases the critical resolved shear stress required for plastic deformation.", + "Cottrell atmosphere: In BCC crystals (such as carbon steel), small-sized atoms like C and N preferentially distribute in the tensile stress region of edge dislocations, pinning the dislocations. To move the dislocations, they must be torn away from the pinning effect, requiring additional stress, thereby increasing the material's strength.", + "Cottrell atmosphere involves the segregation of large substitutional atoms to compressive stress regions of mixed dislocations in BCC metals, effectively increasing the Peierls-Nabarro stress." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compare thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers according to possible molecular structures. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermoplastic polymers always maintain linear structures, while thermosets alternate between linear and network structures", + "Both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers can form crosslinked structures, but thermosets have higher crosslink density", + "Thermosetting polymers exhibit only linear structures prior to curing, then form branched structures", + "Thermoplastic polymers have linear and branched structures, while thermosetting polymers have network or crosslinked structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In practical applications, which of the following methods can be used to eliminate age hardening and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensitic quenching with subsequent tempering", + "Cold working followed by recrystallization annealing", + "Isothermal transformation at the nose of the TTT diagram", + "Reversion treatment at temperatures just below the solvus line" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A polymer that contains internal flaws 1mm in length fails at a stress of 25 MPa. Assuming that f=1, what is the plane strain fracture toughness of the polymer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.25 MPa√m", + "0.99 MPa√m", + "25 MPa·mm^1/2", + "0.44 MPa√m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Using Na2CO3 and Na2SiO3 to dilute the same type of clay slurry (mainly composed of kaolinite mineral), what are the differences in the casting rate of the two slurries when the same amount of electrolyte is added?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Na2CO3 increases casting rate more than Na2SiO3 due to stronger ionic dissociation", + "Both electrolytes decrease casting rate by compressing the double layer", + "Na2SiO3 increases casting rate while Na2CO3 has negligible effect", + "Both electrolytes increase casting rate equally by neutralizing surface charges" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Random poly(styrene-butadiene) copolymer", + "Alternating poly(styrene-butadiene) copolymer", + "Both have identical thermal conductivity", + "Cannot be determined without molecular weight data" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-in. cube solidifies in 4.6 min. Under the same conditions, what is the solidification time for a 0.5 in. x 0.5 in. x 6 in. bar? Assume that n=2.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.15 min", + "0.60 min", + "2.30 min", + "4.60 min" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of void does the Cs+ ion occupy in CsCl crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Trigonal bipyramidal", + "Octahedral", + "Tetrahedral", + "Cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If manufacturing a continuous aluminum fiber cable with epoxy resin as the matrix and a volume fraction of 0.30, predict the electrical conductivity of the cable. The electrical conductivity of aluminum is $3.8\\times10^{7}~\\mathrm{S/m}$, and the electrical conductivity of epoxy resin is $10^{-11}~\\mathrm{S/m}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "$3.8\\times10^{5}~\\mathrm{S/m}$", + "$3.8\\times10^{6}~\\mathrm{S/m}$", + "$1.14\\times10^{7}~\\mathrm{S/m}$", + "$1.14\\times10^{5}~\\mathrm{S/m}$" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a crosslinked copolymer consisting of 60 wt% ethylene and 40 wt% propylene, determine the fraction of both repeat unit types.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The fraction of the ethylene repeat unit is 0.69 and the fraction of the propylene repeat unit is 0.31", + "The fraction of the ethylene repeat unit is 0.60 and the fraction of the propylene repeat unit is 0.40", + "The fraction of the ethylene repeat unit is 0.75 and the fraction of the propylene repeat unit is 0.25", + "The fraction of the ethylene repeat unit is 0.50 and the fraction of the propylene repeat unit is 0.50" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-1.15% C alloy, what is the composition and amount of each phase present at 720 degrees C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "alpha: 0.0218% C, 87%; Fe3C: 6.67% C, 13%", + "alpha: 0.0218% C, 83%; Fe3C: 6.67% C, 17%", + "gamma: 0.77% C, 83%; Fe3C: 6.67% C, 17%", + "alpha: 0.77% C, 83%; Fe3C: 6.67% C, 17%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the CaO-SiO2 system, the liquidus line of SiO2 is very steep. Why can a small amount of CaO be added as a mineralizer in the production of silica bricks without reducing their refractoriness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The eutectic liquid phase content at 1436°C is only 5.4%, causing negligible impact on refractoriness", + "CaO forms a protective CaSiO3 layer that prevents further reaction at high temperatures", + "The steep liquidus slope means CaO solubility in SiO2 is extremely limited below 1600°C", + "Ca2+ ions substitute for Si4+ in the quartz lattice, stabilizing the high-temperature cristobalite phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The diffusion coefficient for Cr+3 in Cr2O3 is 6x10^-15 cm^2/s at 727C and is 1x10^-9 cm^2/s at 1400C. The activation energy q is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "72,100 cal/mol", + "48,500 cal/mol", + "59,230 cal/mol", + "63,800 cal/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the (100) interplanar spacing of a face-centered cubic metal? (a is the lattice constant)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "d=a/2", + "d=a/√2", + "d=a/√3", + "d=a" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "To survive for one million cycles under conditions that provide for equal compressive and tensile stresses, what is the fatigue strength, or maximum stress amplitude, required?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "44 MPa", + "22 MPa", + "110 MPa", + "220 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "According to the Hall-Petch formula σ=σ₀+kd⁻¹/², given σ₀=55.3MPa, k=272MPa·μm¹/², d=39.8μm, the yield strength σ after annealing for 90 minutes is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "113.7MPa", + "98.4MPa", + "76.2MPa", + "327.3MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The melting point of copper T_m=1385K, at an undercooling of △T=0.2T_m, crystalline copper is obtained through homogeneous nucleation. What is the critical nucleus radius at this temperature? (ΔH=1628J/cm³, γ=1.77×10⁻⁵J/cm²)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.087 nm", + "2.174 nm (using ΔT=0.1T_m instead of 0.2T_m)", + "0.543 nm (incorrectly using surface energy γ=3.54×10⁻⁵J/cm²)", + "1.632 nm (miscalculating ΔH as 2442J/cm³)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes homogeneous nucleation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The formation of nuclei in a homogeneous phase relying on conditions such as its own structural fluctuations and energy fluctuations", + "The spontaneous formation of crystalline nuclei at impurity sites or defects in a material", + "The nucleation process that occurs at constant temperature and pressure in an ideal solution", + "The initial stage of phase transformation where nucleation rate is solely determined by interfacial energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate temperature at which it is desirable to heat a 0.25 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a full anneal heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "950°C (1742°F)", + "723°C (1333°F)", + "880°C (1510°F)", + "650°C (1202°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect on lattice activation after forming a solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The lattice distortion increases activation energy due to strain fields", + "The lattice maintains its original activation state with no significant change", + "The solid solution decreases activation energy by introducing defects", + "The activation state depends solely on the solute concentration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the number-average molecular weight of a random poly(isobutylene-isoprene) copolymer with a fraction of isobutylene repeat units of 0.25 and a degree of polymerization of 1500?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "64,800 g/mol", + "85,500 g/mol", + "112,300 g/mol", + "97,700 g/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonding would be expected for bronze (a copper-tin alloy)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primarily covalent bonding with partial ionic character due to electronegativity difference", + "Pure metallic bonding with delocalized electrons", + "Hybrid metallic-covalent bonding with directional character", + "Secondary metallic bonding with primary van der Waals interactions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "How does the type of bonding affect the mechanical properties of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metallic bonds generally result in higher hardness than covalent bonds due to their delocalized electron structure", + "Ionic materials exhibit superior plasticity compared to metals because ion mobility enables dislocation movement", + "Covalent bonding leads to lower elastic modulus than metallic bonding due to directional bond characteristics", + "Van der Waals bonded materials show higher fracture toughness than metallic systems due to energy dissipation mechanisms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of grain growth process during heating of cold-deformed metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain growth occurs before recrystallization, resulting in a temporary increase in hardness", + "Grain growth increases dislocation density, leading to simultaneous improvements in strength and ductility", + "Grain growth eliminates all texture components while significantly increasing yield strength", + "Grain growth causes decreases in strength and toughness, while recrystallization texture develops simultaneously" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A process identical to primary recrystallization but occurring at higher temperatures", + "A uniform grain growth process driven solely by temperature increase", + "The initial stage of recrystallization where dislocation density decreases", + "An abnormal growth process where a few large grains grow at the expense of fine grains" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the coordination number of the cation in the compound Cr2O3, given r(Cr3+)=0.064nm, r(O2-)=0.132nm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6 (octahedral coordination)", + "4 (tetrahedral coordination)", + "8 (cubic coordination)", + "12 (close-packed coordination)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a metallic bond?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The bonding force generated by the electrostatic interaction between free electrons and atomic nuclei", + "The covalent sharing of valence electrons between adjacent metal atoms", + "The directional bonding formed by overlapping d-orbitals in transition metals", + "The secondary bonding caused by temporary dipole moments in metal lattices" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "How do the aggregate particles become bonded together in clay-based mixtures during firing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A liquid phase forms during firing, infiltrates particle pores, and becomes a glassy bonding phase upon cooling", + "Direct solid-state diffusion bonding occurs between clay particles at high temperatures", + "Surface hydroxyl groups on clay particles chemically react to form covalent bonds", + "Partial melting creates interlocking crystal structures that mechanically bond particles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What are the maximum stress, the minimum stress, and the mean stress on the part during its use under conditions that provide for equal compressive and tensile stresses?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The maximum stress is +22 MPa, the minimum stress is -22 MPa, and the mean stress is +2 MPa", + "The maximum stress is +22 MPa, the minimum stress is -18 MPa, and the mean stress is +2 MPa", + "The maximum stress is +20 MPa, the minimum stress is -20 MPa, and the mean stress is 0 MPa", + "The maximum stress is +22 MPa, the minimum stress is -22 MPa, and the mean stress is 0 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the voltage generated in the Zn/Zn2+ concentration cell with Zn2+ concentrations of 1.0 M and 10^-2 M?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0888 V", + "0.0296 V", + "0.1184 V", + "0.0592 V" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of hydrogen bonds?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The strength of hydrogen bonds is primarily determined by the atomic radius of the donor atom rather than electronegativity", + "Hydrogen bonds are non-directional covalent interactions with bond strengths comparable to ionic bonds (100-400 kJ/mol)", + "Hydrogen bonding occurs only in aqueous solutions and requires the presence of oxygen atoms", + "Hydrogen bonds exhibit directionality due to the alignment of atomic dipoles, with typical bond energies between 5-30 kJ/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the principal difference between natural and artificial aging processes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Natural aging occurs at ambient temperature while artificial aging requires elevated temperatures to accelerate precipitation kinetics", + "Natural aging relies on vacancy diffusion whereas artificial aging is driven by dislocation climb mechanisms", + "Artificial aging produces finer precipitates due to higher nucleation rates at elevated temperatures", + "Natural aging achieves full thermodynamic equilibrium while artificial aging results in metastable phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which ions in plagioclase Na(AlSi3O8) and anorthite Ca(Al2Si2O8) can substitute for each other?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Only Al3+ in plagioclase substitutes for Si4+ in anorthite", + "Na+ and Al3+ in plagioclase substitute for Ca2+ and Si4+ in anorthite", + "Only Na+ in plagioclase substitutes for Ca2+ in anorthite", + "Na+ and Si4+ in plagioclase substitute for Ca2+ and Al3+ in anorthite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why do some transparent materials appear colored while others are colorless?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The material's refractive index varies significantly with wavelength, causing selective light scattering", + "The presence of transition metal ions creates d-d electron transitions that absorb specific visible wavelengths", + "The bandgap energy corresponds exactly to ultraviolet frequencies, leaving all visible light unaffected", + "Random atomic vacancies in the crystal lattice preferentially scatter shorter wavelengths" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 15h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.35 wt% at a point 2.0mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 6.0-mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "405 h", + "45 h", + "5 h", + "135 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A carbon steel with w(C)=0.1% is carburized at 930°C, reaching a carbon concentration of 0.45% at a depth of 0.05cm. For all times t>0, the carburizing atmosphere maintains a surface composition of 1%. Assuming D=0.2×10^(-5) exp(-140000/RT)(m²/s), the carburizing time is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.0×10^3(s)", + "2.5×10^3(s)", + "5.0×10^2(s)", + "1.5×10^3(s)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion data of nickel in face-centered cubic iron as D_Ni = 4.1 exp(-64000 × 4.18 / RT) cm²/s, what is the diffusion coefficient at 1000°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.70×10^-12 cm²/s", + "2.18×10^-10 cm²/s", + "1.07×10^-9 cm²/s", + "4.35×10^-11 cm²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the periodic table, what common characteristics do the atomic structures of elements in the same period have?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elements in the same period possess the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei", + "Elements in the same period exhibit identical chemical reactivity due to similar valence electron configurations", + "Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells outside the atomic nucleus", + "Elements in the same period show identical metallic character due to their spatial proximity in the periodic table" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The density of quartz (SiO2) is 2.65 Mg/m3. How many silicon atoms are there in 1 m3?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.29×10^28 silicon atoms/m3", + "2.65×10^28 silicon atoms/m3", + "1.06×10^29 silicon atoms/m3", + "3.98×10^28 silicon atoms/m3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the tensile strength of ceramics often much lower than the theoretical strength?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because ceramics primarily fail through dislocation motion like metals", + "Due to the splitting effect of pores and stress concentration during tension", + "Due to their high thermal expansion coefficient causing microcracks", + "Because their covalent bonds are weaker than metallic bonds under tension" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "If an increased steady-state flow rate of O2 (oxygen molecules per second) to the cornea is desired, is increasing the ambient temperature likely to be useful? Note: the flow rate is equal to product of the diffusion flux and an area of interest through which diffusion occurs.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because higher temperature would decrease oxygen solubility in the cornea tissue according to Henry's law", + "Yes, because higher temperature increases oxygen diffusivity through the Arrhenius relationship", + "Only if the temperature increase is accompanied by higher humidity to prevent corneal dehydration", + "No, because the diffusion area would decrease due to thermal expansion of corneal proteins" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes pearlitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The discontinuous decomposition of austenite into alternating layers of ferrite and cementite that occurs only in hypereutectoid steels.", + "The diffusionless martensitic transformation that occurs in Fe-C alloys when rapidly quenched below the martensite start temperature.", + "The precipitation of cementite from supersaturated ferrite during aging of low-carbon steels at intermediate temperatures.", + "The phase transformation in which the austenite of Fe-C alloy simultaneously transforms into the eutectoid structure of ferrite and cementite below the eutectoid transformation temperature during cooling." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the transformation temperature between different series of quartz variants much higher than that between variants of the same series?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The energy barrier for displacive transformations is lower than for reconstructive transformations due to preserved bond connectivity", + "Different quartz series have incompatible crystal symmetries requiring complete lattice reorganization", + "Thermal expansion coefficients mismatch between series creates additional strain energy requirements", + "The presence of trace impurities selectively stabilizes certain polymorphic forms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A structural component in the shape of a flat plate 27.3mm thick is to be fabricated from a metal alloy for which the yield strength and plane strain fracture toughness values are 535 MPa and 31.3 MPa·m^{-1 / 2}, respectively. For this particular geometry, the value of Y is 1.8. Assuming a design stress of 0.5 times the yield strength, the critical length of a surface flaw is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.2 mm", + "4.1 mm", + "2.0 mm", + "3.7 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "A green body has an initial particle size of 5μm. After sintering for 2h, x/r=0.1. If sintering proceeds until x/r=0.2 (without considering grain growth), what is the required sintering time when the process is driven by diffusion mass transfer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32h", + "8h", + "16h", + "64h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Nickel is alloyed with Th having ${\\boldsymbol{w}}_{\\mathrm{Th}}$ of 0.01 to form an alloy, which is then made into powder, pressed into the desired shape, and sintered into the final product, during which Th is completely oxidized. Calculate the volume fraction of $\\mathrm{ThO}_{2}$ produced in this Th-Ni material. Given the density of $\\mathrm{ThO}_{2}$ is $9.86~\\mathrm{g/cm^{3}}$, Ni is $8.98~\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3}$, and Th is $11.72~\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0107", + "0.0096", + "0.0084", + "0.0072" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Substances that easily form glass often have bond types such as .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High entropy alloys with FCC structure", + "Metallic glasses with Poisson's ratio > 0.36", + "Bulk metallic glasses with Tg/Tm > 0.6", + "Amorphous polymers with Tg below room temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes 'Jog and kink' in the context of dislocation movement?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both jog and kink must lie on the same slip plane as the original dislocation", + "Jog and kink are temporary defects that disappear when dislocations move away from each other", + "Jog is a segment parallel to the Burgers vector while kink is perpendicular to it", + "Jog and kink are formed when a dislocation intersects with another dislocation, with kink lying on the original slip plane and jog perpendicular to it" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The permeability coefficient of a type of small gas molecule in a polymer is dependent on absolute temperature according to the following equation:\n\\[\nP_{M}=P_{M_{0}} \\exp \\left(-\\frac{Q_{p}}{R T}\\right)\n\\]\nwhere P_{M_{0}} and Q_{p} are constants for a given gas-polymer pair. Consider the diffusion of hydrogen through a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMSO) sheet 20mm thick. The hydrogen pressures at the two faces are 10 kPa and 1 kPa, which are maintained constant. Compute the diffusion flux [in \\left({cm}^{3} STP\\right) / {cm}^{2}-s ] at 350 K. For this diffusion system\n\\[\n\\begin{array}{l}\nP_{M_{0}}=1.45 × 10^{-8}\\left(cm^{3} STP\\right)\\left({cm}^{3} / {cm}^{2}-s-\\mathrm{Pa}\\right. \\\\\nQ_{p}=13.7kJ / mol\n\\end{array}\n\\]\nAlso, assume a condition of steady state diffusion. The diffusion flux is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.95 × 10^{-7} \frac{\text{cm}^{3} \text{STP}}{\text{cm}^{2}·\text{s}}", + "1.18 × 10^{-6} \frac{\text{cm}^{3} \text{STP}}{\text{cm}^{2}·\text{s}}", + "5.90 × 10^{-7} \frac{\text{cm}^{3} \text{STP}}{\text{cm}^{2}·\text{s}}", + "3.54 × 10^{-6} \frac{\text{cm}^{3} \text{STP}}{\text{cm}^{2}·\text{s}}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How can the network cementite in hypereutectoid steel be eliminated by heating above Ac cm followed by air cooling and subsequent treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Heating above Ac cm followed by rapid quenching to form martensite, then performing low-temperature tempering", + "Heating above Ac cm followed by air cooling to obtain a pseudo-eutectoid structure, then performing high-temperature tempering or spheroidizing annealing", + "Heating just below Ac cm followed by slow cooling to promote complete spheroidization of cementite", + "Heating above Ac cm followed by controlled cooling at 50°C/hour to prevent network cementite formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following iron-carbon alloys and associated microstructures has the highest tensile strength?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.80 wt% C with tempered martensite (200°C tempering)", + "0.40 wt% C with lower bainite", + "0.60 wt% C with fine pearlite", + "0.25 wt% C with upper bainite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the reversibility of the first type of temper embrittlement?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The embrittlement can be reversed by rapid quenching from austenitizing temperature", + "The embrittlement is reversible through prolonged annealing at 600-650°C", + "The first type of temper embrittlement is irreversible temper embrittlement", + "Reversibility depends on the cooling rate through the 400-550°C range" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bond predominates in oxide ceramic materials, how strong is the bonding, and thus how is their elastic modulus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Predominantly covalent bonding with moderate strength, resulting in intermediate elastic modulus", + "Mixed ionic-covalent bonding with variable strength, leading to a wide range of elastic moduli", + "Predominantly ionic bonding with strong bonding, hence high elastic modulus", + "Metallic bonding characteristics with delocalized electrons, producing low elastic modulus" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What are the microstructural products of eutectoid iron-carbon alloy (0.76 wt% C) specimens that are first completely transformed to austenite, then cooled to room temperature at a rate of 200°C/s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Austenite with retained martensite", + "Pearlite and bainite mixture", + "Only martensite forms", + "Proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "By what mechanism do metal materials conduct heat?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Free electron movement transferring kinetic energy", + "Lattice vibrations (phonons) propagating through the crystal structure", + "Combination of electron and phonon contributions with equal importance", + "Thermal radiation emitted by excited atoms at the surface" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "By how many orders of magnitude (powers of ten, approximately) does density vary for metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.13", + "1.3", + "13", + "130" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "After quenching T8 steel wire to 275°C and holding for 1s, what is its phase and composition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Undercooled austenite (w_C=0.77%)", + "Martensite (w_C=0.8%)", + "Bainite (w_C=0.77%)", + "Pearlite (w_C=0.8%)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 277 MPa and the modulus of elasticity is 117 GPa. If the original specimen length is 148 mm, what is the maximum length to which it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "131.30 mm", + "149.35 mm", + "147.65 mm", + "130.85 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the methods of alloy strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain refinement strengthening", + "Martensitic transformation without alloying", + "Solid solution strengthening", + "Recrystallization annealing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In the closest packing of equal-sized spheres, what is the packing arrangement of cubic close packing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ABACAD...", + "ABABAB...", + "AABBCC...", + "ABCABC..." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the total migration distance S of carbon atoms at 20%, given the transition frequency r=2.1×10^-9/s, transition step length of 2.53×10^-10m, and time of 4h.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.53×10^-10m", + "3.82×10^-14m", + "7.65×10^-15m", + "6.12×10^-16m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An Al-Si alloy contains 15% primary β and 85% eutectic microconstituent. What is the composition of the alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "18.3% Si", + "12.6% Si", + "25.71% Si", + "30.5% Si" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the phase diagram of a ternary condensed system, if there are n boundary lines, the number of connection lines in this phase diagram must be", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The number of connection lines is determined by the Gibbs phase rule alone", + "The number of connection lines is always half the number of boundary lines", + "The number of connection lines equals the number of invariant points", + "The number of connection lines equals the number of phases minus one" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The melt viscosity is 10^7 Pa·s at 727°C and 10^3 Pa·s at 1156°C. At what temperature will it be 10^6 Pa·s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "689°C", + "927°C", + "1024°C", + "808.5°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the process characteristics of high-speed steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Quenching from 1220-1250°C ensures complete dissolution of Cr and Mo into austenite for maximum hardness", + "Two-stage preheating at 400°C and 800°C reduces thermal stress by matching thermal expansion coefficients of alloy carbides", + "Triple tempering at 300°C effectively reduces retained austenite below 5% through martensitic transformation", + "Secondary hardening occurs due to precipitation of M7C3 carbides during tempering at 560°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements correctly compares the characteristics of carbon steel and alloy steel in terms of performance?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Alloying elements in steel primarily improve machinability, while carbon content determines the ultimate tensile strength regardless of heat treatment", + "While alloy steel generally has better corrosion resistance, carbon steel maintains superior toughness at cryogenic temperatures due to reduced interstitial effects", + "The yield strength of medium carbon steel (0.3-0.6% C) typically exceeds that of low-alloy steels (e.g., 4140) when both are in the annealed condition", + "Carbon steel exhibits higher thermal conductivity than alloy steel due to its simpler composition, but alloy steel surpasses it in all mechanical properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of 3225 mm2 (5 in.2), a plate separation of 1mm (0.04 in.), and a material having a dielectric constant of 3.5 positioned between the plates. What is the capacitance of this capacitor?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "100 pF", + "10 nF", + "1 μF", + "0.1 pF" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the two thermal properties of a liquid medium that influence its quenching effectiveness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal diffusivity and boiling point", + "Viscosity and surface tension", + "Thermal conductivity and heat capacity", + "Specific heat and density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What are the similarities between twinning and slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both are reversible processes that maintain the original crystal structure after unloading", + "Both require thermal activation energy and occur preferentially at grain boundaries", + "Both produce permanent deformation through dislocation motion along close-packed directions", + "Both involve shear deformation but twinning preserves crystal orientation while slip changes it" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于晶界和界面能的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundaries exhibit lower energy than free surfaces because they involve fewer broken bonds, resulting in interfacial energies typically an order of magnitude smaller than surface energies.", + "A grain boundary is the interface between grains of the same composition and structure. Atoms at the interface are in a broken-bond state and possess excess energy. The average excess energy per unit area of the interface is called interfacial energy.", + "The interfacial energy of grain boundaries decreases with increasing misorientation angle between adjacent grains, reaching a minimum at 45° due to optimal atomic packing.", + "Twin boundaries have higher interfacial energy than random high-angle grain boundaries because their precise crystallographic alignment creates more strained atomic configurations." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What are the main types of silicate structures classified according to the spatial arrangement of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary", + "Linear, planar, cubic, and amorphous", + "Island, chain, sheet, and framework", + "Monomeric, dimeric, polymeric, and cross-linked" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If an increased steady-state flow rate of O2 (oxygen molecules per second) to the cornea is desired, is increasing the diffusivity of oxygen gas by decreasing the contact lens porosity likely to be useful? Note: the flow rate is equal to product of the diffusion flux and an area of interest through which diffusion occurs.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because decreasing porosity reduces diffusion path tortuosity, increasing effective diffusivity", + "No, because oxygen diffusivity in polymers is primarily determined by free volume, not porosity", + "Yes, because lower porosity means more direct pathways for oxygen molecules to travel through", + "No, because increased porosity creates more void spaces that facilitate faster oxygen transport" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the kinking mechanism in the analysis of the mechanisms and manifestations of plastic deformation in materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A grain boundary sliding process that accommodates strain through localized shear band formation", + "A twinning-like deformation mode where symmetric lattice reorientation occurs through coordinated dislocation motion", + "A stress-induced phase transformation mechanism that creates zigzag patterns in the crystal structure", + "A localized lattice rotation mechanism where edge dislocations of the same sign accumulate, generating bending stress that forms asymmetric kink bands" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted into the interstices?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 1:2, such as TiO2", + "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 2:1, such as MgO", + "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 1:1, such as NaCl", + "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 3:2, such as Al2O3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When Ca0 is doped into ZrO2, where Ca2+ ions replace Zr4+ ions, due to the requirement of electrical neutrality, this substitution simultaneously creates a (9) defect, which can be represented by the (10) defect reaction equation. Which of the following correctly fills in (9) and (10)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "vacancy; CaO→ZrO2CaZr′′+VO..+ O0", + "interstitial; CaO→ZrO2CaZr′′+Oi..", + "vacancy; CaO→ZrO2CaZr′′+V0..+ O0", + "interstitial; CaO→ZrO2CaZr′′+VZr....+ O0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials transmits light with relatively little absorption?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Single crystal sapphire at 1550nm wavelength", + "Polycrystalline alumina with 99.9% purity", + "Amorphous silica glass with OH content <1ppm", + "Hot-pressed spinel (MgAl2O4) with 99.5% density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why do the diffusion activation energies of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen in body-centered cubic iron differ (84 kJ/mol, 75 kJ/mol, and 13 kJ/mol, respectively)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic radii decrease from carbon to hydrogen, allowing easier diffusion through BCC iron's interstitial sites", + "The electronegativity differences with iron decrease from carbon to hydrogen, reducing bonding strength", + "The mass difference causes quantum tunneling effects to dominate for hydrogen diffusion", + "The octahedral site preference energy decreases from carbon to hydrogen in BCC lattices" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the driving force for solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The free energy difference between the new and old phases", + "The temperature gradient across the material", + "The interfacial energy between the phases", + "The activation energy for atomic diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a silicon-containing low-alloy steel ingot with dendritic segregation and a dendrite arm spacing of 500μm, diffusion annealing is performed at 1200°C. To reduce the segregation amplitude to 10% of its original value, how long should the holding time be for carbon? Given that the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite at 1200°C is 2.23×10^(-6)cm^2/s.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "130.6s", + "32.7s", + "65.3s", + "16.3s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes congruent and incongruent solidification?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Congruent solidification occurs when the solid phase has the same composition as the liquid phase, while incongruent solidification involves peritectic reactions", + "Solidification without compositional change is called congruent solidification; conversely, solidification accompanied by compositional change is called incongruent solidification", + "Congruent solidification refers to isomorphous systems where the solid and liquid compositions are identical, whereas incongruent solidification occurs in eutectic systems", + "Congruent solidification describes polymorphic transformations during cooling, while incongruent solidification refers to precipitation reactions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Based on Hume-Rothery's conditions, would the system Nb-W be expected to display unlimited solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both elements are BCC with similar atomic radii (Nb: 1.43Å, W: 1.41Å)", + "No, due to significant differences in their electronegativity values (Nb: 1.6, W: 2.36)", + "Yes, since both are refractory metals with high melting points (>2400°C)", + "No, because their crystal structures are incompatible (Nb: BCC, W: FCC)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the periodic table, what are the differences in atomic structure from top to bottom for elements in the same main group?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The core electron configuration remains identical while only valence orbitals expand", + "The number of valence electrons decreases while nuclear shielding increases proportionally", + "The principal quantum number increases but is offset by decreasing electronegativity", + "The number of electron shells increases, leading to greater atomic radius but constant effective nuclear charge" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the microstructure transformation of quenched steel during tempering at 400-600°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Formation of bainite with retained austenite decomposition", + "Cementite aggregation and growth, and recovery and recrystallization of α phase", + "Complete transformation to pearlite with spheroidized cementite", + "Martensite decomposition into ferrite and nanosized carbide precipitates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A steel with BCC crystal structure containing 0.001% N is nitrided at 550°C for 5h. If the nitrogen content at the steel surface is 0.08%, the nitrogen content at 0.25mm from the surface is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.071% N", + "0.062% N", + "0.035% N", + "0.049% N" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Schottky vacancy的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A vacancy formed when an atom is displaced to a nearby lattice site without leaving the crystal is called a Schottky vacancy", + "A vacancy formed when an atom moves to an interstitial site within the crystal lattice is called a Schottky vacancy", + "A vacancy formed by the simultaneous removal of a cation-anion pair in ionic crystals is called a Schottky vacancy", + "A vacancy formed by the migration of a displaced atom to the outer surface or internal interface (such as grain boundaries, etc.) is called a Schottky vacancy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-0.35% C alloy, at what temperature does austenite first begin to transform on cooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "850°C", + "727°C", + "795°C", + "680°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What does the size of the critical nucleus radius depend on?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cooling rate and interfacial energy", + "Temperature and pressure only", + "Elastic modulus and lattice parameter", + "ΔGV and σ" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The index of refraction of corundum (Al₂O₃) is anisotropic. Suppose that visible light is passing from one grain to another of different crystallographic orientation and at normal incidence to the grain boundary. The reflectivity at the boundary if the indices of refraction for the two grains are 1.757 and 1.779 in the direction of light propagation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.56 × 10^{-2}", + "1.23 × 10^{-4}", + "2.45 × 10^{-3}", + "3.87 × 10^{-5}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Rubber exhibits which physical state at -70℃?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Viscoelastic phase", + "Glass transition", + "Crystalline solid", + "Supercooled liquid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If water molecules pass through a membrane with a steady state flux of [j] mole/(m² day), how long will it take, in hours, for [m] kg of water to pass through a [a] square centimeter of the membrane?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "t = [m] × 1000 × 24 / ([a] × [j] × 18 × 10000) hours", + "t = [m] × 1000 / ([a] × [j] × 18 × 24) hours", + "t = [m] × 1000 × 24 × 3600 / ([a] × [j] × 18) hours", + "t = [m] × 1000 × 24 / ([a] × [j] × 18) hours" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given a simple cubic lattice solid solution with a lattice constant α=0.3nm, the flux of A atoms J_A = -1.5×10² atoms/(m²·s), and the flux of B atoms J_B = -1.5×10³ atoms/(m²·s), what is the marker plane velocity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.86×10⁻²⁵ m/s", + "1.62×10⁻¹⁰ m/s", + "3.24×10⁻¹⁰ m/s", + "2.43×10⁻²⁵ m/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of critical nucleation work?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "the minimum interfacial energy required for stable nucleation", + "the energy barrier for phase transformation initiation", + "the increment of free energy when forming a critical nucleus", + "the work done against surface tension during nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors influences the formation of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Atomic radius difference <8%", + "Melting point difference <15%", + "Crystal structure type", + "Electronegativity difference <0.4" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following accurately describes the difference between grain growth and secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both processes result in uniform grain size increase, but secondary recrystallization occurs at higher temperatures than normal grain growth", + "Grain growth involves uniform coarsening of all grains with pores remaining at boundaries, while secondary recrystallization features abnormal growth of select grains that engulf pores", + "Grain growth is driven by surface energy reduction, while secondary recrystallization is caused by strain energy differences between grains", + "Secondary recrystallization requires the presence of impurities to pin boundaries, whereas grain growth occurs in pure materials without impurities" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the number of atoms per cubic meter in chromium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.02 × 10^{28} atoms/m^3", + "8.33 × 10^{28} atoms/m^3", + "1.18 × 10^{29} atoms/m^3", + "7.19 × 10^{28} atoms/m^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of material transmits light diffusely?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Translucent material", + "Transparent material with surface roughness", + "Single crystal with lattice defects", + "Amorphous metal with nanoscale heterogeneity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The density of thorium, which has the FCC structure and one atom per lattice point, is 11.72 g/cm³. The atomic weight of thorium is 232 g/mol. The lattice parameter is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.082 x 10⁻⁸ cm", + "3.597 x 10⁻⁸ cm", + "5.0856 x 10⁻⁸ cm", + "6.128 x 10⁻⁸ cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the volume of the cylindrical riser required to prevent shrinkage in a 1 in. x 6 in. x 6 in. casting if the H/D of the riser is 1.0?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.00 in^3", + "8.95 in^3", + "10.37 in^3", + "12.57 in^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When CN=6, the ionic radius of Na+ is 0.097nm, what is its radius when CN=4?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.102nm", + "0.097nm", + "0.088nm", + "0.113nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "During the crystallization of certain castings, due to the faster cooling rate, the homogeneous nucleation rate N1 increases, and the heterogeneous nucleation rate N2 also increases. Therefore, the total nucleation rate is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "N = N2 (heterogeneous nucleation dominates due to lower activation energy barrier)", + "N = N1 + N2 (sum of both nucleation mechanisms contributes to total rate)", + "N = max(N1, N2) (only the faster nucleation mechanism is active)", + "N = (N1 × N2)/(N1 + N2) (reciprocal relationship between competing mechanisms)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the density of amorphous polyethylene ρa=0.854 g/cm³, the density of typical commercial low-density polyethylene ρ=0.920 g/cm³, and the density of fully crystalline polyethylene ρc=1.01 g/cm³, the mass fraction of the crystalline region wc is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "46.6%", + "38.2%", + "52.4%", + "64.8%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Tungsten-cobalt carbide is a composite material of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "WC and Co3W", + "W2C and Co", + "WC and Co", + "W2C and Co3W" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If unidirectional continuous fibers are unevenly distributed but all well-aligned in parallel, will it affect the elastic modulus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Only affects transverse modulus but not longitudinal modulus", + "Yes, it decreases modulus due to stress concentration effects in sparsely distributed regions", + "Yes, it increases modulus because densely packed fibers create synergistic reinforcement", + "No effect, as the average modulus follows the rule of mixtures regardless of local fiber distribution" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How many types of titanium alloys are there?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α+β titanium alloys and metastable β titanium alloys", + "α titanium alloys and β titanium alloys only", + "α titanium alloys, α+β titanium alloys, and β titanium alloys", + "α, α+β, β, and metastable β titanium alloys" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "If 20 grains/square inch are observed at a magnification of 400, what is the ASTM grain size number?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.9", + "8.6", + "10.2", + "9.3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the relative atomic masses of Cu and Zn are 63.55 and 65.38 respectively, the Avogadro constant is 6.0238×10^23, and x_Zn=3%, what is the average mass of component atoms A in the alloy solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.56 × 10^-23 g", + "63.92 × 10^-23 g", + "1.05 × 10^-22 g", + "64.47 × 10^-23 g" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the cubic {111} plane family?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cubic {111} plane family includes eight planes corresponding to the octahedral slip systems", + "The cubic {111} plane family includes six planes equivalent to the faces of an octahedron", + "The cubic {111} plane family includes three planes forming 60° angles with each other", + "The cubic {111} plane family includes four planes: (111), (111), (111), (111)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes secondary banded structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Secondary banding is a product of solid-state transformation where white bands are proeutectoid ferrite and black bands are pearlite under nitric acid alcohol etching", + "Secondary banding results from rapid quenching causing alternating layers of martensite and retained austenite", + "Secondary banding occurs due to dendritic segregation during solidification, creating alternating solute-rich and solute-poor regions", + "Secondary banding is an artifact of TEM sample preparation causing alternating thick and thin regions in the foil" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the characterization methods for dislocation density?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Volume density (length of dislocation lines per unit volume) and surface density (number of dislocation lines perpendicularly passing through a unit area)", + "X-ray diffraction peak broadening and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) direct observation", + "Resistivity measurements and hardness testing", + "Optical microscopy grain size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface topography" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The fraction recrystallized-time data for the recrystallization at 600°C of a previously deformed steel are tabulated here. Assuming that the kinetics of this process obey the Avrami relationship, the fraction recrystallized after a total time of 22.8 min is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.65", + "0.51", + "0.42", + "0.58" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound $\\operatorname{Cd}_{1+x}0$, the lattice defect present is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Frenkel defect dominates in NaCl at room temperature", + "Schottky defect formation energy decreases with increasing ionic radius", + "In TiO2, oxygen vacancies act as n-type dopants", + "Antisite defects are more common in intermetallics than in ionic crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of the [11 0] crystal direction in a hexagonal crystal (in units of lattice constants a and c)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a√(3/4 + (c/a)^2)", + "a√3", + "a√(1 + (c/a)^2)", + "2a" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that for carbon diffusion in γ-Fe, D0=2.0×10^(-5)m²/s, Q=1.4×10^5J/mol, gas constant R=8.314J/(mol·K), calculate the diffusion coefficient D at 1027°C.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.576×10^(-11) m²/s", + "1.327×10^(-11) m²/s", + "2.394×10^(-11) m²/s", + "4.788×10^(-11) m²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What usually breaks first when a polymer material fractures under force?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Covalent bonds in the polymer backbone", + "Secondary intermolecular forces between chains", + "Crystalline domains in semi-crystalline polymers", + "Entanglements between polymer chains" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "A liquid cast iron has a density of 7.65 g/cm3. Immediately after solidification, the density of the solid cast iron is found to be 7.71 g/cm3. What is the percent volume change that occurs during solidification?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.83%", + "0.78%", + "-0.77%", + "0.77%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the interdiffusion coefficient D for the A-B binary system at 550K with molar fractions x_A=0.6 and x_B=0.4, given D_B^AB=9×10^-12 cm²/s, D_A^AB=2×10^-12 cm²/s, and d²G/dx_B²=-95.325?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-9.5×10^-13 cm²/s", + "3.6×10^-12 cm²/s", + "1.8×10^-11 m²/s", + "-2.4×10^-18 m²/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the face-centered cubic close-packed structure of the NaCl unit cell, where are the tetrahedral void positions located?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "At the centers of the 8 small cubes formed by dividing the unit cell", + "At the midpoints of all face diagonals in the unit cell", + "At the centers of the octahedral coordination sites", + "At the positions where the Na+ ions are located" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a binary system, the transformation that occurs at a certain temperature, L1 = L2 + α, is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "monotectic transformation", + "eutectic transformation", + "peritectic transformation", + "spinodal decomposition" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The Schottky defect formation energy of Mg0 crystal is 84 kJ/mol. What is the defect concentration of this crystal at 1000K and 1500K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "T=1000K: n/N=6.4×10⁻³; T=1500K: n/N=3.5×10⁻²", + "T=1000K: n/N=1.2×10⁻²; T=1500K: n/N=6.8×10⁻²", + "T=1000K: n/N=8.4×10⁻⁵; T=1500K: n/N=4.7×10⁻⁴", + "T=1000K: n/N=3.2×10⁻³; T=1500K: n/N=1.75×10⁻²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the zinc blende crystal structure, which is generated from close-packed planes of anions, what fraction of the positions will be occupied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All of the tetrahedral positions", + "One-half of the tetrahedral positions", + "One-quarter of the octahedral positions", + "Three-quarters of the interstitial sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the elastic modulus of sintered alumina is $370\\mathrm{GPa}$ when its porosity is $5\\%$, if the elastic modulus of another sintered alumina is $270~\\mathrm{GPa}$, what is its porosity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "19.6%", + "14.2%", + "27.0 GPa", + "5.0%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of alloying elements in bainitic transformation, pearlitic transformation, and martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In pearlitic transformation, alloying elements are redistributed through diffusion, while in bainitic transformation and martensitic transformation, alloying elements do not diffuse", + "All three transformations involve complete diffusion of alloying elements to achieve equilibrium composition", + "Only martensitic transformation shows complete solute trapping with no diffusion, while pearlite and bainite both involve partial diffusion", + "Bainitic transformation exhibits the most extensive alloy element redistribution due to its intermediate transformation temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the types of silicate structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Silicates can be categorized as: (1) monomeric; (2) dimeric; (3) oligomeric; (4) polymeric", + "Silicates are classified as: (1) isolated tetrahedra; (2) single chains; (3) double chains; (4) sheets; (5) frameworks", + "The main silicate structures are: (1) orthosilicates; (2) pyrosilicates; (3) cyclic silicates; (4) inosilicates; (5) phyllosilicates; (6) tectosilicates", + "Silicates are divided into the following categories: (1) silicates containing finite silicon-oxygen groups; (2) chain silicates; (3) layer silicates; (4) framework silicates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the initial grain size of austenite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The average grain size after complete recrystallization", + "The smallest observable grain size in fully austenitized steel", + "The grain size measured at the Ac3 temperature", + "The grain size when pearlite-to-austenite transformation is just completed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The difference between cast iron and carbon steel lies in the presence or absence of", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The eutectoid reaction temperature", + "The presence of substitutional alloying elements", + "The critical cooling rate for martensite formation", + "The stacking fault energy of austenite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The manner in which the crystal interface advances into the liquid phase during crystallization is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "crystal growth mechanism", + "solidification front velocity", + "interface diffusion coefficient", + "latent heat dissipation rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an Al2O3 specimen with a circular cross-section in a three-point bending test, the cross-sectional radius r=3.5mm, the span between the two supports is 50mm, and it fractures under a load of 950N. What is the fracture strength σfs of the material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1410.4 MPa", + "176.3 MPa", + "705.2 MPa", + "352.6 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the distance between the center of a sodium ion and the third nearest Cl− ion in NaCl (given the radii of Na+ and Cl− are 0.097nm and 0.181nm, respectively)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.414nm", + "0.486nm", + "0.278nm", + "0.622nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of the Burgers vector in diamond cubic silicon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.920 Å", + "5.431 Å", + "2.715 Å", + "3.840 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the height of the cylindrical riser required to prevent shrinkage in a 4 in. × 10 in. × 20 in. casting if the H / D of the riser is 1.5?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "h ≥ 6.67 in.", + "h ≥ 10 in.", + "h ≥ 15 in.", + "h ≥ 8.94 in." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 4-in-diameter sphere of liquid copper is allowed to solidify, producing a spherical shrinkage cavity in the center of the casting. The volume and diameter of the shrinkage cavity in the copper casting are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "shrinkage volume: 1.709 in.^{3}; diameter of shrinkage cavity: 1.30 in.", + "shrinkage volume: 3.418 in.^{3}; diameter of shrinkage cavity: 1.84 in.", + "shrinkage volume: 0.855 in.^{3}; diameter of shrinkage cavity: 1.08 in.", + "shrinkage volume: 2.563 in.^{3}; diameter of shrinkage cavity: 1.56 in." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a brass alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 345 MPa (50,000 psi), and the modulus of elasticity is 103 GPa (15.0 x 10^6 psi). If the original specimen length is 76mm (3.0 in.), what is the maximum length to which it can be stretched without causing plastic deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "76.25mm (3.01 in.)", + "76.34mm (3.006 in.)", + "76.50mm (3.012 in.)", + "76.10mm (2.996 in.)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is one of the two basic characteristics of martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Equilibrium thermodynamic process", + "Isothermal phase transition", + "Continuous lattice distortion", + "Diffusionless transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A hypothetical metal alloy has a grain diameter of 2.4 × 10^{-2} mm. After a heat treatment at 575^{\\circ} C for 500min, the grain diameter has increased to 7.3 × 10^{-2} mm. Compute the time required for a specimen of this same material (i.e., \\mathrm{d}_{0}=2.4 × 10^{-2}mm ) to achieve a grain diameter of 5.5 × 10^{-2}mm while being heated at 575^{\\circ} C. Assume the N grain diameter exponent has a value of 2.2. The time required is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "246 min", + "184 min", + "317 min", + "412 min" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The intercepts of a crystal plane on the x, y, and z axes are a/3, b/2, and c, respectively. The Miller indices of this crystal plane are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(236)", + "(321)", + "(123)", + "(632)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the crystal structure of graphite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Face-centered cubic structure with alternating layers", + "Simple hexagonal lattice with carbon atoms at lattice points", + "Body-centered tetragonal structure with covalent bonding", + "Hexagonal close-packed structure with ABAB stacking sequence" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A circular specimen of MgO is loaded using a three-point bending mode. What is the minimum possible radius of the specimen without fracture, given that the applied load is 425N (95.5 lb), the flexural strength is 105 MPa (15,000 psi), and the separation between load points is 50 mm (2.0 in)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.6 mm (0.22 in)", + "3.2 mm (0.13 in)", + "4.0 mm (0.16 in)", + "2.8 mm (0.11 in)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Kaolinite belongs to the layered silicate structure, and its structural feature is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased ductility with decreasing grain size due to enhanced dislocation mobility", + "The Hall-Petch relationship shows a linear increase in yield strength with the inverse square root of grain size, valid down to the nanoscale", + "The Hall-Petch relationship describes a logarithmic dependence of hardness on grain boundary density", + "The Hall-Petch relationship becomes invalid below 100nm grain size due to dislocation starvation effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt % C, cooled to below 727 C (1341 F). How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pearlite: 0.97 kg, Proeutectoid cementite: 0.03 kg", + "Pearlite: 0.85 kg, Proeutectoid ferrite: 0.15 kg", + "Pearlite: 0.93 kg, Proeutectoid cementite: 0.07 kg", + "Pearlite: 0.89 kg, Proeutectoid ferrite: 0.11 kg" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "To what equation does the expression for interplanar spacing (d_{ ext {hkl }}) reduce for crystals having tetragonal symmetry, given that a, b and c are the lattice parameters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1/d² = (h² + k²)/c² + l²/a²", + "1/d² = (h² + k² + l²)/a²", + "1/d² = (h² + k²)/a² + l²/c²", + "1/d² = (h² + k²)/a² + (l²)/b²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the role and mechanism of particle (granular) reinforcement?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hard particles with a diameter of 1~50 μm are added to the matrix. The particles can bear part of the load, but the matrix bears the main load. The particles restrict the deformation of the matrix through mechanical constraint.", + "Nanoscale particles below 100 nm primarily strengthen materials by forming covalent bonds with the matrix, creating a continuous network structure that carries most of the applied load.", + "Particle reinforcement works by dissolving reinforcement particles into the matrix at high temperatures, creating solid solution strengthening similar to alloying elements.", + "Large particles above 100 μm act as stress concentrators that initiate cracks, but their random distribution statistically improves toughness through crack deflection mechanisms." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-in. cube solidifies in 4.6 min. According to Chvorinov's rule with n=2, the mold constant is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.37 min/in^2", + "20.74 min/in^2", + "82.96 min/in^2", + "41.48 min/in^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of motion can an edge dislocation undergo?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diffusion", + "Climb", + "Twinning", + "Slip" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At what approximate temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for chromium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "720°C (1328°F)", + "425°C (797°F)", + "586°C (1087°F)", + "350°C (662°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Fick's first law describes the characteristics of steady-state diffusion, where the concentration does not vary with ( ).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The activation energy for vacancy diffusion", + "The pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation", + "The stacking fault energy of the material", + "The Burgers vector magnitude" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the Burgers vector of a pure screw dislocation and the direction of the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector magnitude equals the dislocation line length", + "The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the direction of the dislocation line", + "The Burgers vector forms a 45° angle with the dislocation line", + "The Burgers vector is parallel to the direction of the dislocation line" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If in fcc Cu, 1 out of every 500 atoms is missing, and its lattice constant is 0.3615 nm, the density of Cu is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.915 g/cm³", + "8.960 g/cm³", + "8.842 g/cm³", + "8.732 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the concept of critical undercooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The minimum undercooling required for homogeneous nucleation to occur, where the largest embryo size equals the critical nucleus radius", + "The temperature difference between the melting point and the point where crystal growth rate becomes diffusion-limited", + "The maximum undercooling achievable before amorphous solid formation becomes thermodynamically favorable", + "The undercooling at which heterogeneous nucleation sites become completely activated" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In a crystal, there is a pair of parallel edge dislocations on the slip plane. How large should their spacing be to prevent movement due to their interaction? Assume the slip resistance (shear stress) of the dislocation is ≈10⁵Pa, ν=0.3, G=5×10¹⁰Pa (express the answer in terms of b).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.66×10³b", + "5.79×10³b", + "2.32×10⁴b", + "1.16×10⁴b" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes 'Whiskers'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Whiskers are single crystals with extremely large length-to-diameter ratios", + "Whiskers are polycrystalline fibers with high surface roughness for enhanced bonding", + "Whiskers are amorphous ceramic fibers produced through rapid quenching", + "Whiskers are metallic filaments with nanoscale grain structures for improved ductility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If the partial pressure of surrounding oxygen is increased, how will the density of the non-stoichiometric compound Zn1+xO change?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Remain unchanged as the crystal structure is unaffected", + "Decrease due to formation of zinc vacancies", + "Increase due to incorporation of interstitial oxygen atoms", + "First decrease then increase due to competing defect mechanisms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Indium (In) has a tetragonal unit cell for which the a and c lattice parameters are 0.459 and 0.495 nm, respectively. If the atomic packing factor and atomic radius are 0.693 and 0.1625 nm, respectively, determine the number of atoms in each unit cell.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.0 atoms/unit cell", + "2.0 atoms/unit cell", + "6.0 atoms/unit cell", + "8.0 atoms/unit cell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "FCC lead has a lattice parameter of 0.4949 nm and contains one vacancy per 500 Pb atoms. The number of vacancies per gram of Pb is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.16 × 10^19 vacancies/g", + "5.82 × 10^18 vacancies/g", + "2.91 × 10^18 vacancies/g", + "3.49 × 10^18 vacancies/g" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In substitutional solid solutions, the general mode of atomic diffusion is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancy-mediated diffusion with activation energy proportional to the melting point", + "Interstitial diffusion with concentration-dependent activation energy", + "Vacancy exchange mechanism with coordination-number dependent jump frequency", + "Direct atomic exchange through interstitialcy mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 in. × 8 in. × 10 in. iron casting is produced and, after cooling to room temperature, is found to weigh 43.9 lb. The percent shrinkage that must have occurred during solidification is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.7%", + "6.8%", + "3.4%", + "5.1%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the alloy is a face-centered cubic solid solution with an average atomic radius r=0.1282nm, what is the average lattice constant a?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.5128 nm", + "0.2564 nm", + "0.4436 nm", + "0.3625 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the following relationship for the unit cell edge lengths?\n\na=b ≠ c", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tetragonal only", + "Hexagonal only", + "Both tetragonal and hexagonal", + "Tetragonal and rhombohedral" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In an aligned and continuous glass fiber-reinforced nylon 6,6 composite, the fibers are to carry 94% of a load applied in the longitudinal direction. What will be the tensile strength of this composite? Assume that the matrix stress at fiber failure is 30 MPa (4350 psi).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1420 MPa (206,000 psi)", + "1270 MPa (184,200 psi)", + "1354 MPa (196,400 psi)", + "1180 MPa (171,100 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the recommended heat treatment process for Cr12MoV steel used in cold work molds?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Quenching at 750～800°C and tempering at 500-550°C", + "Quenching at 850～900°C and tempering at 400-450°C", + "Quenching at 1050～1100°C and tempering at 150-200°C", + "Quenching at 980～1030°C and tempering at 200-270°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the zinc blende structure of BeO, what is the lattice parameter?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.8567 Å", + "4.3802 Å", + "3.8567 nm", + "4.3802 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If a face-centered cubic crystal has a unit dislocation with b=α/2[1̄01] and a partial dislocation with b=a/6[121̄], these two dislocations meet and undergo a dislocation reaction. Which of the following is the Burgers vector of the resulting dislocation and the type of the resulting dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "bŝ=a/2[1̄10]; this dislocation is a perfect dislocation", + "bŝ=a/6[112̄]; this dislocation is a Shockley partial dislocation", + "bŝ=a/3[1̄11]; this dislocation is a Frank partial dislocation", + "bŝ=a/6[1̄1̄2]; this dislocation is a stair-rod dislocation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the theoretical packing density of α-Fe (given rFe=0.1241nm, a=0.286nm)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.6802", + "0.7405", + "0.6844", + "0.7241" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When Zn2+ diffuses in ZnS, the diffusion coefficient at 563°C is 3×10−4cm2/s, and at 450°C it is 1.0×10−4cm2/s. The activation energy for diffusion and D0 are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Q=32570J/mol, D0=1×10−12cm2/s", + "Q=48856J/mol, D0=3×10−15cm2/s", + "Q=41200J/mol, D0=5×10−14cm2/s", + "Q=55000J/mol, D0=8×10−16cm2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When the crystal around an edge dislocation contains excess interstitial atoms, how will the dislocation climb?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Negative climb", + "Positive climb", + "No climb occurs", + "Random 3D motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What type of alloy is YT30?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yttria-titanium intermetallic compound", + "Tungsten carbide-cobalt composite", + "Titanium carbide-nickel cermet", + "Tungsten-cobalt-titanium alloy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When a small amount of CaO is doped into ThO2, which of the following is the possible defect reaction equation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CaO → CaTh' + Oi''", + "2CaO → CaTh'' + Cai'' + 2O0", + "CaO + ThO2 → CaTh'' + 2O0 + VO••", + "CaO + ThTh → CaTh' + Oi'' + VTh''''" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of combined water content in clay after adsorbing the cations H+, Al3+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+, Li+ (use arrows to represent: small—large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "According to the Hume-Rothery rules, which of the following describes the influence of electronegativity difference on solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Large electronegativity differences increase solubility by forming intermetallic compounds", + "A moderate electronegativity difference enhances solid solubility by promoting ionic bonding", + "Electronegativity difference has negligible effect compared to atomic size factor", + "If the electronegativity difference between alloy components is large, the solid solubility is extremely small" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the differences between type I and type II superconductors?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The key difference lies in their critical temperatures - Type I always have Tc below 30K while Type II exceed this threshold, explaining their different magnetic responses", + "Type II superconductors maintain perfect diamagnetism up to Hc2, while Type I show partial flux penetration above Hc due to their higher coherence length", + "Type I superconductors exhibit complete diamagnetism below Hc with abrupt transition to normal state, while Type II show mixed-state behavior between Hc1 and Hc2 with gradual flux penetration", + "Type I superconductors allow partial flux penetration below Hc through Abrikosov vortices, whereas Type II exhibit complete Meissner effect until Hc2 is reached" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of aluminum crystal, the coordination number of each aluminum atom on the (111) plane is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The coordination number is 12, same as the bulk FCC structure", + "The coordination number is 6, forming a hexagonal arrangement", + "The coordination number is 4, resembling tetrahedral bonding", + "The coordination number is 3, similar to graphene-like structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When observing the microstructure of eutectoid steel, it is found that the figure shows different densities of cementite lamellae. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the carbon content in these areas?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dense lamellae regions result from higher cooling rates during transformation", + "The carbon content variation is due to local fluctuations in the eutectoid reaction kinetics", + "The observed difference indicates non-uniform carbon distribution in the parent austenite", + "Sparse lamellae areas correspond to regions that underwent partial spheroidization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When the length increases from L to 1.1L, what are the engineering strain εe and true strain εT?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "εe = 10%; εT = 9.5%", + "εe = 10%; εT = ln(1.1)", + "εe = 0.1; εT = 0.095", + "εe = ΔL/L0; εT = ln(λ)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "There is a green body with an initial particle size of 5μm. After sintering for 2h, x/r=0.1. If sintering continues until x/r=0.2 (without considering grain growth), what is the required sintering time when the material transport is dominated by evaporation-condensation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32h", + "8h", + "4h", + "16h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In face-centered cubic metals, what types of dislocations are b1 = [101], b2 = (a/6)[1̄2̄1], b3 = (a/3)[1̄1̄1̄] respectively?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "b1: Shockley partial dislocation; b2: unit dislocation; b3: Frank partial dislocation", + "b1: unit dislocation; b2: Shockley partial dislocation; b3: Frank partial dislocation", + "b1: unit dislocation; b2: Frank partial dislocation; b3: Shockley partial dislocation", + "All three are partial dislocations with different Burgers vector magnitudes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of the eutectic reaction in a binary system and the degrees of freedom when its phases are in equilibrium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The eutectic reaction occurs at variable compositions where liquid transforms into two solids with adjustable phase fractions (F=2)", + "The eutectic reaction is a gradual transformation where liquid changes composition continuously until forming two solids (F=1)", + "The eutectic reaction involves simultaneous solidification of liquid into two solid phases with fixed compositions at a constant temperature (F=0)", + "The eutectic reaction requires external pressure to maintain three-phase equilibrium (F=1 at constant pressure)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "During the solid-state phase transformation, assuming the nucleation rate $\\dot{N}$ and growth rate $G$ are constants, the volume fraction of the new phase formed after time $t$ can be obtained using the Johnson-Mehl equation, i.e., $$ \\begin{array}{r}{\\varphi=1-\\exp\\left(-\\frac{\\pi}{3}\\dot{N}G^{3}t^{4}\\right)}\\end{array}$$ Given the nucleation rate $\\dot{N}=1~000/(\\mathrm{cm}^{3}\\bullet\\mathrm{s}),G=3\\times10^{5}~\\mathrm{cm/s},$ what is the time required to achieve a $50\\%$ transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "395 s", + "1.25 × 10^4 s", + "2.37 × 10^-3 s", + "7.94 × 10^5 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly shows the trend in potential changes of clay after adsorbing the given cations (from small to large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Thermoplastics mainly have which type of molecular chains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "dendritic", + "cross-linked", + "branched", + "linear" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When cold-drawn copper wire is used as lamp filament wire (requiring good toughness), what final heat treatment process should be adopted?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Stress relief annealing (low-temperature annealing)", + "Recrystallization annealing (high-temperature annealing)", + "Solution treatment followed by quenching", + "Precipitation hardening treatment" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For FCC and BCC metals during plastic deformation, the relationship between flow stress and dislocation density ρ is given by τ=τ0+αGb√ρ, where τ0 is the stress required for dislocation motion without interference from other dislocations, i.e., the shear stress without work hardening, G is the shear modulus, b is the Burgers vector of the dislocation, and α is a material-dependent constant, α=0.3∼0.5. If a Cu single crystal has τ0=700 kPa, initial dislocation density ρ0=10^5 cm−2, G=42×10^3 MPa, b=0.256 nm, α=0.4, what is the critical resolved shear stress?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "700 kPa", + "836 kPa", + "1.12 MPa", + "954 kPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What are the three main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "clay, feldspar, and calcium carbonate", + "kaolin, silica, and alumina", + "clay, quartz, and feldspar", + "kaolin, quartz, and sodium oxide" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "If the atomic radius of a metal that has the body-centered cubic crystal structure is 0.181nm, what is the volume of its unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0382 nm^3", + "0.0271 nm^3", + "0.0123 nm^3", + "0.0486 nm^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What are some disadvantages of forming metals by extrusion as opposed to rolling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher surface roughness due to die friction effects", + "Lower dimensional accuracy compared to rolling processes", + "Increased risk of hydrogen embrittlement during forming", + "Reduced formability for high-strength alloys" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The close-packed direction of FCC structure is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "<100>", + "<111>", + "<110>", + "<112>" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose we introduce one carbon atom for every 100 iron atoms in an interstitial position in BCC iron, giving a lattice parameter of 0.2867 nm. For the Fe-C alloy, the packing factor is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.648", + "0.724", + "0.681", + "0.703" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The midpoint of the heat capacity change during the glass transition", + "The temperature at which a polymer transitions from crystalline to amorphous state", + "The highest temperature at which a polymer exhibits the glassy state", + "The temperature where polymer chains achieve complete freedom of rotation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For an edge dislocation line, what is the relationship between its climb direction and the Burgers vector?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Perpendicular", + "Parallel", + "At 45 degrees", + "Depends on the slip plane orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A metal test bar with a length of 20cm and a cross-sectional area of 4cm² is fixed at the upper end and subjected to a tensile force of 980N at the lower end. At what angle θ is the shear stress maximum?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0°", + "30°", + "60°", + "45°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of polymers, which one has a higher melting temperature and why? Linear and syndiotactic poly(vinyl chloride) having a number-average molecular weight of 500,000 g/mol; linear polyethylene having a number-average molecular weight of 225,000 g/mol", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Syndiotactic PVC due to its stereoregular structure promoting better crystal packing", + "Syndiotactic PVC due to its higher molecular weight enhancing chain entanglement", + "Both polymers have similar melting points as molecular weight differences compensate for structural effects", + "Linear polyethylene due to its higher crystallinity from identical single-atom side groups" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the Burgers vector of the shortest unit dislocation in an FCC crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a/2<110>", + "a<100>", + "a/√2<110>", + "a/2<111>" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Magnesium (Mg) has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 1.74 g/cm3. What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic centimeters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.78 × 10^-22 cm3", + "1.39 × 10^-22 cm3", + "4.16 × 10^-22 cm3", + "5.55 × 10^-22 cm3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At room temperature the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility for aluminum are 3.8 x 10^7 (Ω·m)^-1 and 0.0012 m^2/V·s, respectively. Assuming a density of 2.7 g/cm^3, what is the number of free electrons per aluminum atom?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.28 electrons/al atom", + "1.00 electron/al atom", + "4.12 electrons/al atom", + "2.71 electrons/al atom" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "After cold working, the dislocation density of $\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{g}$ is $10^{12}/\\mathfrak{c m}^{2}$. Assuming that the recrystallization nucleus moves from a high-angle grain boundary into the deformed matrix, the minimum radius of curvature for the bulging grain boundary is: ($\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{g}_{:}G=30\\mathrm{GPa},b=0.3\\mathrm{nm},\\gamma=0.4\\mathrm{J}/\\mathrm{m}^{2}$)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "29 nm", + "58 nm", + "14.5 nm", + "43.5 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of martensitic transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diffusionless shear displacement with invariant plane strain characteristics, occurring at speeds approaching the speed of sound", + "Second-order phase transformation involving gradual atomic rearrangement through vacancy diffusion", + "Isothermal transformation requiring sustained thermal activation energy input", + "Reconstructive transformation with complete breaking of atomic bonds and random reformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of nucleation rates between intragranular coherent disc-shaped nucleation and grain boundary incoherent double spherical cap-shaped nucleation, given the grain diameter Π=10^-3 m, temperature T=1000 K, and Boltzmann constant k=1.38×10^-23 J/K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.72×10^-31", + "4.89×10^-12", + "1.15×10^23", + "2.27×10^-49" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the average spacing λ of Fe3C particles, given the number of Fe3C particles per unit volume N_v=1.43×10^13 1/m^3.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "64.3 μm", + "28.6 μm", + "51.8 μm", + "41.2 μm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the driving forces for grain boundary migration?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The applied external stress and the temperature gradient across the grain boundary", + "The difference in elastic modulus between adjacent grains and the surface energy anisotropy", + "The stored energy of deformation and the chemical potential difference across the grain boundary caused by grain boundary curvature", + "The dislocation density difference and the lattice parameter mismatch between grains" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "An aluminum bar 125mm (5.0 in.) long and having a square cross section 16.5mm (0.65 in.) on an edge is pulled in tension with a load of 66,700N(15,000 lb) and experiences an elongation of 0.43 mm(1.7 × 10^{-2} in.). Assuming that the deformation is entirely elastic, the modulus of elasticity of the aluminum is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "107.8 GPa (15.6 × 10^{6} psi)", + "35.6 GPa (5.2 × 10^{6} psi)", + "142.4 GPa (20.8 × 10^{6} psi)", + "71.2 GPa (10.4 × 10^{6} psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "High elastic alloys have:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Low stacking fault energy and low Peierls stress", + "Low stacking fault energy and high Peierls stress", + "High stacking fault energy and high Peierls stress", + "High stacking fault energy and low Peierls stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In the cubic system, the relationship between the crystal plane (hkl) and the crystal direction [hkl] is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The [hkl] direction lies within the (hkl) plane", + "[hkl] is perpendicular to (hkl)", + "The angle between [hkl] and (hkl) depends on the lattice parameter", + "No general relationship exists in cubic systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Silica refractory ceramics are often used for the containment of slags that are rich in", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship becomes invalid when grain size exceeds 100 nm due to the dominance of grain boundary sliding", + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased yield strength with decreasing grain size due to dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries", + "The inverse Hall-Petch effect occurs below 10 nm grain size because grain boundaries act as dislocation sources", + "The Hall-Petch coefficient is a material constant that remains unchanged across different crystal structures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the Tm of Cu is 1083°C, what is the estimated minimum recrystallization temperature of Cu?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "198°C (based on cold-worked Cu conductivity data)", + "541.5°C (0.5×Tm in Kelvin)", + "325°C (common annealing temp for Cu alloys)", + "269.4°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the electron magnetic moment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The electron magnetic moment refers to the orbital magnetic moment generated by the electron's motion around the nucleus and the spin magnetic moment produced by the electron's spin.", + "The electron magnetic moment is solely determined by the electron's orbital angular momentum around the nucleus, analogous to classical current loops.", + "The electron magnetic moment arises exclusively from the electron's spin, with no contribution from orbital motion.", + "The electron magnetic moment is a fixed fundamental constant equal to the Bohr magneton, independent of orbital or spin contributions." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the electronegativity of Ca and Mg, and determine whether CaO-MgO meets the electronegativity condition for forming a solid solution. (The electronegativity of Ca is 1.0, and that of Mg is 1.2)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Their electronegativity difference (0.2) is within the 0.4 threshold, allowing solid solution formation", + "The ionic radius mismatch (Ca2+ 1.00Å vs Mg2+ 0.72Å) prevents solid solution despite electronegativity similarity", + "The large difference in melting points (CaO 2572°C vs MgO 2852°C) dominates over electronegativity considerations", + "Their positions in different groups (IIA vs IIB) create electronic structure incompatibility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Among the three common crystal structures of metals, which structure cannot serve as a space lattice?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Body-centered cubic structure", + "Face-centered cubic structure", + "Hexagonal close-packed structure", + "All three can serve as space lattices" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A force of 20,000 N will cause a 1 cm × 1 cm bar of magnesium to stretch from 10 cm to 10.045 cm. The modulus of elasticity is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "66.6 GPa", + "88.8 GPa", + "22.2 GPa", + "44.4 GPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes discontinuous precipitation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phase transformation where solute atoms diffuse along grain boundaries forming distinct precipitate cells with sharp interfaces", + "A continuous precipitation process where solute atoms uniformly distribute throughout the matrix without distinct phase boundaries", + "A spinodal decomposition mechanism resulting in compositionally modulated structures without nucleation", + "A precipitation process where solute atoms cluster randomly without any specific orientation relationship to the matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a general property of glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metastability", + "Crystalline long-range order", + "Definite melting point", + "Anisotropic thermal conductivity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the solidification theory, which of the following describes the characteristics of a typical ingot structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The typical ingot structure consists of uniformly distributed columnar crystals throughout, with no distinct zoning pattern", + "The typical ingot structure features fine equiaxed crystals in the outer layer, columnar crystals extending inward from the surface, and coarse equiaxed crystals in the center", + "The typical ingot structure shows coarse equiaxed crystals in the outer layer and fine columnar crystals in the center", + "The typical ingot structure exhibits alternating layers of fine and coarse equiaxed crystals due to periodic cooling rate variations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What changes occur in the properties of metal after plastic deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elastic modulus significantly increases as atomic bonds strengthen", + "Yield strength increases while ductility decreases due to dislocation entanglement", + "Electrical conductivity improves due to grain boundary reduction", + "Thermal expansion coefficient decreases as crystal structure becomes more ordered" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the nucleation rate during the crystallization of actual metals as undercooling increases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "increases, but due to the limited undercooling capacity of metals, it does not exceed a certain maximum value", + "increases exponentially without limit as undercooling increases", + "first increases then decreases, forming a bell-shaped curve with undercooling", + "remains constant until reaching a critical undercooling point, then drops sharply" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In face-centered cubic crystals, the partial dislocation caused by (6)__ is called the Shockley partial dislocation", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "non-uniform slip", + "lattice distortion", + "stacking fault energy", + "Burgers vector dissociation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A steel is heated until 40% austenite, with a carbon content of 0.5%, forms. What is the overall carbon content of the steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.125%", + "0.300%", + "0.500%", + "0.212%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the fraction of lattice sites that are Schottky defects for cesium chloride at its melting temperature (645°C), given an energy for defect formation of 1.86 eV?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.94 × 10^{-6}", + "7.87 × 10^{-6}", + "1.57 × 10^{-5}", + "4.72 × 10^{-6}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of solid solution compound does austenite in carbon steel belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Intermetallic compound of Fe3C", + "Substitutional solid solution of carbon in α-Fe", + "Interstitial solid solution of carbon in γ-Fe", + "Interstitial compound with carbon occupying substitutional sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A copper single crystal is subjected to tension with the tensile axis along the [001] direction and σ=10^6 Pa. The force acting on a screw dislocation line with Burgers vector b=(a/2)[1̄01] on the (111) plane is: (Given a_Cu=0.36 nm)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.20×10^(-5) N/m", + "2.08×10^(-4) N/m", + "1.04×10^(-4) N/m", + "7.35×10^(-5) N/m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The modulus of elasticity for beryllium oxide (BeO) having 5 vol% porosity is 310 GPa (45 x 10^6 psi). What is the modulus of elasticity for the nonporous material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "310 GPa (45 x 10^6 psi)", + "342 GPa (49.6 x 10^6 psi)", + "326 GPa (47.3 x 10^6 psi)", + "295 GPa (42.8 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "A certain powder compact has an average particle size of 2μm. After sintering to the highest temperature and holding for 0.5h, the measured grain size is 10μm. If the holding time is extended to 2h, what will the grain size be?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "14.1μm (assuming n=3 grain growth kinetics)", + "20μm (using D²=kt relationship)", + "40μm (linear extrapolation of grain size with time)", + "5.7μm (inverse time dependence for abnormal grain growth)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly indicates the variation pattern of plasticity in clay lumps after adsorbing the different cations (use arrows to denote: small—large) H+, Al3+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+, Li+?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Al3+ < H+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion constant of carbon in γ-Fe, D₀ = 2.0 × 10⁻⁵ m²·s⁻¹, and the activation energy for diffusion, Q = 1.4 × 10⁵ J/mol (R = 8.31 J/(mol·K)). Under the condition of a carbon potential Cₚ = 1.1% C, carburization of 20# steel is performed at 880°C. To achieve the same effect as carburizing at 927°C for 5 hours, how long should the carburization time be?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4 h", + "7 h", + "12 h", + "9 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the diffusion coefficient of anions generally smaller than that of cations in ionic crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Anions form close packing while cations occupy interstitial sites, requiring greater structural rearrangement for anion diffusion", + "Anions have larger ionic radii which increases their activation energy for diffusion", + "Cations experience stronger electrostatic repulsion from surrounding ions, enhancing their mobility", + "The higher polarizability of anions creates stronger local bonding that hinders diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate temperature at which it is desirable to heat a 0.85 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a full anneal heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "About 777°C (1430°F)", + "About 727°C (1340°F)", + "About 912°C (1674°F)", + "About 600°C (1112°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in gold (Au) at 900°C, given the energy for vacancy formation is 0.98 eV/atom, the density is 18.63 g/cm³, and the atomic weight is 196.9 g/mol. The correct answer is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.84 × 10^{25} m^{-3} (neglecting temperature conversion from °C to K)", + "7.21 × 10^{22} m^{-3} (using Boltzmann constant in J/mol·K instead of eV/K)", + "3.52 × 10^{24} m^{-3}", + "5.63 × 10^{23} m^{-3} (using room temperature density instead of 900°C value)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The temperature coefficient of resistance (1) of resistive materials.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Depends on the sign of the temperature coefficient (positive for metals, negative for semiconductors)", + "Always requires minimization for precision applications", + "Must be maximized for thermistor applications", + "No intrinsic requirement - depends on specific functional needs" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why is there no bainite transformation region on the continuous cooling transformation diagram for an iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid composition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cooling rate required for bainite formation is always slower than the critical rate for pearlite suppression in eutectoid alloys", + "Bainite formation requires carbon diffusion distances that cannot be achieved during continuous cooling of eutectoid compositions", + "The austenite-to-bainite transformation is thermodynamically forbidden at eutectoid composition", + "The bainite start temperature coincides with the pearlite finish temperature in eutectoid steels" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of diffusion does the homogenization of intracrystalline segregation during diffusion annealing belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "interdiffusion", + "self-diffusion", + "vacancy diffusion", + "grain boundary diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Is it possible to produce malleable cast iron in pieces having large cross-sectional dimensions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, if the heat treatment time is extended proportionally to the section thickness", + "Yes, by using specialized alloying elements that promote graphite formation throughout the cross-section", + "No, because the required rapid cooling rate for white iron formation cannot be achieved in thick sections", + "No, because malleable iron inherently has poor mechanical properties in large dimensions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When an embryo appears in an undercooled liquid, what can the total free energy change ΔG be written as?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ΔG=ΔH-TΔS", + "ΔG=VΔGV+σS", + "ΔG=4/3πr³ΔGV+4πr²σ", + "ΔG=ΔGV+σ" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In fiber composite materials, how should the diameter of carbon fibers be?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Optimized for maximum fiber-matrix interface area", + "Large (50-100 μm)", + "Variable depending on matrix stiffness", + "Small (5-10 μm)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the parameters used to quantitatively describe crystal structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Unit cell parameters (a, b, c, α, β, γ)", + "Miller indices (hkl)", + "Burgers vector magnitude and direction", + "Elastic compliance tensor components" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How does the effect of solute elements on the melting point of alloys influence the diffusion coefficient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solute elements lowering the melting point increase vacancy concentration, thereby enhancing diffusion", + "Solute elements always decrease diffusion by creating strain fields that impede atomic motion", + "The effect depends solely on atomic size mismatch, not melting point depression", + "Higher melting point alloys inherently have greater lattice vibration frequencies that dominate diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valency cations should be inserted into the interstitial sites?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cation valency should be half of the anion valency, such as TiO2", + "The ratio of cation to anion valency should be 1:1, such as ZnS", + "The cation valency should equal the anion valency divided by coordination number, such as Al2O3", + "The cation valency should match the anion valency, such as NaCl" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For edge dislocations, which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation line is perpendicular to the Burgers vector and parallel to the direction of motion", + "The dislocation line is parallel to the Burgers vector and perpendicular to the direction of motion", + "The dislocation line is perpendicular to both the Burgers vector and the direction of motion", + "All three vectors (dislocation line, Burgers vector, motion direction) are mutually perpendicular" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "According to the phase transition mechanism, what types can it be divided into?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "first-order phase transition and second-order phase transition", + "diffusion-type phase transition, non-diffusion-type phase transition, and semi-diffusion-type phase transition", + "nucleation-type phase transition and spinodal decomposition", + "thermodynamic phase transition and kinetic phase transition" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the characteristics of pore changes during secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pores migrate to grain boundaries and coalesce", + "Pores are encapsulated within the grains", + "Pores undergo Ostwald ripening and disappear", + "Pores transform into dislocation loops" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming we add Na2O with w(Na2O)=10% to SiO2, what is the ratio of oxygen to silicon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.222", + "2.000", + "2.111", + "2.333" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why do metal crystals always slide along the slip plane and slip direction during the slip process?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the slip plane and direction have the highest elastic modulus, providing structural stability during deformation", + "Due to the minimum critical resolved shear stress required for dislocation motion along these crystallographic orientations", + "As a result of the maximum atomic packing density creating the shortest Burgers vector in these directions", + "Owing to the thermal vibration amplitude being minimized along these specific crystallographic planes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the radius difference between Ca2+ (0.1nm) and Mg2+ (0.072nm) ions, does CaO-MgO meet the size condition for forming a continuous solid solution?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both are rock-salt structures with similar lattice parameters", + "No, the size difference exceeds 15% (calculated as 28%)", + "Yes, the charge similarity compensates for size difference", + "No, because CaO has higher ionic character than MgO" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At 17°C, the solubility of large particles of 1,2-dinitrobenzene in water is 0.0059 mol/L, and the interfacial tension between 1,2-dinitrobenzene solid and the solution is 0.0257 N/m. The solubility of 1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diameter of 10^-8 m in water is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.017 mol/L", + "0.0059 mol/L", + "0.029 mol/L", + "0.0035 mol/L" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When an electric field is applied, in which direction are the free electrons accelerated?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In the same direction as the electric field", + "Opposite to the direction of the electric field", + "Perpendicular to both electric and magnetic fields", + "Random direction due to thermal motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "According to the rules of ionic compound formation, when all octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted in the interstitial sites?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cation valence should be twice the anion valence, such as CaF2", + "The ratio of cation to anion valences should be 1:1, such as NaCl", + "The cation valence should equal the coordination number, such as ZnS", + "The cation valence should balance the total anionic charge, such as Al2O3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The diffusion coefficient for Cr+3 in Cr2O3 is 6x10^-15 cm^2/s at 727C and is 1x10^-9 cm^2/s at 1400C. What is the constant d0?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.055 cm^2/s", + "1.2x10^-12 cm^2/s", + "6.7x10^-3 cm^2/s", + "2.4x10^-5 cm^2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The equilibrium solubility of Fe3C in α-Fe measured by internal friction method is given by C=0.736exp(-4850/T), where T is the temperature. Determine the equilibrium solubility of Fe3C in α-Fe at 627°C (i.e., 900K).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.36×10^-3", + "4.85×10^-3", + "0.736×10^-3", + "9.00×10^-3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What effect will grain boundaries have on the movement of dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundaries act as barriers to dislocation motion due to crystallographic misorientation", + "Grain boundaries accelerate dislocation movement by providing short-circuit diffusion paths", + "Grain boundaries have no effect on dislocations as they only influence vacancy diffusion", + "Grain boundaries can both hinder and facilitate dislocation motion depending on temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Barium titanate is an important ferroelectric ceramic, and its crystal type is perovskite structure. What lattice does it belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tetragonal", + "Cubic", + "Orthorhombic", + "Rhombohedral" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors influences the formation of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystal structure compatibility", + "Electron concentration factor", + "Atomic radius difference <15%", + "Thermal expansion coefficient matching" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An aluminum plate 0.5 cm thick is to withstand a force of 50,000N with no permanent deformation. If the aluminum has a yield strength of 125 MPa, what is the minimum width of the plate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2 cm", + "4 cm", + "16 cm", + "8 cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate density of a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy that has a composition of 90 wt% Ti, 6 wt% Al, and 4 wt% V?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.52 g/cm³", + "4.38 g/cm³", + "3.95 g/cm³", + "4.78 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of the atomic radius when the coordination number of the elemental atom is 6 to that when the coordination number is 12?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.26", + "1.12", + "0.71", + "0.89" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a diffusion experiment of a certain crystal, it was found that at 500°C, 1 in 10^10 atoms had sufficient activation energy to jump out of their equilibrium positions and enter interstitial positions; at 600°C, this ratio increased to 10^9. The activation energy required for this jump is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.14×10^(-19) J", + "1.72×10^(-19) J", + "3.62×10^(-19) J", + "4.28×10^(-19) J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a machine tool spindle made of 40Cr steel, the core requires good strength and toughness (200-300HB), while the journal needs to be hard and wear-resistant (HRC54-58). What preparatory heat treatment should be selected?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Normalizing + surface induction hardening", + "Quenching + high-temperature tempering (tempered sorbite)", + "Full annealing + carburizing", + "Austempering to obtain bainite structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the characteristics of thermoplastic polymer materials from the perspective of polymer chain structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermoplastic polymers possess crystalline domains connected by covalent bonds that melt completely at processing temperatures", + "Thermoplastic polymers exhibit crosslinked network structures that prevent chain slippage, resulting in permanent shape retention upon cooling", + "Thermoplastic polymers contain ionic bonds between chains that break at elevated temperatures, allowing for reversible processing", + "Thermoplastic polymers have linear and branched polymer chain structures, which soften upon heating and can be repeatedly processed and reshaped" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A three-point bend test is performed on a block of silicon carbide that is 10 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 0.6 cm thick and is resting on two supports 7.5 cm apart. The sample breaks when a deflection of 0.09mm is recorded. The flexural modulus for silicon carbide is 480 GPa. Assuming no plastic deformation occurs, what is the flexural strength?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "552 MPa", + "276 MPa", + "138 MPa", + "413 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Compared with pure iron, how do the plasticity and toughness of ferrite change?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher due to reduced dislocation density", + "Lower because of increased grain boundary resistance", + "Remains unchanged as both are BCC structures", + "Depends on the carbon content in ferrite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the carbon content of pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.77%", + "0.83%", + "0.67%", + "2.11%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A solvus line separates which of the following pairs of phase fields?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The carbon content where cementite first appears during slow cooling of eutectoid steel", + "The maximum solubility limit of carbon in austenite at the eutectoid temperature", + "The solubility limit of carbon in ferrite at room temperature", + "The carbon content where pearlite formation begins during continuous cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the density of fully crystalline polyethylene (PE) is 1.01 g/cm³ and that of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is 0.92 g/cm³, what is the size of the 'free space' in LDPE?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.097 cm³/g", + "0.089 cm³/g", + "0.105 cm³/g", + "0.081 cm³/g" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of chemical bond is primarily found in oxides?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Covalent bond with partial ionic character", + "Pure covalent bond with sp3 hybridization", + "Metallic bond with electron delocalization", + "Ionic bond" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "A copper block subjected to large cold deformation has a stored energy of 2×10^5 J·m^-3, and the typical value of high-angle boundary energy is 0.5 J·m^-2. According to the classical homogeneous nucleation theory, what is the critical nucleus size for recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1×10^-6 m", + "2.5×10^-6 m", + "1×10^-7 m", + "5×10^-7 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the interparticle spacing λ, given the number of Fe3C particles per unit volume NV=1.43×10^13.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.4μm", + "1.7μm", + "3.1nm", + "4.2×10^-6 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A ternary alloy with mass fractions of 40% A, 30% B, and 30% C forms a three-phase equilibrium at the eutectic temperature. The compositions of the three phases are as follows: liquid phase (50% A, 40% B, 10% C), α phase (85% A, 10% B, 5% C), and β phase (10% A, 20% B, 70% C). What are the fractions of the liquid phase, α phase, and β phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "L% = 57.4%, α% = 10%, β% = 32.6%", + "L% = 50%, α% = 25%, β% = 25%", + "L% = 40%, α% = 30%, β% = 30%", + "L% = 62.5%, α% = 12.5%, β% = 25%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "There is a silicon single crystal wafer with a thickness of 0.5 mm. On one end face, every 10^7 silicon atoms contain two atoms, while the other end face has an increased concentration of gallium after treatment. Determine how many gallium atoms per 10^7 silicon atoms are required on this face to achieve a concentration gradient of 2×10^26 atoms/m³·m. The lattice constant of silicon is 0.5407 nm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "14", + "18", + "26", + "22" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why must fiber materials that are melt-spun be thermoplastic?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "They must be capable of forming a viscous liquid when heated, which is not possible for thermosets", + "Thermoplastics have higher crystallinity which is essential for fiber strength", + "The melt-spinning process requires reversible phase transitions only possible in thermoplastics", + "Thermosets cannot achieve the necessary viscosity for fiber formation at any temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Cd1+xO, the type of non-stoichiometric structural defect present is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Schottky defect", + "Frenkel defect", + "Metal excess defect due to anion vacancies", + "Metal deficiency defect due to cation vacancies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A metal with finer grains exhibits this phenomenon compared to the same metal with coarser grains, which is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Peierls-Nabarro stress", + "Orowan bowing effect", + "Hall-Petch strengthening", + "Cottrell atmosphere" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines 'Hardenability'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ability of a steel to form martensite during quenching, as measured by the maximum achievable hardness", + "The resistance of a material to plastic deformation under tensile stress, typically measured by yield strength", + "The depth to which a steel can be hardened by heat treatment, determined by its alloy composition", + "The maximum hardness achievable in a steel through any heat treatment process" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Molybdenum (Mo) forms a substitutional solid solution with tungsten (W). Compute the number of molybdenum atoms per cubic centimeter for a molybdenum-tungsten alloy that contains 16.4 wt% Mo and 83.6 wt% W. The densities of pure molybdenum and tungsten are 10.22 and 19.30g/cm^3, respectively.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.02 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3", + "2.45 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3", + "1.73 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3", + "3.14 × 10^{22} atoms/cm^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the driving force for nucleation in solid-state phase transformations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The difference in free energy between the new phase and the parent phase", + "The elastic strain energy at the interface between phases", + "The activation energy for atomic diffusion across the interface", + "The difference in thermal expansion coefficients between phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For copper, the critical resolved shear stress is given by the equation \\(\\tau_{\\text{crss}} = \\tau_{0} + A \\sqrt{\\rho_{D}}\\), where \\(\\tau_{0} = 0.069 \\text{ MPa}\\) and the critical resolved shear stress is 0.69 MPa at a dislocation density of \\(10^{4} \\text{ mm}^{-2}\\). What is \\(\\tau_{\\text{crss}}\\) at a dislocation density of \\(10^{6} \\text{ mm}^{-2}\\)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.28 MPa", + "2.19 MPa", + "0.69 MPa", + "21.9 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the main factors affecting the deformation of polycrystalline metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "dislocation density, Burgers vector magnitude, and Poisson's ratio", + "crystal structure, elastic modulus, and stacking fault energy", + "grain size, deformation temperature, and deformation rate", + "thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and magnetic permeability" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming the resistance (shear stress) that dislocation slip needs to overcome is 1.5×10^8 Pa for 30-51=Fe alloy, the shear modulus G for 3% Si-Fe alloy is 3.5×10^11 Pa, and the lattice constant is 0.28 nm. How thick is the low-dislocation-density layer near the surface of the 3% Si-Fe alloy? It is known that iron-silicon alloy has a body-centered cubic structure, and the Burgers vector length is 0.28√3/2 nm = 0.242 nm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.22×10^-8 m", + "2.44×10^-8 m", + "9.76×10^-8 m", + "4.88×10^-8 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If a nucleus with a radius of 2×10^-9 m is to be formed, what should the dislocation density at the nucleation site be? (G=4×10^10 Pa, b=0.25×10^-9 m)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.5×10^18 m^-2", + "1.6×10^17 m^-2", + "4×10^17 m^-2", + "6.4×10^16 m^-2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the condition during the solidification of solid solution alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The solidification rate determines the equality of chemical potentials at the interface", + "At the phase interface, the chemical potentials of components A and B in the liquid and solid phases are equal", + "Chemical potentials equalize only when the alloy reaches eutectic composition", + "The equality of chemical potentials is maintained throughout the entire solidification process" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences in the phase transformation processes among recrystallization, primary recrystallization, and secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primary recrystallization involves the formation of new strain-free grains, while secondary recrystallization involves abnormal grain growth without phase change.", + "Recrystallization involves a phase transformation process, while primary recrystallization and secondary recrystallization do not involve a phase transformation process.", + "All three processes involve phase transformations, but differ in the driving forces and nucleation mechanisms.", + "Recrystallization and primary recrystallization both involve phase transformations, while secondary recrystallization is purely a grain growth phenomenon." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can improve the strength of solid solution alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Introducing coherent precipitates with lattice mismatch < 5%", + "Increasing the dislocation density through rapid quenching", + "Adding elements with identical atomic radii to the matrix", + "Applying high-temperature annealing to relieve internal stresses" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "An n-type semiconductor is known to have an electron concentration of 5 × 10^{17} m^{-3}. If the electron drift velocity is 350 m/s in an electric field of 1000 V/m, what is the conductivity of this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.280 (Ω·m)^{-1}", + "0.175 (Ω·m)^{-1}", + "0.028 (Ω·m)^{-1}", + "0.035 (Ω·m)^{-1}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the shape memory effect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The spontaneous return to original shape in metallic alloys caused by dislocation movement and twinning mechanisms", + "The ability of a material to recover its original shape after plastic deformation when stress is removed, due to reversible phase transformations", + "A phenomenon where polymers regain their original shape upon heating due to entropic elasticity and crosslinking", + "When certain metal materials are deformed and then heated above a specific temperature, the deformed metal materials return to their pre-deformation shape" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main purpose of normalizing 20 steel gears?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "enhance corrosion resistance", + "increase surface hardness", + "improve machinability", + "reduce residual stresses" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If LiF is dissolved in MgF2, what type of vacancies (anion or cation) must be introduced into MgF2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Anion vacancies", + "Cation vacancies", + "Both anion and cation vacancies", + "No vacancies required" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For annealed pure iron with a grain size of $N_{\\mathrm{A}}=250$ grains/mm², calculate its yield strength $\\sigma_{\\mathrm{s}}$ based on the given data: when $N_{\\mathrm{A}}=16$ grains/mm², $\\sigma_{\\textrm{s}}=100$ MPa; when $N_{\\mathrm{A}}=4~096$ grains/mm², $\\sigma_{\\mathrm{s}}=250\\mathrm{MPa}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "129.5 MPa", + "175.2 MPa", + "89.3 MPa", + "210.6 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why is it so important to control the rate of drying of a ceramic body that has been hydroplastically formed or slip cast?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To prevent differential shrinkage between surface and interior regions that could lead to warping/cracking", + "To ensure complete evaporation of all chemically bonded water molecules before firing", + "To maintain the optimal viscosity for subsequent glaze application processes", + "To allow sufficient time for crystalline phase transformations to occur uniformly" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the second main mechanism of alloy strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solid solution strengthening by interstitial atoms", + "Grain boundary strengthening through Hall-Petch effect", + "Precipitation strengthening and dispersion strengthening", + "Work hardening through dislocation accumulation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, what is the relationship between its slip direction and the Burgers vector?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Parallel", + "Perpendicular", + "At 45° angle", + "Anti-parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.630 tesla at an H field of 5 x 10^5 A/m. What is the magnetic permeability for this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.260 x 10^-3 H/m", + "1.260 x 10^-6 T·m/A", + "1.260 x 10^-6 H/m", + "1.260 x 10^-3 T·m/A" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When iron nucleates homogeneously, the fraction of solidification that occurs dendritically is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "all dendritically", + "50% dendritically and 50% planar", + "only the initial 10% occurs dendritically", + "depends on the cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Beryllium (Be) has an HCP unit cell for which the ratio of the lattice parameters c/a is 1.568. If the radius of the Be atom is 0.1143 nm, determine the unit cell volume.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.64 × 10^{-23} cm3", + "3.92 × 10^{-23} cm3", + "4.87 × 10^{-23} cm3", + "4.12 × 10^{-23} cm3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the dividing line between cold and hot working?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "When deformation exceeds 5% strain", + "The glass transition temperature of the material", + "The recrystallization temperature of the material", + "When the working temperature reaches 0.5 times the melting point (in Kelvin)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given the surface tension is 0.9 J/m², what is the additional pressure for curved surfaces with radii of curvature of 0.5 μm and 5 μm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.0×10^5 Pa", + "3.6×10^3 Pa", + "1.8×10^6 Pa", + "1.98×10^6 Pa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "To refine the grain of a pure aluminum part, it was cold deformed by 5% and then annealed at 650°C for 1 hour, but the structure coarsened instead. What is the reason for this?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The 1-hour annealing time was insufficient for complete recrystallization", + "The annealing temperature exceeded the melting point of pure aluminum, causing partial melting", + "Cold deformation introduced impurities that accelerated grain boundary migration", + "The 5% deformation was below the critical strain for recrystallization, leading to abnormal grain growth" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At room temperature (298 K), assuming an energy for vacancy formation of 0.90 eV/atom, the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for copper is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.08 × 10^-16", + "3.04 × 10^-16", + "1.22 × 10^-15", + "2.43 × 10^-8" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the third main mechanism of alloy strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Precipitation hardening via coherent phases", + "Dislocation pinning by solute atoms", + "Strain hardening through cold working", + "Grain boundary strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Two previously undeformed specimens of the same metal are to be plastically deformed by reducing their cross-sectional areas. One has a circular cross section, and the other is rectangular; during deformation the circular cross section is to remain circular, and the rectangular is to remain as such. Their original and deformed dimensions are as follows:\n\n\\begin{tabular}{ccc}\n\\hline & Circular (diameter, \\mathbf{m m} ) & Rectangular (\\mathbf{m m}) \\\\\n\\hline Original dimensions & 15.2 & 125 × 175 \\\\\nDeformed dimensions & 11.4 & 75 × 200 \\\\\n\\hline\n\\end{tabular}\n\nWhich of these specimens will be the hardest after plastic deformation, and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The rectangular specimen because it experiences greater dimensional change in one direction", + "The circular specimen because it undergoes higher cold work (43.8%)", + "Both will have equal hardness since they are the same material", + "The rectangular specimen because its cross-sectional area reduction is larger (48.6%)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The crystal structure is related to its:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "electrical conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient", + "temperature and pressure during formation", + "chemical composition and relative size of particles", + "optical transparency and magnetic susceptibility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "During the deformation of polycrystals, under a certain amount of deformation, why do some grains exhibit single slip while others exhibit multiple slips?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hard-oriented stress axes induce multiple slips, such as <111>, <100>, <110> directions, while soft-oriented stress axes correspond to single slip, such as the <123> direction.", + "Grain boundary diffusion dominates in hard-oriented grains, leading to multiple slips, while volume diffusion controls soft-oriented grains resulting in single slip.", + "Grains with higher elastic modulus exhibit multiple slips due to increased dislocation density, while those with lower modulus show single slip.", + "The critical resolved shear stress is lower for multiple slip systems, causing hard-oriented grains to activate more slip systems simultaneously." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Predict whether Nitrogen (N) will act as a donor or an acceptor when added to Silicon (Si). Assume that the impurity elements are substitutional.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Amphoteric (Nitrogen can act as either depending on Fermi level position)", + "Acceptor (Nitrogen's smaller atomic radius creates strain that favors hole formation)", + "Neither (Nitrogen forms a neutral complex with silicon vacancies)", + "Donor (Nitrogen has one more valence electron than Silicon)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion coefficients of carbon in titanium at different temperatures and the activation energy for diffusion Q=2342787J/mol, determine the diffusion coefficient of carbon at 500℃.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.14×10−8cm2/s", + "3.42×10−9cm2/s", + "5.76×10−11cm2/s", + "1.87×10−10cm2/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines a copolymer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A polymer formed by the polymerization of two or more monomers", + "A polymer with alternating crystalline and amorphous regions", + "A blend of two different polymers physically mixed together", + "A polymer that exhibits both thermoplastic and thermosetting properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the distance between the centers of sodium ions at the nearest identical positions in NaCl (given the radii of Na+ and Cl− are 0.097nm and 0.181nm, respectively)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.393nm", + "0.278nm", + "0.556nm", + "0.181nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.1 m (3.9 in.) rod of a metal elongates 0.2 mm (0.0079 in.) on heating from 20 to 100°C (68 to 212°F). What is the value of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion for this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0025 %/°C", + "2.5 × 10^{-5} (K)^{-1}", + "25.0 × 10^{-6} (°C)^{-1}", + "2.5 × 10^{-5} mm/(m·°C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When a small amount of CaO is doped into ThO2, what is the corresponding solid solution formula?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Th1-xCaxO2", + "Th1-xCa2xO2", + "Th1-2xCaxO2", + "Th1-x/2CaxO2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the changes in composition at the liquid-solid interface during crystallization in a solid solution alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The interface compositions remain constant and equal to the bulk alloy composition throughout the process", + "Both liquid and solid phase compositions at the interface follow the solidus line during non-equilibrium crystallization", + "The liquid phase composition at the liquid-solid interface changes along the liquidus line; the solid phase composition changes along the solidus line", + "The liquid composition follows the solidus line while the solid composition follows the liquidus line" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the actual density of α-Fe (given that for every 200 iron atoms there is 1 H atom, Ar(H)=1.008, a=0.286nm, NA=6.023×10²³). The correct density is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.9283 g/cm³", + "7.8740 g/cm³", + "7.9821 g/cm³", + "7.8655 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel wire with a diameter of 0.89 mm has σ_ss=980 MPa and σ_sb=1,130 MPa. Another aluminum alloy has σ_as=255 MPa and σ_ab=400 MPa. Their densities are known to be ρ_s=7.85 g/cm³ and ρ_a=2.7 g/cm³, respectively. If they do not break, which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The aluminum wire can support 40% more load per unit weight than steel when both operate at their yield strengths", + "The steel wire has a higher specific strength (σ/ρ) in both yield and ultimate conditions", + "The aluminum alloy exhibits better strain hardening capability based on the given strength ratios", + "Both materials will show identical weight efficiency when designed for equal stiffness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "How much Na2O should be added to SiO2 to make the O/Si ratio of the glass equal to 2.5, assuming the amount of SiO2 is ymol?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "x = 2y", + "x = y", + "x = y/2", + "x = y/4" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of the Burgers vector for a NaCl-type structure crystal with a lattice constant a=0.4151 nm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.5870 nm", + "0.4151 nm", + "0.2935 nm", + "0.2076 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are factors affecting the plasticity of clay?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mineral composition and water content", + "Crystalline structure and elastic modulus", + "Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity", + "Surface tension and dielectric constant" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Metals with finer grains have _ (17) plasticity and toughness than the same metals with coarser grains", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "better", + "lower", + "similar", + "temperature-dependent" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In an aluminum sample, the dislocation density inside the grains is measured to be 5×10^9/cm². Assuming all dislocations are concentrated on the subgrain boundaries; each subgrain has a regular hexagonal cross-section. The misorientation angle between subgrains is 5°, and if all dislocations are edge dislocations, with b = a/2 [101], where the magnitude of the Burgers vector equals 2×10^-10 m, what is the average size of the subgrains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5×10^-7 m", + "2×10^-6 m", + "1×10^-5 m", + "1×10^-4 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Cottrell atmosphere的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cottrell atmosphere refers to the aggregation of solute atoms around screw dislocations, leading to strain field interactions", + "Cottrell atmosphere describes the clustering of vacancies near grain boundaries, causing boundary pinning", + "Cottrell atmosphere is the phenomenon of solute atoms segregating to stacking faults, increasing partial dislocation energy", + "Cottrell atmosphere involves solute atoms preferentially occupying interstitial sites in BCC lattices, creating lattice distortions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between constitutional supercooling and the resulting structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The greater the tendency for constitutional supercooling, the easier it is to form a dendritic structure", + "Higher solute concentration reduces constitutional supercooling by stabilizing the solid-liquid interface", + "Constitutional supercooling promotes planar growth by suppressing solute redistribution", + "The constitutional supercooling zone expands with increasing thermal gradient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the equilibrium crystallization process of the Fe-0.4%C alloy and indicate the microstructure constituents at room temperature. The correct microstructure constituents are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "P+Fe3C", + "P+α", + "α+Fe3C", + "P+α+Fe3C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose 1 at% of the following elements is added to copper (forming a separate alloy with each element) without exceeding the solubility limit. Which one would be expected to give the higher strength alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The alloy with Sr addition due to its larger atomic radius mismatch with Cu", + "The alloy with Mn addition because of its strong solid solution strengthening effect in Cu", + "The alloy with Si addition as it forms strong covalent bonds with Cu", + "The alloy with Co addition due to its similar crystal structure to Cu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A space lattice is formed by arranging in space with a regular repetition.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip in FCC metals is primarily determined by the Peierls-Nabarro stress", + "Dislocation climb in BCC metals occurs at temperatures below 0.3Tm due to their high intrinsic point defect concentrations", + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts decreasing yield strength with decreasing grain size in nanocrystalline materials", + "Twinning in HCP metals is the dominant deformation mechanism at all temperatures due to their limited slip systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes Spinodal decomposition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phase separation process driven by nucleation and growth, where composition fluctuations decrease with time", + "A transformation in which a solid solution decomposes into two solid solutions with the same structure as the parent phase but different compositions through uphill diffusion", + "A diffusionless transformation resulting in a martensitic phase with different crystal structure from the parent phase", + "A precipitation process where solute atoms cluster randomly to form second-phase particles with different lattice structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How would the plane strain fracture toughness of a metal be expected to change with rising temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increase due to enhanced dislocation mobility reducing crack tip stress concentration", + "Decrease due to thermal softening reducing material's resistance to crack propagation", + "Remain constant as it's an intrinsic material property independent of temperature", + "First decrease then increase due to competing mechanisms of thermal activation and creep relaxation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Which two characteristics of the component ions determine the crystal structure of a ceramic compound?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The magnitude of the electrical charge on each ion and the relative sizes of the cations and anions", + "The electronegativity difference between ions and the coordination number of the compound", + "The ionic radii ratio and the thermal expansion coefficients of the constituent elements", + "The bond dissociation energy and the Pauling electronegativity values of the elements" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the phase constituents at room temperature for an alloy with peritectic transformation, where the phase constituents are α + β?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The β phase includes only the products of peritectic reaction", + "The β phase includes only secondary β phases formed during cooling", + "The β phase includes both peritectic reaction products and secondary β phases", + "The β phase includes peritectic reaction products, homogeneous transformation products, and secondary β phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal of zinc is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 65 degrees with the tensile axis. Three possible slip directions make angles of 30 degrees, 48 degrees, and 78 degrees with the same tensile axis. Which of these three slip directions is most favored?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "all three slip directions are equally favored due to the high angle of the slip plane normal", + "the most favored slip direction is at an angle of 48 degrees with the tensile axis", + "the most favored slip direction is at an angle of 78 degrees with the tensile axis", + "the most favored slip direction is at an angle of 30 degrees with the tensile axis" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following groups of elements are commonly used alloying elements that close the γ region?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Silicon, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, vanadium, titanium, and aluminum", + "Nickel, manganese, carbon, nitrogen, copper, and cobalt", + "Zinc, magnesium, lithium, beryllium, and calcium", + "Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and rhodium" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of a third element on the diffusion of components in a binary alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The third element forms stable compounds with solute atoms, creating diffusion barriers that reduce the overall diffusion coefficient", + "The third element increases lattice distortion energy, enhancing vacancy formation and thus accelerating diffusion", + "The third element segregates to grain boundaries, blocking short-circuit diffusion paths while leaving bulk diffusion unaffected", + "The third element modifies the electron density distribution, lowering activation energy for solute jumps and increasing diffusivity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When a crystal undergoes tensile slip, the slip plane is driven to rotate, attempting to align parallel to the ______, while the slip direction also rotates to coincide with the ______ direction.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "direction of maximum shear stress; direction of minimum normal stress", + "direction of maximum normal stress; direction of the force axis", + "direction of minimum shear stress; direction of maximum normal stress", + "direction of the force axis; maximum resolved shear stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The preexponential and activation energy for the diffusion of iron in cobalt are 1.1 × 10^{-5} m^{2}/s and 253,300 J/mol, respectively. At what temperature will the diffusion coefficient have a value of 2.1 × 10^{-14} m^{2}/s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1518 K (1245°C)", + "1273 K (1000°C)", + "1798 K (1525°C)", + "1123 K (850°C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When clay adsorbs different cations, the variation pattern of the green body formation rate (from small to large) is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a brass alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 345 MPa (50,000 psi), and the modulus of elasticity is 103 GPa (15.0 x 10^6 psi). What is the maximum load that can be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 130 mm^2 (0.2 in.^2) without plastic deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "89,700 N (20,000 lb_f)", + "13,395 N (3,000 lb_f)", + "44,850 N (10,000 lb_f)", + "53,820 N (12,000 lb_f)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Ferritic stainless steel is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "316L", + "304", + "1Cr17", + "430F" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lamps has an annealing point of 544°C and a softening point of 780°C. What is the activation energy for viscous flow of this glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "544.00 kJ/mol", + "373.13 kJ/mol", + "780.00 kJ/mol", + "298.15 kJ/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-1.15% C alloy, what is the composition and amount of each phase present at 728 degrees C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fe3C: 6.67% C, 17.2%; gamma: 0.77% C, 82.8%", + "Fe3C: 6.67% C, 6.4%; gamma: 0.77% C, 93.6%", + "Fe3C: 6.67% C, 3.8%; gamma: 0.77% C, 96.2%", + "Fe3C: 6.67% C, 12.1%; gamma: 0.77% C, 87.9%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An iron bar magnet with a coercivity of 4000 A/m is to be demagnetized. If the bar is inserted within a cylindrical wire coil 0.15 m long and having 100 turns, what electric current is required to generate the necessary magnetic field?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4 A", + "6 A", + "8 A", + "10 A" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best example of material processing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship observed in nanocrystalline nickel", + "The {111} slip system activation in FCC aluminum single crystal under tensile stress", + "The 0.2% offset yield strength measurement of annealed copper", + "Hot isostatic pressing of titanium alloy powder at 900°C under 100MPa argon pressure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why does chromium in stainless steels make them more corrosion resistant in many environments than plain carbon steels?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Chromium lowers the steel's electrical conductivity, reducing galvanic corrosion", + "Chromium increases the steel's hardness which physically blocks corrosive agents", + "Chromium reacts with carbon to form chromium carbides that prevent rust nucleation", + "Chromium forms a passive oxide layer that is self-repairing in the presence of oxygen" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What determines the characteristic color of a transparent nonmetal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The distribution of wavelengths of the nonabsorbed light radiation that is transmitted through the material", + "The energy band gap between the valence and conduction bands", + "The selective absorption of specific wavelengths by electronic transitions", + "The refractive index dispersion characteristics of the material" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Ionic crystals usually reduce their surface energy through the polarization deformation and rearrangement of surface ions. Among the following ionic crystals, the one with the smallest surface energy is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density in annealed pure aluminum (99.99%) at room temperature", + "The dislocation density in work-hardened copper after 50% cold rolling", + "The dislocation density in single crystal silicon wafer used for semiconductor fabrication", + "The dislocation density in heavily doped n-type GaAs after thermal annealing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Niobium (Nb) has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.143nm and an atomic weight of 92.91g/mol. What is the theoretical density for Nb?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.48 g/cm³", + "7.82 g/cm³", + "9.14 g/cm³", + "8.57 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the types of heat-resistant steels?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hardenite, troostite, and widmanstatten steels", + "Ferritic, bainitic, and duplex steels", + "Cementite, ledeburite, and sorbite steels", + "Pearlitic, martensitic, and austenitic steels" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt % C, cooled to below 727 C (1341 F). How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.80 kg ferrite and 0.20 kg cementite", + "0.85 kg ferrite and 0.15 kg cementite", + "0.83 kg ferrite and 0.17 kg cementite", + "0.77 kg ferrite and 0.23 kg cementite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At 800°C, what are the compositions of the α phase and γ phase in Fe-0.002C steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α: wC=0.0001, wFe=0.9999; γ: wC=0.0046, wFe=0.9954", + "α: wC=0.002, wFe=0.998; γ: wC=0.002, wFe=0.998", + "α: wC=0.0046, wFe=0.9954; γ: wC=0.0001, wFe=0.9999", + "α: wC=0.0001, wFe=0.9999; γ: wC=0.022, wFe=0.978" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How does the atomic radius change when the coordination number of the crystal structure decreases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic radius expands as interatomic forces weaken", + "The atomic radius contracts due to reduced electron shielding", + "No change occurs because atomic radius is an intrinsic property", + "The atomic radius first expands then contracts through a phase transition" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "How does the concentration of a solid solution affect the diffusion coefficient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The higher the concentration, the easier the diffusion due to increased vacancy concentration", + "The lower the concentration, the easier the diffusion due to reduced lattice distortion", + "Diffusion coefficient is independent of concentration in solid solutions", + "The relationship follows an inverse square root dependence on concentration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Increasing the alumina (Al₂O₃) content of fireclays results in", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decreased thermal shock resistance from higher thermal expansion mismatch", + "Enhanced creep resistance due to reduced grain boundary sliding", + "Improved electrical conductivity through increased electron mobility", + "Reduced oxidation resistance due to faster oxygen diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes lattice parameters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The coefficients relating stress to strain in anisotropic materials", + "The constants used to calculate interatomic spacing in amorphous materials", + "The parameters defining the elastic deformation limits of crystalline materials", + "The fundamental parameters describing the geometric shape of a unit cell, including edge lengths and interaxial angles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the volume fraction φ_Fe3C of the Fe3C phase in 40 steel, given the mass fraction of carbon w_c=0.004.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.06", + "0.12", + "0.03", + "0.09" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The tensile strength and number-average molecular weight for two polyethylene materials are as follows:\n\nTensile Strength (MPa) | Number-Average Molecular Weight (g/mol)\n--------------------------------|---------------------------------------\n90 | 20,000\n180 | 40,000\n\nEstimate the number-average molecular weight that is required to give a tensile strength of 140 MPa:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "31,100 g/mol (linear interpolation)", + "27,700 g/mol", + "35,000 g/mol (assuming exponential relationship)", + "22,500 g/mol (inverse proportion assumption)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "If crystalline regions exist in polymer materials, then their melting point is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Directly proportional to the degree of crystallinity", + "Independent of molecular weight distribution", + "Determined solely by the strongest covalent bonds in the polymer", + "Inversely related to the lamellar thickness of crystallites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the hexagonal crystal system, the interplanar spacing of $(11\\overline{2}0)$ is $(10\\overline{1}0)$ interplanar spacing.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "√3 times", + "1/√2 times", + "Equal to", + "√2 times" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The nitriding temperature of steel is generally chosen to be close to but slightly below the eutectoid temperature of the Fe-N system (590°C), why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The diffusion coefficient in α-Fe is higher than that in γ-Fe", + "To avoid the formation of brittle γ'-Fe4N phase", + "The solubility of nitrogen is maximized in the α-Fe phase", + "To maintain the steel's hardness by preventing austenite formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Will the polymer fracture if its flexural strength is 85 MPa and the applied stress is 61.5 MPa? Assume that no plastic deformation occurs.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because the applied stress exceeds 60% of the flexural strength", + "No, the polymer is not expected to fracture", + "Yes, due to stress concentration effects at the molecular level", + "No, but permanent deformation will occur despite the assumption" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "In polyethylene polymer materials, the C一H chemical bond belongs to", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The bond length is shorter than in diamond due to sp2 hybridization", + "The bond energy is higher than C一C bonds due to hydrogen's electronegativity", + "The bond exhibits partial ionic character (15%) according to Pauling's scale", + "The bond angle deviates from 109.5° due to polymer chain constraints" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "When a single crystal sample of Mg is subjected to tensile testing, the three slip directions form angles of $38^{\\circ}, 45^{\\circ}, 85^{\\circ}$ with the tensile axis, respectively, while the normal to the basal plane forms an angle of $60^{\\circ}$ with the tensile axis. If plastic deformation is first observed at a tensile stress of $2.05\\,\\mathrm{MPa}$, what is the critical resolved shear stress of $\\mathrm{Mg}$?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.05 MPa", + "1.025 MPa", + "1.775 MPa", + "0.8077 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the planar density of the (100) plane in a face-centered cubic crystal, given the atomic radius r=(√2/4)a?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.707", + "0.555", + "0.866", + "0.785" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Consider the diffusion of water vapor through a polypropylene (PP) sheet 2mm thick. The pressures of H₂O at the two faces are 1 kPa and 10 kPa, which are maintained constant. Assuming conditions of steady state, what is the diffusion flux [in cm³(STP)/cm²-s] at 298 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.71 × 10^{-6} cm³(STP)/cm²-s", + "1.71 × 10^{-7} cm³(STP)/cm²-s", + "3.42 × 10^{-7} cm³(STP)/cm²-s", + "8.55 × 10^{-8} cm³(STP)/cm²-s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can increase the number of nuclei during solidification, and what is the reason for the increase in the number of nuclei?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Apply external pressure. Pressure increases atomic packing density, creating more favorable nucleation sites.", + "Increase undercooling. Higher undercooling provides greater driving force for nucleation, reducing the critical nucleus size.", + "Use slower cooling rates. Slow cooling allows more time for nuclei to form and stabilize.", + "Introduce dislocations. Dislocations act as preferential nucleation sites due to their strain fields." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How is steel classified by use?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel", + "Carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel", + "Wrought steel, cast steel, and powder metallurgy steel", + "Structural steel, tool steel, and special performance steel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the drift velocity of electrons in silicon at room temperature when the magnitude of the electric field is 500 V/m?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.45 × 10^3 m/s", + "145 m/s", + "36.25 m/s", + "72.5 m/s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a cylindrical specimen of some hypothetical metal alloy that has a diameter of 8.0 mm(0.31 in.). A tensile force of 1000N (225 lb_f) produces an elastic reduction in diameter of 2.8 × 10^{-4} mm(1.10 × 10^{-5} in.). Given that Poisson's ratio is 0.30, what is the modulus of elasticity for this alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.275 × 10^11 Pa (227.5 GPa)", + "1.705 × 10^11 Pa (170.5 GPa)", + "5.683 × 10^10 Pa (56.83 GPa)", + "3.410 × 10^11 Pa (341.0 GPa)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When elongating from L to 2L, the engineering strain εe and true strain εT are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "εe = 100%; εT = 69.3%", + "εe = 69.3%; εT = 100%", + "εe = 50%; εT = ln(2)", + "Both strains equal 100%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The chemical handbook lists the density of NH4Cl as 1.5 g/cm3. X-ray data indicate that NH4Cl has two crystal structures: one is the NaCl-type structure with a=0.726 nm, and the other is the CsCl structure with a=0.387 nm. To which crystal type does the above density value belong? (The NH4+ ion occupies the crystal lattice as a single unit).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CsCl structure", + "NaCl-type structure", + "Both structures give this density", + "Neither structure matches this density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A tensile test is performed on a specimen of some metal alloy, and it is found that a true plastic strain of 0.12 is produced when a true stress of 280 MPa is applied. For this alloy, the value of the strain hardening exponent is 0.3. On the basis of these data, what true plastic strain would be expected for a total true plastic stress of 330 MPa?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.383", + "0.168", + "0.254", + "0.412" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于再结晶退火的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "During recrystallization annealing, the primary mechanism is diffusion-controlled grain boundary migration, which always leads to a decrease in both strength and hardness compared to the cold-worked state.", + "Recrystallization annealing involves heating cold-worked metals above their melting point to eliminate dislocations and restore ductility, resulting in a complete phase transformation to austenite.", + "Recrystallization annealing: For plastically deformed metals, during the reheating process, when the temperature exceeds the recrystallization temperature, new grains with low defect density are formed, restoring properties such as strength to their pre-deformation levels, while the phase structure remains unchanged.", + "Recrystallization annealing temperature is strictly defined as 0.4 times the absolute melting temperature of the material, regardless of prior deformation level or alloy composition." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the basic conditions for the crystallization of binary alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermodynamic condition: ΔG>0; structural condition: rr*; energy condition: A>ΔG_max; composition condition", + "Thermodynamic condition: ΔS<0; structural condition: r>r*; energy condition: A>ΔG_max; composition condition", + "Thermodynamic condition: ΔG<0; structural condition: r 0.77) form secondary cementite, but it precipitates from austenite, not during equilibrium crystallization.", + "The statement is incorrect because both hypereutectoid and hypoeutectoid steels can form secondary cementite during equilibrium crystallization." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A three-point bend test is performed on a block of ZrO2 that is 8 in. long, 0.50 in. wide, and 0.25 in. thick and is resting on two supports 4 in. apart. When a force of 400 lb is applied, the specimen deflects 0.037 in. and breaks. The flexural modulus, assuming no plastic deformation occurs, is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.54 x 10^6 psi", + "44.28 x 10^6 psi", + "11.07 x 10^6 psi", + "22.14 x 10^6 psi" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can be used to identify silica gel experimentally?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Observe the color change under UV light", + "Measure the elastic modulus using nanoindentation", + "Analyze the thermal conductivity with laser flash method", + "Determine the magnetic susceptibility with SQUID magnetometry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The bonding forces between adhesive and adherend surfaces are thought to be", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Covalent", + "Electrostatic", + "Van der Waals", + "Mechanical interlocking" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for lead?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "150°C (302°F)", + "-33°C (-27°F)", + "0.3 x melting temperature (97.5°C/207.5°F)", + "Room temperature (20°C/68°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Given the diffusion coefficients for silver in copper at two temperatures: T(°C) = 650, D(m2/s) = 5.5 × 10^-16 and T(°C) = 900, D(m2/s) = 1.3 × 10^-13, determine the values of D0 and Qd.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "D0 = 7.5 × 10^-5 m2/s and Qd = 196,700 J/mol", + "D0 = 2.1 × 10^-6 m2/s and Qd = 145,300 J/mol", + "D0 = 1.3 × 10^-13 m2/s and Qd = 89,500 J/mol", + "D0 = 5.5 × 10^-16 m2/s and Qd = 112,400 J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Crystal families are classified based on:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The relative lengths of the crystallographic axes and the angles between them", + "The number of higher-order axes (n>2) in the crystal structure", + "The type of Bravais lattice the crystal belongs to", + "The presence or absence of a center of symmetry in the unit cell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A eutectoid reaction involves which of the following phases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "One liquid and one solid", + "One liquid and two solid", + "Two liquids and one solid", + "Three solid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A hypothetical A X type of ceramic material is known to have a density of 2.65g/cm³ and a unit cell of cubic symmetry with a cell edge length of 0.43nm. The atomic weights of the A and X elements are 86.6 and 40.3g/mol, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of the following crystal structures is possible for this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fluorite (CaF₂)", + "Rock salt (NaCl)", + "Zinc blende (ZnS)", + "Cesium chloride (CsCl)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main difference between slip and twinning?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip preserves crystal orientation whereas twinning creates mirror-image lattice regions", + "Slip involves dislocation motion while twinning requires coordinated atomic shuffling", + "Slip occurs at lower stresses than twinning in all crystalline materials", + "Slip produces macroscopic shape change while twinning only affects microscopic structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the effect of component changes on the driving force of solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The driving force increases linearly with solute concentration due to enhanced chemical potential gradients", + "The driving force is solely determined by the enthalpy difference between phases, independent of composition", + "Adding solute always decreases the driving force by stabilizing the parent phase through solid solution strengthening", + "The maximum driving force occurs at the eutectic composition where liquid and solid free energy curves intersect" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly defines wetting?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phenomenon where liquid molecules preferentially adsorb to solid surfaces due to van der Waals forces", + "When the surface tension of a liquid is lower than the surface energy of a solid, spontaneous wetting occurs", + "The complete spreading of a liquid on a solid surface when the contact angle approaches 0°", + "When the Gibbs free energy of the system decreases after a solid comes into contact with a liquid, it is called wetting" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are methods to prevent secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "control sintering temperature", + "increase cooling rate after sintering", + "use materials with higher elastic modulus", + "apply external magnetic field during sintering" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For the allotropic transformation of a pure metal $(x\\rightarrow\\beta)$, at a certain degree of undercooling, the volume Gibbs free energy difference between the two phases is $7\\times10^{8} kJ/m^{3}$, and the interfacial energy is $0.5 J/m^{2}$. If the strain energy of nucleation is neglected, what are the critical nucleus size and the critical nucleation work for forming a cubic nucleus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical nucleus size is 3.428×10⁻⁹ m and the critical nucleation work is 1.44×10⁻¹⁷ J", + "The critical nucleus size is 2.143×10⁻⁹ m and the critical nucleation work is 9.0×10⁻¹⁸ J", + "The critical nucleus size is 4.286×10⁻⁹ m and the critical nucleation work is 2.88×10⁻¹⁷ J", + "The critical nucleus size is 1.714×10⁻⁹ m and the critical nucleation work is 7.2×10⁻¹⁸ J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the distance between the center of a sodium ion and the next nearest Cl− ion in NaCl (given the radii of Na+ and Cl− are 0.097nm and 0.181nm, respectively)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.564nm", + "0.278nm", + "0.390nm", + "0.482nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the ionic crystal structure, the distance between positive and negative ions depends on:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The sum of positive and negative ion radii", + "The difference between positive and negative ion radii", + "The ratio of positive to negative ion radii", + "The product of positive and negative ion radii multiplied by the Madelung constant" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "For a face-centered cubic crystal with a movable slip system of (111)[110], if the slip is caused by pure screw dislocations, what is the direction of the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[011]", + "[111]", + "[112]", + "[110]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the meaning of continuous precipitation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Continuous precipitation: simultaneous nucleation of multiple phases leading to discontinuous composition changes", + "Continuous precipitation: the new phase forms with constant composition while the parent phase remains supersaturated", + "Continuous precipitation: as the new phase forms, the composition of the parent phase continuously changes from a supersaturated state to a saturated state", + "Continuous precipitation: a sudden phase transformation where the parent phase composition jumps to equilibrium" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In homogeneous nucleation, assuming the nucleus shape is a cube with side length a, given σ and ΔGv, what is the critical nucleus side length?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(-4σ)/ΔGv", + "(-2σ)/ΔGv", + "(-8σ)/ΔGv", + "(-σ)/ΔGv" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the ionic radius of O2- is 0.14nm and that of Fe3+ is 0.069nm, their radius ratio is 0.492. What type of crystal structure can be formed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A2X structure, tetragonal crystal system", + "AX structure, cubic crystal system", + "AX2 structure, hexagonal crystal system", + "A2X3 structure, trigonal crystal system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that Cr has a body-centered cubic structure, with a lattice constant a=0.2885 nm, density ρ=7.10 g/cm³, and relative atomic mass A=51.996, what is the number of vacancies in Cr per 10⁶ lattice points?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "15,200 vacancies", + "9,450 vacancies", + "12,600 vacancies", + "6,300 vacancies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For aluminum, the heat capacity at constant volume Cv at 30 K is 0.81 J/mol-K, and the Debye temperature is 375 K. Estimate the specific heat at 50 K.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.97 J/mol-K", + "139 J/kg-K", + "1.35 J/g-K", + "215 J/kg-K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, what is the relationship between its Burgers vector and the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The relationship depends on the crystal structure", + "Perpendicular", + "At a 45° angle", + "Parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the main reason dislocations promote nucleation when the new phase nucleates on the dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation cores act as high-diffusivity paths that accelerate atomic transport to the nucleation site", + "Dislocations increase the local atomic vibration frequency, which provides additional thermal energy to overcome the nucleation barrier", + "The stress field around dislocations creates preferential sites for solute segregation, lowering the interfacial energy between matrix and nucleus", + "When the new phase nucleates on the dislocation line, the dislocation disappears at the nucleation site, and the released elastic strain energy reduces the nucleation work, thereby promoting nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When polycrystalline metal is heated to a relatively high temperature and held, the grains will grow. The grain growth mode is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation climb controlled by vacancy diffusion", + "Grain boundary migration driven by surface energy minimization", + "Atomic shuffling through coordinated shear transformations", + "Collective rearrangement of atoms via liquid-like interfaces" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Crystals can be classified into seven crystal systems based on the order and number of rotation axes and rotoinversion axes. Which of the following are the missing crystal systems?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tetragonal crystal system", + "Trigonal crystal system", + "Hexagonal crystal system", + "Cubic crystal system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions do common pure metals grow with a dendritic interface?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Under both positive and negative temperature gradients if constitutional supercooling exists", + "When the solidification rate exceeds 1 mm/s regardless of thermal conditions", + "Only under negative temperature gradient conditions", + "Always during rapid solidification processes (RSP)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-3%Si alloy containing MnS particles with a radius of 0.05μm and a volume fraction of 0.01, during the annealing process below 850°C, when the average grain diameter of the matrix reaches 6μm, normal grain growth stops. What is the reason for this phenomenon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The stored strain energy from cold working is fully released when grains reach 6μm, eliminating the driving force for growth", + "The solubility limit of MnS in the Fe-3%Si matrix is reached at 6μm grain size, causing precipitation saturation", + "The critical grain boundary curvature for migration is achieved at 6μm, satisfying the thermodynamic equilibrium condition", + "The MnS particles exert a Zener pinning force that balances the driving force for grain growth when the grain size reaches 6μm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines resistive material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Materials used in physical components that serve a resistive function in circuits", + "Materials exhibiting high elastic modulus but low electrical conductivity", + "Semiconductor materials with precisely controlled doping levels", + "Materials showing negative temperature coefficient of resistance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the temperature increase needed for the diffusion rate of AI through Al2O3 to be 10 times that at 1000°C, given the activation energy Q is 477 kJ/mol.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "68.6K", + "100K", + "477K", + "10K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked copper has a ductility (%EL) of 25%. If its cold-worked radius is 10mm (0.40 in.), what was its radius before deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.8mm (0.386 in.)", + "11.2mm (0.441 in.)", + "10.6mm (0.424 in.)", + "12.5mm (0.492 in.)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A simple cubic crystal has a screw dislocation with $b=[001]$ on the (100) plane. An edge dislocation with $b=[010]$ on the (001) plane intersects with it. After the intersection, what forms on the two dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A kink forms on both dislocations", + "A jog forms on both dislocations", + "A kink forms on the screw dislocation and a jog forms on the edge dislocation", + "The dislocations annihilate each other" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列哪个是面心立方金属的一个特定滑移系？", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111)[112]", + "(110)[111]", + "(100)[110]", + "(111)[110]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the minimum thermal conductivity value for a cermet that contains 85 vol % titanium carbide (TiC) particles in a cobalt matrix. Assume thermal conductivities of 27 and 69 W/m-K for TiC and Co, respectively.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "69.0 W/m-K", + "32.4 W/m-K", + "24.1 W/m-K", + "29.7 W/m-K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate temperature at which it is desirable to heat a 1.10 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a full anneal heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "About 1148°C (2098°F)", + "About 727°C (1340°F)", + "About 912°C (1674°F)", + "About 777°C (1430°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are techniques utilized to strengthen concrete by reinforcement?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Application of surface coatings to reduce water permeability", + "Incorporation of low-modulus polymeric fibers to increase ductility", + "Reinforcement with high-modulus carbon fibers aligned parallel to tensile stresses", + "Addition of calcium carbonate nanoparticles to enhance compressive strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best example of a material property?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch coefficient for nanocrystalline copper", + "The stacking fault energy of austenitic stainless steel", + "The recrystallization temperature of cold-worked aluminum", + "The critical resolved shear stress for magnesium single crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The surface of a copper single crystal is parallel to {001}. If a tensile force is applied along the [001] direction, and the measured critical resolved shear stress is $\\overline{{\\tau_{c}}}=0.7$ MPa, determine the stress at which the material yields.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.715 MPa", + "0.7 MPa", + "1.414 MPa", + "2.0 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods can increase the number of nuclei during the solidification process, and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Add grain refiners to provide heterogeneous nucleation sites", + "Increase the cooling rate to enhance the degree of undercooling", + "Decrease the melt viscosity to allow faster atomic diffusion", + "Increase the holding temperature above the liquidus to homogenize the melt" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are functions of the matrix phase in a polymer-matrix fiber-reinforced composite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To provide the primary load-bearing capability through its high elastic modulus", + "To chemically bond with fiber surfaces creating covalent crosslinks", + "To prevent fiber-fiber contact by maintaining precise inter-fiber spacing", + "To absorb impact energy through plastic deformation of the matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best example of material structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship in nanocrystalline materials with grain sizes below 10nm", + "The inverse Hall-Petch effect observed in ultra-fine grained metals", + "The constant yield strength plateau in severely deformed materials", + "The linear proportionality between hardness and dislocation density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Wetting is an important behavior at the solid-liquid interface. One of the methods to improve wetting is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Increase the contact angle to promote capillary action", + "Decrease the viscosity of the liquid to enhance spreading kinetics", + "Increase the surface energy of the solid (remove the adsorbed film on the solid surface)", + "Reduce the interfacial tension by adding surfactants to both phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The density of potassium, which has the BCC structure and one atom per lattice point, is 0.855 g/cm3. The atomic weight of potassium is 39.09 g/mol. The atomic radius of potassium is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.3103 x 10^-10 m", + "1.1551 x 10^-8 cm", + "2.3103 x 10^-8 cm", + "2.3103 x 10^-8 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Titanium (Ti) has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 4.51 g/cm^3. If the c/a ratio is 1.58, what are the values of c and a?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a = 0.468 nm, c = 0.296 nm", + "a = 0.295 nm, c = 0.466 nm", + "a = 0.296 nm, c = 0.468 nm", + "a = 0.301 nm, c = 0.476 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The driving force for nucleation in solid-state phase transformation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The activation energy for atomic diffusion across the interface", + "The interfacial energy between the nucleus and the matrix", + "The elastic strain energy caused by volume mismatch", + "The difference in free energy between the new phase and the parent phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to the phase rule, what is the degree of freedom when the ternary system has the maximum number of equilibrium phases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Zero", + "One", + "Two", + "Three" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An aluminum wire with a length of 5 m and a diameter of 3 mm is subjected to a tensile force of 200 N. Given that the elastic modulus of aluminum is 70 GPa, what is the total length of the wire under this force?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5000.00 mm", + "5001.43 mm", + "5002.02 mm", + "5002.47 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 55% \\alpha and 45% \\gamma at 750^{\\circ} C. What is the estimated carbon content of the steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.77% C", + "0.68% C", + "0.45% C", + "0.281% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The porosity of thermal insulation material is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship applies to nanocrystalline materials with grain sizes below 10nm", + "The inverse Hall-Petch effect occurs due to increased dislocation activity at ultra-fine grain sizes", + "Grain boundary sliding becomes the dominant deformation mechanism below 100nm grain size", + "The critical grain size for inverse Hall-Petch behavior is material-independent" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the percentage of ionic character (% IC) of the interatomic bonds for the intermetallic compound TiAl3?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32%", + "15%", + "0%", + "47%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Germanium to which 10^24 m^-3 As atoms have been added is an extrinsic semiconductor at room temperature, and virtually all the As atoms may be thought of as being ionized (i.e., one charge carrier exists for each As atom). Is this material:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "n-type due to electron donation from As atoms substituting Ge sites", + "p-type due to hole creation from As atoms occupying interstitial positions", + "n-type but with reduced carrier concentration due to As-As pairing", + "p-type due to formation of As-vacancy complexes acting as acceptors" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The carbon content of Fe3CI, Fe3CII, Fe3CIII is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.69%", + "3.35%", + "4.45%", + "2.23%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The Tf of the glass phase in ceramics is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "viscous flow temperature", + "glass transition temperature", + "melting point of crystalline phase", + "sintering onset temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What materials can be used to manufacture helicopter propeller blades?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Al-Li alloy with Zr microalloying", + "Ti-6Al-4V alloy with controlled crystallographic texture", + "Mg-Zn-Y alloy with long-period stacking ordered structure", + "Ni-based superalloy with γ' phase precipitation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A thick steel sheet of area 400 cm^{2} is exposed to air near the ocean. After a one-year period it was found to experience a weight loss of 375g due to corrosion. To what rate of corrosion, in both mpy and mm / \\mathrm{yr}, does this correspond?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.2 mm/yr (46.7 mpy)", + "0.94 mm/yr (37.0 mpy)", + "1.5 mm/yr (59.1 mpy)", + "0.75 mm/yr (29.5 mpy)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Unknown" + }, + { + "question": "At 727°C, the maximum carbon content in the equilibrium state of iron-carbon alloy is w_C=0.0218% for ferrite and w_C=0.77% for austenite. Where are the carbon atoms located in the ferrite and austenite crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In ferrite: octahedral sites; In austenite: tetrahedral sites", + "In ferrite: tetrahedral sites; In austenite: octahedral sites", + "In both phases: octahedral sites but with different site geometries", + "In both phases: tetrahedral sites but with different site geometries" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between functionality and the structural morphology of polymers?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Functionality determines the degree of branching but has no effect on crystallinity", + "Higher functionality monomers always lead to higher tensile strength regardless of polymerization conditions", + "Bifunctional monomers can form crosslinked networks when heated above their glass transition temperature", + "Tetrafunctional monomers produce linear polymers with alternating rigid and flexible segments" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why is high-speed steel generally not used for die-casting molds, and why was the steel grade 3Cr2W8V developed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High-speed steel lacks sufficient thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation in die-casting applications", + "The tungsten content in high-speed steel causes excessive carbide precipitation at die-casting temperatures", + "High-speed steel's superior hardness leads to unacceptable tool brittleness under cyclic thermal loading", + "3Cr2W8V was specifically developed to optimize the cost-performance ratio for aluminum die-casting" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Shape memory alloys utilize the characteristics of which of the following to achieve shape recovery?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Martensitic transformation and twinning deformation", + "Superelasticity and shape memory effect", + "Dislocation slip and grain boundary diffusion", + "Elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The kinetics of the austenite-to-pearlite transformation obey the Avrami relationship. Using the fraction transformed-time data given here, determine the total time required for 95% of the austenite to transform to pearlite:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "28.2 s", + "42.3 s", + "35.7 s", + "56.8 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Based on the types of reinforcing materials, composites can be classified into which of the following?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fiber-reinforced, particle-reinforced, and structural composites", + "Continuous fiber, discontinuous fiber, and nano-reinforced composites", + "Fiber-reinforced, particle-reinforced, and laminated composites", + "Metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and polymer matrix composites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum atomic fraction of Zn or Sn that can be dissolved in Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn solid solutions, given the limiting electron concentration for Cu-based solid solutions is 1.36?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "42% Zn and 18% Sn", + "36% Zn and 12% Sn", + "30% Zn and 15% Sn", + "28% Zn and 10% Sn" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the alloying principles of aluminum alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Li is the most effective alloying element for increasing specific stiffness through solid solution strengthening", + "Cu, Mg, Zn, Si, Mn are added primarily to form intermetallic compounds that enhance strength while maintaining ductility", + "Sc and Zr are added to create nano-scale precipitates that stabilize the alloy at elevated temperatures", + "Fe and Ni are intentionally added to improve corrosion resistance through passive film formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of deformation amount on metal properties under uniaxial compression?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Strain hardening occurs but the effect saturates at 5% deformation", + "Both hardness and ductility increase proportionally with deformation", + "Dislocation density decreases leading to improved electrical conductivity", + "Yield strength increases while fracture toughness remains constant" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why are small-angle grain boundaries not as effective in interfering with the slip process as are high-angle grain boundaries?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density in small-angle boundaries is too low to effectively pin slip dislocations", + "The elastic strain fields in small-angle boundaries are insufficient to block dislocation motion", + "There is not enough crystallographic misalignment to significantly alter slip directions", + "Small-angle boundaries allow for continuous slip plane transmission across the boundary" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In the regular melt α, the total driving force ΔG for the precipitation of β can be approximately expressed as ΔG=RT[x_o ln(x_o/x_e)+(1-x_o)ln((1-x_o)/(1-x_e))]-2Ω(x_o-x_e)^2. Given T=600K, x_o=0.1, x_e=0.02, Ω=0, use this expression to estimate the total driving force for α→α′+β. The estimated total driving force is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "105.2 J/mol", + "210.4 J/mol", + "841.6 J/mol", + "420.8 J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The product of eutectoid transformation in iron-carbon alloys, it is a lamellar mixture of eutectoid ferrite and eutectoid cementite", + "A metastable phase formed during rapid quenching of steel, consisting of supersaturated carbon in a body-centered tetragonal iron matrix", + "The equilibrium phase in pure iron at room temperature, characterized by a body-centered cubic crystal structure", + "A high-temperature phase in steel that forms above the upper critical temperature, with a face-centered cubic crystal structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following sequences correctly describes the typical processes of aging?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1) Formation of GP zones. 2) Formation of metastable θ'' phase. 3) Formation of metastable θ' phase. 4) Formation of stable θ phase", + "1) Formation of GP zones. 2) Formation of metastable θ' phase. 3) Formation of stable θ phase. 4) Coarsening of θ precipitates", + "1) Formation of GP zones. 2) Formation of metastable θ'' phase. 3) Formation of stable θ phase. 4) Coarsening of θ precipitates", + "1) Formation of GP zones. 2) Formation of metastable θ' phase. 3) Formation of metastable θ'' phase. 4) Formation of stable θ phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A certain metal is melted on an Al2O3 plate at high temperature. If the surface energy of Al2O3 is estimated to be 1J/m2, the surface energy of this molten metal is similar, and the interfacial energy is estimated to be about 0.3J/m2. What is the contact angle?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "72.5 degrees", + "45.6 degrees", + "30.0 degrees", + "60.0 degrees" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In cubic crystals, the (110) and (211) planes belong to the same () zone.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[111] zone axis", + "[100] zone axis", + "[110] zone axis", + "[112] zone axis" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the main factors affecting diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface roughness and optical properties", + "Chemical composition and applied stress", + "Crystal structure type and magnetic permeability", + "Temperature and crystal defects only" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The effect of a stress raiser is more significant for which of the following types of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Amorphous metals under cyclic loading", + "Single-crystal superalloys at 0.6Tm", + "Nanocrystalline ceramics with grain size <50nm", + "Cold-worked austenitic stainless steel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Why does alloy steel have less heat treatment deformation than carbon steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Alloy steels have higher thermal conductivity which homogenizes temperature gradients during quenching", + "Alloying elements increase hardenability, allowing slower cooling rates that reduce thermal stresses", + "The presence of alloy carbides creates a rigid lattice structure resistant to distortion", + "Alloying elements lower the martensite start temperature, reducing phase transformation stresses" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main phenomenon during the low-temperature recovery of cold-worked metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Annihilation of excess vacancies through diffusion to grain boundaries", + "Rearrangement of dislocations into low-energy configurations", + "Partial recrystallization of deformed grains", + "Precipitation of secondary phases at defect sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the crystallographic direction in the diamond structure defined by the points (0,0,0) and $(\\frac{3}{4},\\frac{3}{4},\\frac{1}{4})$. Which of the following is the correct crystallographic direction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[111]", + "[331]", + "[110]", + "[311]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the four main mass transfer mechanisms in sintering?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Surface diffusion; Grain boundary diffusion; Lattice diffusion; Viscous flow", + "Evaporation-condensation; Surface diffusion; Plastic flow; Dislocation climb", + "Evaporation-condensation; Diffusion mass transfer; Flow mass transfer; Dissolution-precipitation", + "Grain boundary sliding; Dislocation motion; Recrystallization; Phase transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When 6 mol% of MgO is added to the UO2 lattice to form a substitutional solid solution, which of the following is the correct defect reaction equation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "MgO→UO2Mg0′′+O0+V0∗", + "MgO→UO2Mg0′′+O0+VO∗∗", + "MgO→UO2Mg0′′+Oi′′+VO∗∗", + "MgO→UO2Mg0′′+Oi′′+V0∗" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How is texture formed in crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Texture results from differences in surface energy between crystallographic planes", + "Texture arises from variations in atomic packing density within crystal lattices", + "Texture is created by preferential alignment of dislocations during plastic deformation", + "Texture forms when grain orientations deviate from a random distribution relative to a reference coordinate system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the growth speed from slow to fast, the correct order of crystal growth methods is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystal defect growth; Two-dimensional nucleation growth; Vertical growth", + "Two-dimensional nucleation growth; Crystal defect growth; Vertical growth", + "Vertical growth; Crystal defect growth; Two-dimensional nucleation growth", + "Two-dimensional nucleation growth; Vertical growth; Crystal defect growth" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that the stacking fault energy of a certain stainless steel is very low, γ=0.013 J/m². It is cold-pressed with a reduction of 8%, followed by recrystallization annealing. Which of the following describes its recrystallization nucleation mechanism?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Subgrain coalescence mechanism driven by high stacking fault energy", + "Bow-out nucleation mechanism due to dislocation density gradient at grain boundaries", + "Twin boundary migration nucleation due to extremely low stacking fault energy", + "Particle-stimulated nucleation from second-phase precipitates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Some hypothetical alloy is composed of 12.5 wt% of metal A and 87.5 wt% of metal B. If the densities of metals A and B are 4.27 and 6.35g/cm³, respectively, whereas their respective atomic weights are 61.4 and 125.7g/mol, determine the crystal structure for this alloy given a unit cell edge length of 0.395nm. The possible crystal structures are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "simple cubic", + "face-centered cubic", + "body-centered cubic", + "hexagonal close-packed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements about dislocation loops is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Burgers vector of a dislocation loop must lie in the loop plane", + "A perfect dislocation loop in FCC metals always dissociates into partials", + "Dislocation loops in BCC metals cannot have pure screw character", + "The strain field of a circular prismatic loop exhibits cubic symmetry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the ASTM grain size number if 30 grains per square inch are measured at a magnification of 250 ×. The correct ASTM grain size number is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.6", + "7.3", + "9.1", + "6.8" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A hypothetical AX type of ceramic material is known to have a density of 2.10g / {cm}^{3} and a unit cell of cubic symmetry with a cell edge length of 0.57nm. The atomic weights of the A and X elements are 28.5 and 30.0g / mol, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of the following crystal structures is (are) possible for this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "sodium chloride only", + "zinc blende only", + "cesium chloride only", + "sodium chloride and zinc blende" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the height of the cylindrical riser required to prevent shrinkage in a 1 in. x 6 in. x 6 in. casting if the H/D of the riser is 1.0?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.5 in", + "2.25 in", + "3.0 in", + "4.5 in" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When clay adsorbs different cations, what is the variation trend in slurry stability (from small to large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Al3+ < H+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "For an alloy that has solidified with microscopic non-equilibrium segregation, which of the following measures can be taken to accelerate diffusion and homogenize the alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Rapid quenching to room temperature to freeze the microstructure then aging at intermediate temperature", + "Heating to just below the solvus temperature followed by slow cooling to minimize residual stresses", + "Severe plastic deformation at cryogenic temperatures to create excess vacancies", + "Applying high-frequency ultrasonic vibration during isothermal annealing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Where should hydrogen atoms be located in the aluminum lattice?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Octahedral interstices due to their larger size compared to tetrahedral sites", + "Tetrahedral interstices because hydrogen's small radius fits better in smaller voids", + "Substitutional sites replacing aluminum atoms to form stable hydrides", + "Grain boundaries where hydrogen can be trapped by defects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Polyvinyl chloride (C2H3Cl)n is dissolved in an organic solvent, with its C-C bond length set at 0.154nm, and the number of bonds in the chain x=2n. For a molecule with a molecular mass of 28500g, what is its root mean square length?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.28nm", + "4.65nm", + "5.92nm", + "2.17nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The diffusion coefficients of carbon in titanium measured at different temperatures are 2×10−9cm2/s (736℃), 5×10−9cm2/s (782℃), and 1.3×10−8cm2/s (838℃). The activation energy for diffusion is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "152.3 kJ/mol", + "189.5 kJ/mol", + "2.34×10^6 J/mol", + "2342787 J/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a simple cubic crystal, pure bending of the (110) plane around the [001] axis will form what type of dislocations (specify the direction of the dislocation line and the Burgers vector)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mixed type, dislocation line direction=[111], Burgers vector=a/2[110]", + "Screw type, dislocation line direction=[110], Burgers vector=a[001]", + "Edge type, dislocation line direction=[001], Burgers vector=a[100] or a[010]", + "Edge type, dislocation line direction=[110], Burgers vector=a/2[110]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The microscopic mechanisms of diffusion in crystalline solids include:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Nabarro-Herring creep", + "Dislocation climb-controlled diffusion", + "Grain boundary sliding", + "Exchange mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How much CaO needs to be added to 100g of SiO2 to achieve an O:Si ratio of 2.5?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "35.21g", + "58.33g", + "46.67g", + "62.49g" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the third criterion upon which factors of safety are based?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Consequences of failure in terms of human safety and economic loss", + "Statistical variability of applied loads and material strengths", + "Accuracy of measurement of mechanical forces and/or material properties", + "Temperature dependence of material properties under service conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "The commonly used method for refining grains in casting processes is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Alloying with grain refiners", + "Rapid quenching", + "Stirring or vibration", + "Applying magnetic fields during solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why does bending a lead plate at room temperature initially make it harder, but after some time, it becomes as soft as it was initially?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elastic deformation causes temporary hardening, then stress relaxation returns lead to its original state", + "Work hardening increases dislocation density, followed by room temperature recrystallization due to lead's low melting point", + "Dislocation pile-up creates initial resistance, but lead's high stacking fault energy allows rapid recovery", + "Twinning formation during bending increases hardness, but lead's FCC structure enables easy detwinning" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the basic characteristics of silicate structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All silicates exhibit perfect tetrahedral symmetry with identical Si-O bond lengths", + "Silicate structures are primarily ionic crystals with silicon always in octahedral coordination", + "The fundamental structural unit is the [SiO4] tetrahedron with Si-O bonds having significant covalent character", + "Silicate frameworks are held together by metallic bonding between silicon atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "To obtain a casting with uniform composition and performance, which zone should be expanded?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "the equiaxed crystal zone", + "the columnar crystal zone", + "the chill zone", + "the transition zone" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The typical steel grade of austenitic stainless steel is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1Cr18Ni9Ti", + "304L", + "316H", + "AISI 440C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given the vacancy formation energy of aluminum is 0.76 eV/vacancy, and the lattice constant of aluminum at 25°C is 0.405 nm, at what temperature will the vacancy concentration in aluminum be 1000 times that at 25°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "434K", + "298K", + "527K", + "362K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If an alloy has β-phase precipitates with a spacing of 50 nm after heat treatment, what is the total area of α/β interfaces per cubic meter (assuming the precipitates are cubes)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.0×10^7 m^2", + "6.0×10^7 m^2", + "2.4×10^8 m^2", + "1.2×10^8 m^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "How does the magnitude of bond energy affect the properties of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The relationship between bond energy and melting point follows an inverse square law dependence", + "Materials with lower bond energy exhibit higher thermal conductivity as phonon scattering is reduced", + "Bond energy magnitude has negligible effect on corrosion resistance as it's primarily a surface phenomenon", + "Higher bond energy leads to increased ductility due to enhanced atomic mobility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What kind of motion cannot be performed by a screw dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Climb", + "Glide", + "Cross-slip", + "Twist" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal test bar of an FCC metal with a cross-sectional area of 10 cm² is subjected to a compression test along the axial direction. The critical resolved shear stress is known to be 0.1 kgf/mm², and the initial orientation of the bar axis is [215]. Which of the following is the initial slip system (specific indices are required)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111)[011]", + "(111)[101]", + "(111)[110]", + "(111)[112]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the influencing factors of the glass transition temperature of polymers?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crosslinking density shows an inverse square relationship with glass transition temperature in all polymer systems", + "Crystallinity percentage is the dominant factor, with glass transition temperature increasing linearly with crystallinity", + "Chain flexibility and intermolecular forces are the primary determinants, with plasticizers having negligible effect below 5% concentration", + "Molecular weight has a direct proportionality effect on glass transition temperature above the critical entanglement molecular weight" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The macroscopic symmetry elements of crystals include:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "center of symmetry, axis of symmetry, plane of symmetry, dislocation line, twin boundary", + "center of symmetry, axis of symmetry, plane of symmetry, screw axis, glide plane", + "center of symmetry, axis of symmetry, plane of symmetry, Burgers vector, stacking fault", + "center of symmetry, axis of symmetry, plane of symmetry, rotoinversion axis, rotoreflection axis" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to the Hall-Petch equation σ=σ₀+kd⁻¹/², given that when annealed for 30 minutes σ=112MPa, d=23μm, and when annealed for 60 minutes σ=103MPa, d=32.5μm, which of the following are the correct values of the constants σ₀ and k?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "σ₀ = 72.1MPa, k = 198MPa·μm¹/²", + "σ₀ = 55.3MPa, k = 272MPa·μm¹/²", + "σ₀ = 48.6MPa, k = 305MPa·mm¹/²", + "σ₀ = 63.8MPa, k = 225MPa·μm⁻¹/²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines 'Critical deformation degree'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical strain required to initiate dynamic recrystallization during deformation", + "The maximum strain a material can withstand before fracture during hot working", + "The deformation threshold where dislocation density reaches saturation in a single crystal", + "The minimum pre-cold deformation required for metal to undergo recrystallization at a given temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-0.35% C alloy at 728°C, the composition and amount of each phase present is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α: 0.35% C, 43.9% γ: 0.77% C, 56.1%", + "α: 0.0218% C, 56.1% γ: 0.77% C, 43.9%", + "α: 0.0218% C, 43.9% γ: 0.77% C, 56.1%", + "α: 0.77% C, 56.1% γ: 0.0218% C, 43.9%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The yield strength of Mg alloy is 180 MPa, E is 45 GPa. What is the maximum load that will not cause plastic deformation of a 10 mm × 2 mm Mg plate?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3600 N", + "9000 N", + "1800 N", + "8100 N" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the graphite content in Fe-3.6%C alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.8%", + "3.6%", + "2.94%", + "4.2%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following lists the four classifications of steels?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Low Carbon Steels, Medium Carbon Steels, High Carbon Steels, High Alloy Steels", + "Ferritic, Austenitic, Martensitic, Duplex", + "Plain Carbon Steels, Low Alloy Steels, Tool Steels, Stainless Steels", + "Hypoeutectoid, Eutectoid, Hypereutectoid, Ledeburitic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why cannot the lever rule be used to analyze the relative amounts of phases in a vertical section of a ternary equilibrium phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the lever rule requires constant temperature conditions, which are violated in vertical sections", + "Because vertical sections represent non-equilibrium conditions where phase fractions are undefined", + "Because the composition points of equilibrium phases cannot be determined on a vertical section", + "Because ternary systems require three-dimensional lever calculations that cannot be projected onto 2D sections" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the types of defects in metal crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All crystal defects can be classified as either point defects or planar defects, with no distinction between line and volume defects", + "Schottky defects are line defects; Frenkel defects are volume defects; twin boundaries are point defects; stacking faults are planar defects", + "Vacancies and interstitials are volume defects; dislocations are point defects; grain boundaries are line defects; voids are planar defects", + "Point defects include vacancies and interstitials; dislocations are line defects; grain boundaries are planar defects; voids are volume defects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the density of fully crystalline polyethylene (PE) is 1.01 g/cm³ and that of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is 0.96 g/cm³, what is the size of the 'free space' in HDPE?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.048 cm³/g", + "0.052 cm³/g", + "0.96 cm³/g", + "0.05 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines 'Twinning'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Twinning occurs when dislocations rearrange to form mirror-image crystallographic planes", + "Twinning is the phenomenon where two crystals grow symmetrically from a common nucleation point", + "Twinning describes the alignment of crystal lattices during solidification to minimize interfacial energy", + "Twinning refers to the shear process in which a crystal undergoes deformation by forming twins under stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the machinability of HT150 and annealed 20 steel.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "20 steel is better because its higher tensile strength leads to cleaner cutting surfaces", + "Annealed 20 steel is superior because its lower carbon content reduces tool wear", + "Both materials show similar machinability as they have comparable hardness after heat treatment", + "HT150 has better machinability due to its higher graphite content improving chip formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given the following corrosion data for Metal M: V(M/M2+)=-0.47 V, i0=5x10-10 A/cm2, β=+0.15; and for Hydrogen: V(H+/H2)=0 V, i0=2x10-9 A/cm2, β=-0.12, what is the corrosion potential for this reaction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-0.412 V", + "-0.247 V", + "-0.169 V", + "+0.032 V" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the causes of secondary banded structure formation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Secondary banded structures form due to rapid quenching from the austenitic phase, creating alternating layers of martensite and retained austenite with distinct hardness differences.", + "The formation of secondary banded structure is the result of solid-state transformation. The white bands are proeutectoid ferrite, and the black bands are pearlite, which must form on the basis of primary bands. These bands are all related to element segregation and the special distribution of inclusions.", + "The banding results from periodic fluctuations in cooling rate during solidification, causing alternating zones of dendritic and eutectic microstructures.", + "It is caused by mechanical working processes where deformation bands align with crystallographic planes, creating alternating regions of recrystallized and work-hardened material." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "After high-temperature recovery, several edge dislocations form a subgrain boundary with a misorientation of $0.057^{\\circ}$. Assuming there is no interaction between these dislocations, what is the ratio of the distortion energy after forming the subgrain to the original energy? (Given the core radius of the dislocation $r_{0}\\approx$ $b\\approx10^{-8}\\mathrm{cm}$, and the effective radius of the dislocation stress field before forming the subgrain $R=10^{-4}\\mathrm{cm}$.)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3/4", + "1/2", + "ln(R/r0)/[2ln(R/2r0)]", + "θ/2π" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a rough interface?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It is any phase boundary that shows topological defects exceeding 10nm in height variation.", + "It is a solid-solid interface with irregular atomic arrangement caused by plastic deformation during mechanical processing.", + "It is a liquid-vapor interface exhibiting surface roughness due to thermal fluctuations and capillary waves.", + "It is a solid-liquid interface where the atomic arrangement on the solid-phase surface is uneven and rough, displaying no crystallographic plane characteristics." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is a critical nucleus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The point defect cluster with critical concentration to initiate recrystallization", + "The smallest possible crystal structure unit that can exist in a given material system", + "A nucleus that has reached the minimum energy configuration required for phase transformation", + "An embryo with radius r_k that may either disappear or grow stably, and is the threshold size for nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the completeness of isothermal transformation for bainite transformation, pearlite transformation, and martensite transformation. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pearlite transformation can be completely transformed, some bainite transformations can be completely transformed while others cannot, and martensite transformation cannot be completely transformed", + "Pearlite and bainite transformations can both be completely transformed, while martensite transformation cannot be completely transformed", + "All three transformations can reach 100% completion under isothermal conditions given sufficient time", + "Only pearlite transformation can reach full completion, while both bainite and martensite transformations always leave residual austenite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to the thermodynamic theory of diffusion, the condition for reverse diffusion to occur is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "the thermodynamic factor of the diffusion coefficient is less than 0", + "the concentration gradient exceeds the critical value for uphill diffusion", + "the chemical potential gradient is positive while the concentration gradient is negative", + "the activation energy for diffusion becomes temperature-dependent" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the graphitization process of cast iron, if the first stage is completely graphitized and the second stage is not graphitized, what type of cast iron structure is obtained?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "F+G (ferrite + graphite)", + "F+P (ferrite + pearlite)", + "P (pearlite)", + "P+G (graphite)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why are residual thermal stresses introduced into a glass piece when it is cooled?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the glass transition temperature causes sudden volume expansion during cooling", + "Due to differential cooling rates between surface and interior regions causing non-uniform contraction", + "As a result of crystallization-induced phase transformation stresses during cooling", + "Owing to the Poisson's ratio effect creating shear stresses during thermal contraction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in deformation mode between slip and twinning, the two mechanisms of metal plastic deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip occurs through dislocation motion while twinning involves coordinated atomic shuffling without dislocations", + "Both mechanisms involve dislocation motion but twinning requires specific crystallographic orientations", + "Slip preserves the crystal structure while twinning creates a mirror-image lattice orientation", + "Twinning requires higher stress than slip because it involves breaking more atomic bonds simultaneously" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Consider a cylindrical specimen of some hypothetical metal alloy that has a diameter of 10.0 mm(0.39 in.). A tensile force of 1500N(340 lb) produces an elastic reduction in diameter of 6.7 × 10^{-4} mm(2.64 × 10^{-5} in.). Compute the elastic modulus of this alloy, given that Poisson's ratio is 0.35. The elastic modulus is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "100 GPa", + "70 GPa (using shear modulus formula with Poisson's ratio)", + "210 GPa (assuming steel-like behavior without calculation)", + "150 GPa (incorrectly using diameter change as strain)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Predict the strength σLu of an Al2O3 short fiber reinforced composite at a volume fraction φf=0.1, given the fiber stress σf=2190MPa and the matrix yield strength σy=76MPa.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "292MPa", + "219MPa", + "76MPa", + "386MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the conditions for forming continuous substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic radius difference must be less than 8%, crystal structures must be similar but not identical, and valency difference must be compensated by vacancies", + "The atomic radius difference must exceed 8%, crystal structures can differ if lattice parameters match, and valency must be identical", + "The atomic radius difference must be less than 15%, crystal structures must be identical, and electronegativity difference must be below 0.4", + "The atomic radius difference must be less than 12%, crystal structures must be identical, and valency must be identical or charge-balanced" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6d subshell", + "5f subshell", + "7s subshell", + "4f subshell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the reason for the increase in strength caused by the proliferation of line defects and planar defects in crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The defects create additional slip systems that accommodate plastic deformation", + "The defects increase the elastic modulus by altering atomic bonding configurations", + "The increase in both types of defects significantly hinders the movement of dislocations, thereby enhancing strength", + "The defects promote dynamic recovery processes that refine grain structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "After heating T8 steel wire to 870°C and holding for 1h, what is its phase and composition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ferrite with 0.77% C", + "Austenite with 0.77% C", + "Austenite with 0.8% C", + "Pearlite with 0.77% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The electrical conductivity of an extrinsic semiconductor is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Directly proportional to the square root of dopant concentration", + "Inversely proportional to the mobility of minority carriers", + "Primarily determined by the intrinsic carrier concentration", + "Independent of temperature above 300K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the changes occurring during recrystallization annealing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "During annealing, the dislocation density decreases, deformed grains transform into equiaxed grains, residual stresses are eliminated, and strength and hardness are reduced", + "Annealing causes dislocation density to increase initially due to thermal activation, followed by grain boundary migration that increases hardness", + "Recrystallization annealing primarily increases the elastic modulus by eliminating vacancies while maintaining the original grain morphology", + "The process creates a textured microstructure with elongated grains to enhance directional mechanical properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When a polymer material is subjected to force, the elasticity achieved by the movement of chain segments is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The elastic recovery occurs through reptation of entire polymer chains", + "The stress-strain curve shows perfect linearity up to 500% elongation", + "The energy dissipation is primarily due to covalent bond stretching", + "The modulus remains constant regardless of strain rate or temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "On the average, dislocation-dislocation strain interactions are", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "dependent on Burgers vector orientation", + "attractive", + "neutral", + "repulsive" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the crystal growth morphology related to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interface structure", + "Bulk modulus", + "Surface energy anisotropy", + "Dislocation density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If a crystal has a high density of line defects (dislocations) or planar defects (grain boundaries, twin boundaries, etc.), its strength will significantly increase. What are these phenomena called?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation pinning and Zener drag", + "Work hardening and Hall-Petch effect", + "Strain hardening and grain boundary strengthening", + "Solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "CeO2 has a fluorite structure. When 15 mol% CaO is added to form a solid solution, the measured density of the solid solution is d = 7.01 g/cm³, and the unit cell parameter is a = 0.5417 nm. Determine which type of solid solution is formed.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "An interstitial solid solution is formed, with interstitial Ca²⁺ ions present", + "A substitutional solid solution is formed, with Ca²⁺ substituting for Ce⁴⁺", + "A vacancy solid solution is formed, with oxygen vacancies compensating for charge imbalance", + "A complex defect cluster solution is formed, with both cation substitution and anion vacancies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes grain growth?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "is the process in which the average grain size of a strain-free material continuously increases during heat treatment without altering its distribution", + "occurs when dislocations rearrange to form subgrain boundaries during recrystallization", + "is driven primarily by reduction in surface energy and requires the presence of stored strain energy", + "can be prevented by adding solute atoms that segregate to grain boundaries and increase their mobility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the structural differences between crystalline SiO2, SiO2 glass, silica gel, and SiO2 melt?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystalline SiO2 exhibits long-range order in all dimensions, while SiO2 glass shows short-range order only. Silica gel has a mesoporous structure, and SiO2 melt displays complete structural disorder.", + "All forms show the same tetrahedral SiO4 units, differing only in packing density: crystalline (highest), glass (medium), melt (low), and gel (variable).", + "Crystalline SiO2—particles are arranged regularly in three-dimensional space, exhibiting anisotropy; SiO2 glass—isotropic; silica gel—loose and porous; SiO2 melt—internal structure is framework-like, with short-range order and long-range disorder.", + "The key difference lies in bond angles: crystalline (perfect 109.5°), glass (slightly distorted), melt (random), and gel (partially hydrolyzed with varying angles)." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes polymorphism?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The phenomenon where identical chemical compositions show varying electrical conductivity at different temperatures", + "Materials exhibiting different mechanical properties when loaded in different crystallographic directions", + "The ability of a material to exist in both crystalline and amorphous states depending on processing conditions", + "Substances with the same chemical composition can form crystals with different structures under different thermodynamic conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the mass fraction of eutectoid ferrite in an iron-carbon alloy that contains 0.43 wt% C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.417", + "0.567", + "0.493", + "0.602" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "After quenching T8 steel wire to 20°C and holding, which of the following indicates its phases and composition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "M (w_C=0.8% in M)", + "M+B (w_C=0.8% in M, B)", + "M+P (w_C=0.77% in M, P)", + "M+A′ (w_C=0.77% in M, A′)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a crosslinked copolymer consisting of 35 wt% ethylene and 65 wt% propylene, determine the fraction of both repeat unit types.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ethylene fraction: 0.45, Propylene fraction: 0.55", + "Ethylene fraction: 0.35, Propylene fraction: 0.65", + "Ethylene fraction: 0.28, Propylene fraction: 0.72", + "Ethylene fraction: 0.65, Propylene fraction: 0.35" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The formula for samarium iron garnet (Sm3Fe5O12) may be written in the form Sm3^aFe2^cFe3^dO12, where the superscripts a, c, and d represent different sites on which the Sm^3+ and Fe^3+ ions are located. The spin magnetic moments for the Sm^3+ and Fe^3+ ions positioned in a and c sites are oriented parallel to one another and antiparallel to the Fe^3+ ions in d sites. Compute the number of Bohr magnetons associated with each Sm^3+ ion, given the following information: (1) each unit cell consists of eight formula (Sm3Fe5O12) units; (2) the unit cell is cubic with an edge length of 1.2529 nm; (3) the saturation magnetization for this material is 1.35 × 10^5 A/m; and (4) there are 5 Bohr magnetons associated with each Fe^3+ ion.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.72 bm", + "2.86 bm", + "0.72 bm", + "4.28 bm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How do the properties of elements change from left to right within the same period in the periodic table?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionization energy decreases, metallic character strengthens", + "Electron affinity decreases, atomic radius increases", + "Electronegativity decreases, non-metallic character weakens", + "Ionization energy increases, metallic character weakens" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Why is interstitial diffusion normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interstitial atoms have higher activation energy for diffusion due to stronger lattice distortions", + "Vacancy diffusion requires pre-existing defects while interstitial diffusion can occur in perfect crystals", + "Interstitial sites have lower coordination number, reducing atomic interaction resistance", + "The concentration gradient for interstitial impurities is typically steeper than for vacancies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a simple cubic crystal, if the direction of the dislocation line is [112] and the Burgers vector is $b=a$ [110], what type of dislocation is this?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Screw dislocation (dislocation line ∥ Burgers vector)", + "Edge dislocation (dislocation line ⊥ Burgers vector)", + "Mixed dislocation (angle between vectors is 60°)", + "Partial dislocation (Burgers vector magnitude < a)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Martensite is a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in which of the following?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fe3C", + "γ-Fe", + "α-Fe", + "δ-Fe" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "γ-Fe has a lattice constant α=0.3633nm slightly above 910 ℃, what is the atomic radius of γ-Fe?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1817nm", + "0.1284nm", + "0.1572nm", + "0.1048nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on Hume-Rothery's conditions, would the system Al-Cu be expected to display unlimited solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because their atomic radii differ by less than 15%", + "No, due to their different crystal structures at room temperature", + "Yes, as both elements are FCC and have similar electronegativities", + "No, because their valence electron concentrations differ significantly" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In ionic materials, how does the size of the component ions affect the extent of electronic polarization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Smaller ions exhibit greater polarization due to higher charge density", + "The larger the size of the component ions the greater the degree of electronic polarization", + "Ion size has negligible effect compared to charge asymmetry", + "Polarization is maximized when cation and anion sizes are equal" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the valence of I- in CdI2 crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The valence is unsaturated as the bond valence sum exceeds the formal oxidation state", + "The valence is unsaturated because I- in CdI2 adopts a tetrahedral coordination geometry", + "The valence is saturated due to the 8-N rule where I (group VII) forms one bond", + "The valence is saturated because CN(I)=3 and each I- shares 1/3 of its charge with three Cd2+ ions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the tensile strengths and number-average molecular weights for two polymers as follows: Tensile strength (MPa) 138, 184; Number average molecular weight (g/mol) 12600, 28100. Estimate the number average molecular weight (in g/mol) at a tensile strength of 141 MPa.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "11400 g/mol", + "13200 g/mol", + "15800 g/mol", + "14600 g/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why do commercial oxides such as windows and beverage glass require the addition of Na2O to SiO2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Na2O creates charge-balancing defects that enhance thermal conductivity", + "Na2O increases the refractive index for better optical clarity in windows", + "Na2O forms secondary bonds that improve mechanical strength at room temperature", + "Na2O disrupts the SiO2 network by breaking primary bonds, lowering Tg for easier processing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How does melting point affect atomic diffusion within the same alloy system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "At the same homologous temperature (T/Tm), diffusion rates are identical regardless of melting point", + "Higher melting point alloys always exhibit faster diffusion due to stronger atomic bonds", + "Diffusion is slower in higher melting point alloys at the same absolute temperature", + "Melting point has no systematic relationship with diffusion rates in alloys" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Chromium has four naturally-occurring isotopes: 4.34% of { }^{50} \\mathrm{Cr}, with an atomic weight of 49.9460 amu, 83.79% of { }^{52} \\mathrm{Cr}, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu, 9.50% of { }^{53} \\mathrm{Cr}, with an atomic weight of 52.9407 amu, and 2.37% of { }^{54} \\mathrm{Cr}, with an atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these data, what is the average atomic weight of \\mathrm{Cr}?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "52.9407 amu", + "52.0000 amu", + "51.9405 amu", + "51.9963 amu" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "In homogeneous nucleation, assuming the nucleus shape is a cube with side length a, given σ and ΔGv, the critical nucleation work is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32σ³/ΔGv²", + "16σ³/ΔGv²", + "24σ²/ΔGv", + "8σ³/ΔGv²" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A peritectic reaction involves which of the following combinations of phase fields?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phase transition involving simultaneous nucleation of two distinct crystalline structures", + "A reversible solid-state transformation with hysteresis behavior", + "A diffusionless transformation with invariant plane strain characteristics", + "A displacive transformation accompanied by composition partitioning" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given the vacancy formation energy of aluminum is 0.76 eV/vacancy, and the lattice constant of aluminum at 25°C is 0.405 nm, what is the vacancy concentration in aluminum at 25°C (vacancies/cm3)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.67×10^10 vacancies/cm3", + "8.34×10^9 vacancies/cm3", + "4.17×10^9 vacancies/cm3", + "2.08×10^10 vacancies/cm3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If you were to locally heat identical geometry plates of the materials listed below with the same heat source, which would increase in temperature the fastest?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polycrystalline diamond (thermal conductivity: 2000 W/mK)", + "Single-crystal graphene (in-plane thermal conductivity: 5000 W/mK)", + "Electrolytic copper (thermal conductivity: 400 W/mK)", + "Pyrolytic graphite (through-plane thermal conductivity: 10 W/mK)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the diameter of the cylindrical riser required to prevent shrinkage in a 4 in. × 10 in. × 20 in. casting if the H / D of the riser is 1.5?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.21 in.", + "5.33 in.", + "8.00 in.", + "6.67 in." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Based on Hume-Rothery's conditions, would the system U-W be expected to display unlimited solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both elements are refractory metals with similar melting points", + "No, due to their significant difference in atomic radii (U: 1.56Å vs W: 1.39Å)", + "Yes, since they share the same crystal structure (BCC) at high temperatures", + "No, because of their large electronegativity difference (U: 1.38 vs W: 2.36)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Zinc selenide has a band gap of 2.58 eV. Over what range of wavelengths of visible light is it transparent?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.70-0.90 μm (only transparent to near-infrared light)", + "0.38-0.48 μm (only transparent to violet/blue light)", + "0.48-0.70 μm (transparent to all visible light)", + "0.30-0.70 μm (transparent to UV and visible light)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why are 40CrNiMo and 37SiMnCrMoV steels (25mm in diameter) in the normalized state difficult to machine, and what is the most economical method to improve machinability?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Annealing", + "Quenching and tempering", + "Cold working followed by stress relief", + "Solution treatment at 1050°C followed by aging" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "To predict the normalizing effect of φ25 eutectoid steel bars, how applicable is the continuous cooling transformation curve?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both curves are equally applicable as they show identical transformation behavior", + "The isothermal transformation diagram should be used instead, as normalizing involves holding at elevated temperature", + "Neither is needed since eutectoid steels always form pearlite during normalizing", + "The continuous cooling transformation curve is essential for predicting microstructure evolution during normalizing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "An alternating copolymer is known to have a number-average molecular weight of 250,000g / mol and a degree of polymerization of 3420 . If one of the repeat units is styrene, which of the following is the other repeat unit?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ethylene", + "Propylene", + "Tetrafluoroethylene", + "Vinyl chloride" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When designing plastic parts, compared to metals, which of the following are limiting factors?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher Poisson's ratio leading to excessive lateral deformation", + "Low creep resistance at room temperature due to viscoelastic behavior", + "Lower fracture toughness compared to ceramic materials", + "Anisotropic thermal conductivity affecting heat dissipation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "For a fibrous composite with fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented in all directions, when a stress is applied in any direction, what is the reinforcement efficiency?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The efficiency is 1/3 due to isotropic averaging of Young's modulus", + "The efficiency is 1/5 as derived from orientation averaging of stiffness tensor", + "The efficiency is 3/8 based on Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation", + "The efficiency is 1/2 considering only axial loading components" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At room temperature the electrical conductivity of PbS is 25 (Ω·m)^{-1}, whereas the electron and hole mobilities are 0.06 and 0.02 m^{2}/V·s, respectively. What is the intrinsic carrier concentration for PbS at room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.81 × 10^{19} m^{-3}", + "3.13 × 10^{20} m^{-3}", + "5.21 × 10^{21} m^{-3}", + "1.95 × 10^{21} m^{-3}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Some hypothetical alloy is composed of 25 wt% of metal A and 75 wt% of metal B. If the densities of metals A and B are 6.17 and 8.00g / {cm}^{3}, respectively, and their respective atomic weights are 171.3 and 162.0g / mol, and a unit cell edge length of 0.332nm is assumed, the crystal structure for this alloy is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "simple cubic", + "face-centered cubic", + "body-centered cubic", + "hexagonal close-packed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the performance characteristics of diamond?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diamond shows anisotropic electrical conductivity similar to graphite", + "Diamond exhibits high ductility and low thermal conductivity", + "Diamond has high hardness and a dense structure", + "Diamond possesses metallic bonding characteristics" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The dislocation that can undergo cross-slip must be", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "edge dislocation", + "screw dislocation", + "mixed dislocation", + "all dislocation types can cross-slip" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate minimum temperature at which it is possible to austenitize a 0.95 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a normalizing heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "912°C (1674°F)", + "727°C (1340°F)", + "840°C (1545°F)", + "768°C (1414°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the temperature range and alias of the second type of temper brittleness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The brittleness that occurs when tempering between 450~650°C is called high-temperature temper brittleness, also known as the second type of temper brittleness", + "The brittleness that occurs when tempering between 250~400°C is called blue brittleness, also known as the second type of temper brittleness", + "The brittleness that occurs when tempering between 350~550°C is called reversible temper brittleness, also known as the second type of temper brittleness", + "The brittleness that occurs when tempering between 500~700°C is called temper embrittlement, also known as the second type of temper brittleness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes solid solution strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The presence of solute atoms in the solid solution causes lattice distortion of the solvent, thereby hindering dislocation motion and increasing its strength.", + "The formation of secondary phases at grain boundaries restricts grain boundary sliding, leading to enhanced strength.", + "Solute atoms increase the elastic modulus of the matrix, making it more resistant to deformation.", + "Interstitial atoms create covalent bonds with the host lattice, significantly raising the melting point and strength." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that contains 105kg of iron, 0.2 kg of carbon, and 1.0kg of chromium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fe: 99.11 wt%, C: 0.19 wt%, Cr: 0.70 wt%", + "Fe: 98.87 wt%, C: 0.19 wt%, Cr: 0.94 wt%", + "Fe: 98.87 wt%, C: 0.20 wt%, Cr: 0.93 wt%", + "Fe: 99.06 wt%, C: 0.19 wt%, Cr: 0.75 wt%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Under equilibrium cooling conditions, a carbon steel obtains a microstructure containing 50% pearlite and 50% ferrite. What is the mass fraction of carbon in this alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.385", + "0.25", + "0.77", + "0.42" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the common method to refine grains in casting process (the first method)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Use directional solidification", + "Add grain refiners (e.g., TiB2)", + "Apply mechanical vibration during solidification", + "Increase the cooling rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "From a macroscopic perspective, which of the following correctly describes the interface structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The straight interface is thermodynamically stable due to minimized surface energy", + "Zigzag interfaces indicate higher atomic mobility at the solidification front", + "The straight one is called a rough interface structure; the zigzag one is called a smooth interface structure", + "Interface morphology is primarily determined by the cooling rate rather than atomic attachment kinetics" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are methods to prevent secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "control sintering temperature", + "increase cooling rate during solidification", + "apply external magnetic field during annealing", + "use single crystal precursor materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes a Schottky defect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Schottky defect: A localized lattice distortion caused by substitutional impurity atoms with different atomic radii.", + "Schottky defect: A pair of cation and anion vacancies that maintains charge neutrality in ionic crystals, without any atoms migrating to the surface.", + "Schottky defect: A vacancy-interstitial pair formed when an atom moves from its lattice site to an interstitial position within the crystal.", + "Schottky defect: When the lattice undergoes thermal vibration, some atoms with sufficient energy leave their equilibrium positions, migrate to the surface of the crystal, and leave vacancies at the original normal lattice sites." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of the ion exchange capacity of clay after adsorbing the given cations (from small to large)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < H+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Al3+ < H+", + "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+", + "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In polymer materials, what is the bond between molecules (secondary bond)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hydrogen bond", + "Covalent bond", + "Van der Waals forces", + "Ionic bond" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "For an ASTM grain size of 6, approximately how many grains would there be per square inch at a magnification of 100x?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "16 grains/in.^2", + "64 grains/in.^2", + "32 grains/in.^2", + "8 grains/in.^2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the ZrO2 solid solution, cations form an fcc structure, and O2- ions are located at tetrahedral interstitial sites. Given that 100 cations form 25 unit cells, and each unit cell has a total of 8 tetrahedral interstitial sites, what is the percentage of tetrahedral interstitial sites occupied by O2- ions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "25.0%", + "75.0%", + "50.0%", + "92.9%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If an extra (111) plane is embedded, causing a small-angle grain boundary tilted by 1° in α-Fe, what is the average distance between the dislocations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "36.234 nm", + "9.4807 nm", + "0.2774 nm", + "18.9615 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that pure titanium at 900°C is β-Ti (bcc structure) with a lattice constant a=0.3307nm, what is the (001) interplanar spacing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1653nm", + "0.3307nm", + "0.2339nm", + "0.2867nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main difference between cast iron and carbon steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cast iron has higher thermal conductivity due to its graphite flakes acting as phonon scattering centers", + "Carbon steel exhibits better corrosion resistance because its microstructure forms a passive oxide layer", + "The key difference is in their carbon solubility limits: 0.77% for steel vs 4.3% for cast iron at eutectic temperature", + "Cast iron contains silicon as a mandatory alloying element while carbon steel does not" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "When 20 mol% YF3 is added to CaF2 to form a solid solution, the experimentally measured density of the solid solution is 3.64 g/cm3, and the lattice parameter at this time is a=0.55 nm. The type of this solid solution is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a simple substitutional solid solution without defects", + "a substitutional solid solution with cation vacancies", + "a substitutional solid solution with anion vacancies", + "an interstitial solid solution is formed" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How can you distinguish between 45 steel and HT150 metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Observing the color difference in fracture surfaces under UV light", + "Measuring the Vickers hardness at identical indentation loads", + "Comparing the fracture surface roughness with profilometry", + "Analyzing the acoustic emission frequency during fracture" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "How does the thermal motion of atoms affect diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher thermal motion causes lattice contraction which decreases the available diffusion pathways", + "Thermal motion primarily affects the equilibrium vacancy concentration but has negligible impact on atomic jump frequency", + "Increased thermal energy reduces the activation energy barrier for diffusion, making atomic jumps less dependent on temperature", + "The enhancement of thermal motion will increase the jump distance, jump probability, and jump frequency of atoms, thereby increasing the diffusion coefficient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What are the characteristics of the phase transformation products in the solid-state phase transformation of metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The transformation occurs through liquid phase intermediates", + "The transformation follows classical nucleation theory exactly", + "The products always reach thermodynamic equilibrium", + "There are metastable phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a continuous and oriented fiber-reinforced composite, the moduli of elasticity in the longitudinal and transverse directions are 33.1 and 3.66 GPa (4.8 × 10^6 and 5.3 × 10^5 psi), respectively. If the volume fraction of fibers is 0.30, what are the moduli of elasticity of the fiber and matrix phases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "e_m = 3.77 GPa, e_f = 15 GPa", + "e_m = 2.6 GPa, e_f = 104 GPa", + "e_m = 5.3 GPa, e_f = 48 GPa", + "e_m = 0.53 GPa, e_f = 150 GPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Visible light having a wavelength of 5 x 10^-7 m appears green. What is the frequency of a photon of this light?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3 x 10^8 m/s", + "1.5 x 10^15 s^-1", + "6 x 10^14 s^-1", + "1.67 x 10^-15 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In a Ni single crystal, there is a dislocation with Burgers vector b=a[0]12 on the (11T) plane. The lattice constant a=0.35 nm. What is the length of the dislocation's Burgers vector?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.254 nm", + "0.35 nm", + "0.495 nm", + "0.175 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following accurately describes the methods of polymer alloying?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polymer alloying methods are strictly limited to physical blending techniques like melt mixing and solution casting", + "Chemical copolymerization is the only effective method for creating polymer alloys with stable phase structures", + "The preparation methods of polymer alloys can be divided into physical methods and chemical methods, with melt blending being the most common physical method", + "Interpenetrating polymer networks are considered a physical blending method due to their mechanical entanglement nature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Pseudo-eutectoid的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pseudo-eutectoid describes the co-existence of proeutectoid ferrite and cementite in hypereutectoid steels", + "Pseudo-eutectoid refers to the formation of metastable phases during rapid solidification of hypereutectic alloys", + "Pseudo-eutectoid is observed when pearlite forms in hypoeutectoid steels due to incomplete diffusion", + "Pseudo-eutectoid structures form when non-equilibrium cooling causes near-eutectoid alloys to fully transform into eutectoid microstructure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does a rough interface have on the crystal growth mode?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "continuous growth occurs", + "layer-by-layer growth dominates", + "step flow mechanism initiates", + "two-dimensional nucleation increases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the physical significance of the critical nucleus?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The nucleus size where surface energy equals bulk energy", + "The smallest embryo that can grow spontaneously", + "The point where nucleation rate reaches maximum", + "The radius at which Gibbs free energy change is zero" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of solid solution compound does Fe3C belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Substitutional solid solution with FCC lattice", + "Interstitial compound with complex structure", + "Intermetallic compound with L12 ordered structure", + "Interstitial solid solution with BCC lattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the planar density of the (110) plane in a face-centered cubic crystal, given the atomic radius r=(√2/4)a. The planar density is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.42", + "0.74", + "0.56", + "0.64" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming the atomic radius remains unchanged before and after the transformation, what is the volume change of pure iron when it transforms from bcc to fcc structure at 17°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "+2.314%", + "-8.196%", + "-12.472%", + "+0.000%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How does increasing the molecular weight of a semicrystalline polymer affect its tensile strength?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decreases as higher molecular weight leads to more amorphous regions", + "Increases due to enhanced chain entanglement and reduced chain-end defects", + "Remains constant because crystallinity percentage is the dominant factor", + "First increases then decreases beyond critical molecular weight" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Crystals have basic properties such as:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Symmetry; Crystallographic homogeneity; Elastic modulus; Self-confinement", + "Symmetry; Isotropy; Long-range order; Minimal surface energy", + "Symmetry; Crystallographic homogeneity; Anisotropy; Self-confinement", + "Symmetry; Crystallographic defects; Anisotropy; Self-confinement" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of diffusion is the growth of uniform austenite grains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "grain boundary diffusion", + "interstitial diffusion", + "self-diffusion", + "vacancy-assisted diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines the term 'electron concentration'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ratio of electron mobility to hole mobility in a doped material", + "The total number of electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor", + "The density of free electrons in a unit cell of a metal", + "The average number of valence electrons per atom in an alloy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes heterogeneous nucleation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The spontaneous formation of crystal nuclei in a perfectly homogeneous liquid metal without any external influence", + "The formation of crystal nuclei in liquid metal preferentially occurs on the surfaces of foreign substances (mold walls or impurities) or at locations with temperature inhomogeneity", + "The nucleation process that occurs at grain boundaries during solid-state phase transformations", + "The simultaneous formation of multiple crystal nuclei with different crystallographic orientations in a supercooled liquid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the radius of a palladium (Pd) atom, given that Pd has an FCC crystal structure, a density of 12.0g/cm³, and an atomic weight of 106.4g/mol?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.144nm", + "0.138nm", + "0.125nm", + "0.152nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the relative atomic mass of Si is 28.09, if there are 5×10^10 electrons capable of free movement in 100g of Si, what is the proportion of covalent bonds that must be broken?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.166 × 10^-14", + "5.83 × 10^-15", + "2.332 × 10^-14", + "1.166 × 10^-12" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the theoretical density of CsCl?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.02 g/cm³", + "3.99 g/cm³", + "4.38 g/cm³", + "4.15 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which method can be used to distinguish between 45 steel and HT150 metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Comparing Brinell hardness values at room temperature", + "Measuring thermal conductivity at 500°C", + "Metallographic examination of pearlite formation patterns", + "X-ray diffraction analysis of crystal structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the critical resolved shear stress for slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The maximum shear stress a material can withstand before fracture, dependent on both crystal orientation and temperature conditions", + "The minimum resolved shear stress required to initiate slip system movement; it is a constant value, related to the intrinsic properties of the material and independent of the orientation of external forces", + "The stress required to activate the easiest slip system, which varies with the angle between slip plane and applied stress direction", + "The yield strength of a single crystal measured along its most favorable slip direction, equivalent to the macroscopic yield stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Tensile deformation is applied along the [123] direction of an aluminum (Al) single crystal to induce plastic deformation. Which of the following correctly describes the rotation rule and rotation axis?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "During single slip, the specimen axis should rotate towards [111], and the rotation axis is [123]×[111]=[¯1¯1¯1]", + "During single slip, the specimen axis should rotate towards [101], and the rotation axis is [12¯3]×[10¯1]=[¯1¯1¯1]", + "During single slip, the specimen axis should rotate towards [101], and the rotation axis is [123]×[101]=[¯1¯1¯1]", + "During single slip, the specimen axis should rotate towards [111], and the rotation axis is [12¯3]×[10¯1]=[¯1¯1¯1]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A heat-treated part is made of 55 steel with an effective thickness of 10 mm, requiring a quenched and tempered hardness of HRC 32-37. Using oil quenching and tempering can also achieve the hardness specified in the drawing. Analyze whether this treatment method is reasonable.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The method is reasonable because oil quenching achieves the specified hardness range with better dimensional stability than water quenching", + "The method is reasonable since the hardness requirement is relatively low and oil quenching can prevent excessive distortion", + "The method is not reasonable because oil quenching will produce pearlite instead of martensite, compromising mechanical properties despite meeting hardness requirements", + "The method is not reasonable because 55 steel requires water quenching to achieve full hardness before tempering" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The roles of the glass phase in ceramics include all of the following EXCEPT:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Inhibiting grain growth during sintering", + "Bonding dispersed crystalline phases", + "Reducing sintering temperature", + "Increasing fracture toughness through crack deflection" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which electron subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on the periodic table?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6s", + "5d", + "4f", + "4d" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "In a simple cubic crystal, the Burgers vector of dislocation (2) is $b^{(2)}=a[0,10]$, and the tangent direction of the dislocation line is $l^{(2)}=[001]$. Identify the type of this dislocation and the slip plane of the dislocation. If the slip plane is not unique, explain the constraints on the slip plane. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mixed dislocation with multiple possible slip planes including (110)", + "Screw dislocation with slip plane (010)", + "Edge dislocation with slip plane (100)", + "Edge dislocation but the slip plane must be (010) due to the Burgers vector direction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of materials, which has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Aluminum bronze because the intermetallic phases create additional phonon transport pathways", + "Aluminum bronze because the aluminum addition increases the density of charge carriers", + "They have equal thermal conductivity since both are copper-based alloys", + "Pure copper due to higher electron mobility in the absence of aluminum impurities" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "An organic compound has the composition w_C=62.1%, w_H=10.3%, w_O=27.6%. What is the possible name of the compound?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "C₃H₈O (propanol)", + "C₂H₅OH (ethanol)", + "CH₃COOH (acetic acid)", + "CH₃COCH₃ (acetone)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does a rough interface have on the crystal growth morphology?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dendritic growth regardless of temperature gradient direction", + "Planar growth under positive temperature gradient, dendritic growth under negative gradient", + "Spiral growth due to screw dislocations at the interface", + "Isotropic spherical growth morphology" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "According to the phase rule, what does the maximum number of equilibrium phases in a ternary system appear as on the phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Point", + "Line", + "Plane", + "Volume" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A common polymer has C2H2Cl2 as its monomer, with an average molecular weight of 60000u (using the relative atomic masses of the elements as Ar(C)=12, Ar(H)=1, Ar(Cl)=35.5). What is its degree of polymerization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "620", + "600", + "650", + "580" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "During the melt cooling and crystallization process, given the solid-liquid interfacial energy γ_sl=5×10^-6 J/cm^2 and the unit volume free energy change △Gv=2090 J/cm^3 at 900°C, the energy required for the phase transition is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.24×10^-19 J", + "6.48×10^-19 J", + "1.62×10^-19 J", + "2.59×10^-19 J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following lists includes all the common phase structures in solids?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "BCC, FCC, HCP, and simple cubic crystal structures", + "single crystal, polycrystal, amorphous, and quasicrystal", + "ionic, covalent, metallic, and molecular bonding types", + "solid solution (element), compound, ceramic crystalline phase, amorphous phase, and molecular phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the symmetric tilt grain boundary of face-centered cubic metal $\\mathrm{Cu}$, the spacing between two positive edge dislocations is $D=1000\\mathrm{nm}$. Assuming the extra half-plane of the edge dislocation is the (110) plane and $d_{110}=0.1278\\mathrm{~nm}$, what is the tilt angle $\\theta$ of the tilt grain boundary?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0292°", + "0.0073°", + "0.0146°", + "0.0219°" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Estimate the equilibrium width of an extended dislocation in Al. Given the lattice constant of Al a = 0.404 nm, shear modulus G = 3×10^6 N/cm^2, and stacking fault energy γ_I = 166×10^-6 J/m^2. The equilibrium width is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.91×10^-7 m", + "1.23×10^-7 m", + "7.82×10^-7 m", + "2.45×10^-7 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for nickel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Curie temperature (358°C)", + "0.4 times the melting point (491°C)", + "The recrystallization temperature (600°C)", + "418°C (785°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "If a new phase in a solid-state phase transformation precipitates from the parent phase as spherical particles, and the change in free energy per unit volume is $10^{8}\\mathrm{~J~}\\cdot\\mathrm{~m~}^{-3}$, the specific surface energy is $1~\\mathrm{J}\\cdot\\mathrm{m}^{-2}$, and the strain energy is negligible, what is the diameter of the new phase particles when the surface energy is $1\\%$ of the volume free energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.2×10⁻⁵ m", + "3×10⁻⁸ m", + "6×10⁻⁶ m", + "6×10⁻⁹ m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The formula for yttrium iron garnet (Y₃Fe₅O₁₂) may be written in the form Y₃ᵃFe₂ᶜFe₃ᵈO₁₂², where the superscripts a, c, and d represent different sites on which the Y³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions are located. The spin magnetic moments for the Y³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions positioned in the a and c sites are oriented parallel to one another and antiparallel to the Fe³⁺ ions in d sites. Given the following information: (1) each unit cell consists of eight formula (Y₃Fe₅O₁₂) units; (2) the unit cell is cubic with an edge length of 1.2376 nm; (3) the saturation magnetization for this material is 1.0 × 10⁴ A/m; and (4) assume that there are 5 Bohr magnetons associated with each Fe³⁺ ion, the number of Bohr magnetons associated with each Y³⁺ ion is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.75 bm", + "2.50 bm", + "3.25 bm", + "0.00 bm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is one function that a transistor may perform in an electronic circuit?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Store charge like a capacitor", + "Convert thermal energy directly into electrical energy", + "Amplify an electrical signal", + "Generate light through electroluminescence" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How can the network cementite in hypereutectoid steel be eliminated by heating above Ac cm followed by quenching and subsequent treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Heating above Ac cm followed by quenching results in martensite and retained austenite, which is then tempered at high temperature to obtain spheroidized pearlite", + "Heating above Ac cm followed by rapid air cooling transforms the network cementite into fine pearlite structure", + "Heating above Ac cm followed by isothermal holding at just below eutectoid temperature allows complete dissolution of cementite", + "Heating above Ac cm followed by controlled cooling at 50°C/hour promotes cementite spheroidization without quenching" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The critical resolved shear stress for copper (Cu) is 0.48 MPa(70 psi). What is the maximum possible yield strength for a single crystal of Cu pulled in tension?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.96 MPa (140 psi)", + "0.48 MPa (70 psi)", + "1.44 MPa (210 psi)", + "0.69 MPa (100 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a method to monitor self-diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Using radioactive isotopes of the metal being studied", + "Measuring changes in electrical conductivity during diffusion", + "Observing grain boundary movement with electron microscopy", + "Tracking color changes in the material during annealing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that the kinetics of recrystallization for some alloy obeys the Avrami equation, and that the value of n in the exponential is 5.0. If, at some temperature, the fraction recrystallized is 0.30 after 100 min, what is the rate of recrystallization at this temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.76 × 10^{-3} min^{-1}", + "1.20 × 10^{-2} min^{-1}", + "5.42 × 10^{-3} min^{-1}", + "3.67 × 10^{-3} min^{-1}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For the Inconel and nickel pair that are coupled in seawater, predict the possibility of corrosion; if corrosion is probable, note which metal/alloy will corrode.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Nickel will corrode due to its lower nobility compared to Inconel", + "Corrosion is unlikely as both alloys are in the same galvanic series bracket", + "Inconel will corrode preferentially due to its complex alloy composition", + "Severe galvanic corrosion will occur due to seawater electrolyte" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Unknown" + }, + { + "question": "Why must rivets of a 2017 aluminum alloy be refrigerated before they are used?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To maintain the metastable supersaturated solid solution state until forming is complete", + "To reduce thermal expansion during installation for better dimensional accuracy", + "To prevent premature precipitation hardening that would make them too brittle for riveting", + "To slow down the diffusion of copper atoms and preserve workability" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes a crystal face family?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All possible crystallographic planes that can be derived from a single plane by symmetry operations, regardless of their atomic density", + "A set of crystal faces with identical Miller indices but different surface energies, forming distinct thermodynamic states", + "Groups of equivalent crystal faces with the same symmetrical relationship (atomic arrangement and distribution, interplanar spacing) are called a crystal face family, denoted by {hkl}", + "The collection of all low-index crystal faces ({100}, {110}, {111}) in a given crystal structure that dominate surface properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How does the difference in properties between the diffusing element and the solvent metal affect the diffusion coefficient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The smaller the difference in properties, the larger the diffusion coefficient", + "The greater the difference in properties, the larger the diffusion coefficient", + "Only the atomic radius difference affects the diffusion coefficient", + "Property differences have no effect when temperature exceeds the melting point" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A 3-in.-diameter rod of copper is to be reduced to a 2-in.-diameter rod by being pushed through an opening. To account for the elastic strain, what should be the diameter of the opening? The modulus of elasticity for the copper is 17 × 10^{6} psi and the yield strength is 40,000 psi.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.015 in.", + "2.005 in.", + "1.985 in.", + "1.995 in." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the effect of polymer molecular weight on the viscous flow temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher molecular weight polymers exhibit lower viscous flow temperatures due to increased chain entanglement facilitating segmental motion.", + "When the molecular weight is smaller, the internal frictional resistance between molecular chains is reduced, making the relative movement of molecular chains easier, thus lowering the viscous flow temperature.", + "Viscous flow temperature is independent of molecular weight but directly proportional to the degree of crystallinity in the polymer.", + "The viscous flow temperature decreases with molecular weight up to the critical entanglement molecular weight, then increases due to reptation dynamics." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the physical meaning of the equilibrium partition coefficient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The thermodynamic parameter describing solute solubility limits in crystalline lattices at room temperature", + "The ratio of solute concentrations in solid and liquid phases at equilibrium, determining solute redistribution during solidification", + "The diffusion coefficient ratio between solute atoms in liquid and solid phases during non-equilibrium cooling", + "The dimensionless number characterizing solute trapping efficiency at ultra-rapid solidification rates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the <100> direction of copper (fcc, a=0.361nm), what is the linear density of atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.54×10^6 atoms/mm", + "1.39×10^6 atoms/mm", + "2.77×10^6 atoms/mm", + "3.92×10^6 atoms/mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Predict whether Arsenic (As) will act as a donor or an acceptor when added to Zinc Telluride (ZnTe). Assume that the impurity elements are substitutional.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Acceptor (As substitutes for Te)", + "Donor (As substitutes for Zn)", + "Amphoteric (As can substitute for both sites)", + "Neutral (As forms an isoelectronic center)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Crystals can be classified into (1) crystal families, (2) crystal systems according to symmetry, with a total of (3) point groups and (4) space groups. The correct numbers are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(1) 3; (2) 7; (3) 14; (4) 230", + "(1) 7; (2) 14; (3) 32; (4) 230", + "(1) 3; (2) 7; (3) 32; (4) 230", + "(1) 7; (2) 7; (3) 32; (4) 230" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "According to solidification theory, what are the basic approaches to refining grains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "increasing cooling rate, adding alloying elements, and electromagnetic stirring", + "increasing undercooling, adding nucleating agents, and vibration crystallization", + "decreasing nucleation barrier, applying ultrasonic treatment, and thermal cycling", + "controlling solidification front velocity, introducing grain refiners, and mechanical agitation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the beneficial aspects of the work hardening characteristics of metals for the use of metal materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Reducing thermal expansion coefficient via strain hardening", + "Increasing electrical conductivity through grain refinement", + "Improving corrosion resistance by forming passive oxide layers", + "Enhancing fatigue resistance by preventing dislocation movement" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the intermediate crystal zone in the ingot structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The intermediate zone shows amorphous characteristics caused by rapid quenching effects from the mold wall", + "The intermediate zone contains equiaxed crystals resulting from uniform cooling conditions and homogeneous nucleation throughout the melt", + "The intermediate zone exhibits dendritic structures with secondary arms due to constitutional undercooling and solute redistribution", + "The intermediate zone consists of columnar crystals formed due to preferential growth perpendicular to the mold wall when nucleation rate is exceeded by growth rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical specimen 7.5mm in diameter of an S-590 alloy is exposed to a tensile load of 9000 N. At approximately what temperature will the steady-state creep be 10^{-2}h^{-1}?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "650°C", + "815°C", + "925°C", + "730°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "According to the Hume-Rothery rules, which of the following statements correctly describes the influence of atomic valence on solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The solubility is always higher when the solute has lower valence than the solvent, due to reduced electron cloud repulsion.", + "Atomic valence has no significant effect on solid solubility, as it is primarily determined by atomic size and crystal structure factors.", + "The solid solubility of two elements is related to their atomic valence. The solubility of a high-valence element in a low-valence element is greater than that of a low-valence element in a high-valence element.", + "Valence difference promotes solid solubility by creating charge compensation effects that stabilize the crystal lattice." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a cubic crystal with side length L, what is the volume change rate ΔV0/V0 due to thermal expansion when the temperature increases from T1 to T2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3 × (ΔL/L)", + "(ΔL/L)^3", + "3 × α × (T2-T1)", + "α × (T2-T1)^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the main factors affecting atomic diffusion in crystalline solids?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Temperature and vacancy concentration", + "Crystal structure and solid solution type", + "Grain size and dislocation density", + "All of the above" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in nucleation sites between recrystallization and solidification processes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solidification nucleation occurs at high-energy interfaces, while recrystallization nucleation requires pre-existing lattice defects", + "Both processes initiate at grain boundaries, but recrystallization additionally requires dislocations", + "Solidification is homogeneous nucleation, while recrystallization occurs at deformation-induced inhomogeneities", + "Recrystallization requires second-phase particles, while solidification occurs at any free surface" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why is Cr12MoV steel not stainless steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The chromium content is below the critical 13% threshold required for passivation", + "Molybdenum and vanadium additions disrupt the passive film formation", + "The high carbon content prevents chromium from forming a protective oxide layer", + "Its primary application as tool steel doesn't require corrosion resistance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does eutectic cementite have on the mechanical properties of iron-carbon alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Decreases yield strength while increasing creep resistance", + "Improves both ductility and fatigue resistance", + "Increases hardness but reduces toughness", + "Enhances thermal conductivity without affecting mechanical properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At low temperatures, the diffusion that generally occurs in solid materials is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary diffusion", + "Extrinsic diffusion", + "Vacancy-mediated diffusion", + "Interstitial diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the Fe3C compound, each unit cell contains how many C and Fe atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2 C atoms and 6 Fe atoms", + "4 C atoms and 12 Fe atoms", + "1 C atom and 3 Fe atoms", + "8 C atoms and 24 Fe atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is texture (or preferred orientation)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The alignment of dislocations along specific slip planes during plastic deformation", + "The surface roughness of a material after mechanical polishing", + "The statistical distribution of crystallographic orientations in a polycrystalline material", + "The preferred growth direction of dendrites in solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In substitutional solid solutions, the general mode of atomic diffusion is ().", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Atomic exchange mechanism", + "Interstitial mechanism", + "Vacancy mechanism", + "Interstitialcy mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If tension is applied along the [2 3] direction of an aluminum single crystal, which of the following is the double slip system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(110)[1 1]－(101)[1 1]", + "(111)[1 0]－(111)[0 1]", + "(111)[0 1]－( 1)[101]", + "(111)[1 0]－( 1)[0 1]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes active oxygen?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "oxygen atoms participating in covalent bonding with transition metals", + "oxygen radicals generated during polymer degradation", + "oxygen in silicate structures with partially unsaturated valence", + "oxygen vacancies in oxide ceramics acting as charge carriers" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What elements is carbon steel mainly composed of?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fe, C, and Si", + "Fe, C, and Mn", + "Fe and C", + "Fe, C, Mn, and Si" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In eutectoid steel, both pearlite and tempered martensite (assuming tempered at 400°C) consist of ferrite and carbide. Why do the morphology and dispersion of carbides in tempered martensite differ from those in pearlite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pearlite forms through diffusion-controlled transformation, while martensite undergoes shear transformation followed by carbide precipitation", + "The higher tempering temperature of martensite causes complete dissolution of carbides, resulting in uniform dispersion", + "The carbides in pearlite exhibit a lamellar morphology with low dispersion, whereas the carbides in martensite are fine particles with high dispersion", + "The carbon content in martensite is higher than in pearlite, leading to finer carbide distribution" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In stable ZrO2 material, cations form an fcc structure, and anions occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites. If 20 mol% CaO is added, what is the percentage of occupied tetrahedral interstitial sites?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "60%", + "80%", + "70%", + "90%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the spinel (MgAl2O4) structure, O2- forms a cubic close packing, and Mg2+ ions fill", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased yield strength with decreasing grain size due to dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries", + "The Hall-Petch relationship becomes invalid when grain size exceeds 100 nm due to the transition to dislocation-free deformation", + "The inverse Hall-Petch effect occurs below 10 nm grain size because grain boundary sliding becomes the dominant deformation mechanism", + "The Hall-Petch coefficient (k) is a universal constant for all metallic materials, approximately 0.7 MPa·m^1/2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are reasons why fiberglass-reinforced composites are used extensively?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The interfacial bonding strength between glass fibers and polymer matrices exceeds that of carbon fiber composites", + "The thermal expansion coefficient of fiberglass composites perfectly matches most metal substrates", + "Fiberglass-reinforced composites demonstrate higher specific stiffness than aluminum alloys", + "Glass fibers exhibit superior creep resistance compared to carbon fibers at elevated temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the liquid/solid interface front of an alloy more prone to undercooling during solidification compared to that of a pure metal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The solute enrichment at the interface creates a local composition gradient that effectively raises the melting point", + "Alloys have higher thermal conductivity than pure metals, causing faster heat dissipation at the interface", + "The presence of multiple elements increases atomic vibration frequency, lowering the energy barrier for nucleation", + "Impurity atoms in alloys disrupt the crystal lattice symmetry, reducing the interfacial energy required for solidification" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A common polymer has C2H2Cl2 as its monomer, with an average molecular weight of 60000u (using the relative atomic masses of the elements as Ar(C)=12, Ar(H)=1, Ar(Cl)=35.5). What is the mass of the monomer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "60000u/mol", + "194u/mol", + "48.5u/mol", + "97u/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is one major limitation of the iron-iron carbide phase diagram related to time-temperature relationships in terms of heat treatment and the development of microstructure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The diagram fails to account for the effect of cooling rate on the formation of martensite", + "The diagram provides no indication as to the time-temperature relationships for the formation of pearlite, bainite, and spheroidite", + "The diagram cannot predict the exact hardness values resulting from different heat treatments", + "The diagram omits the influence of alloying elements on phase transformation kinetics" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly explains why heterogeneous nucleation is easier than homogeneous nucleation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because heterogeneous nucleation requires lower activation energy due to pre-existing lattice matching", + "Because the former uses foreign particles as the substrate, the nucleation work is smaller", + "Because homogeneous nucleation creates more dislocations which increase the energy barrier", + "Because foreign particles reduce the critical radius required for stable nucleus formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the differences between pearlite, bainite, and spheroidite relative to microstructure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "All three structures have identical cementite morphology but differ in ferrite crystal structure", + "Pearlite consists of spherical cementite, bainite has alternating layers, and spheroidite forms needle-like structures", + "Pearlite has alternating layers of α-ferrite and cementite, bainite forms needle-like cementite in α-ferrite matrix, and spheroidite has spherical cementite particles in α-ferrite matrix", + "Pearlite and bainite both form layered structures, while spheroidite is distinguished by its martensitic matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonding would be expected for tungsten?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Covalent with partial ionic character", + "Metallic", + "Van der Waals with metallic resonance", + "Hybrid metallic-covalent with d-orbital overlap" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound FexO, Fe3+/Fe2+=0.1. What is the vacancy concentration in the non-stoichiometric compound FexO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.1%", + "4.8%", + "1.1%", + "2.2%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the visible spectrum, a thick metal specimen will be", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dislocation density decreases exponentially with annealing temperature", + "The yield strength increases linearly with grain size according to Hall-Petch relationship", + "The stacking fault energy is the primary factor determining creep resistance at high temperatures", + "The Burgers vector magnitude affects dislocation mobility but not the critical resolved shear stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The relationship between the yield strength and grain size of No. 10 steel was measured as follows: when the grain diameter was $400\\mu m$, $\\partial_{\\mathfrak{s}}=86$ MPa, and when the grain diameter was $5\\mu\\mathrm{m}$, $\\sigma_{\\mathrm{s}}=242$ MPa. Using the Hall-Petch formula, determine the yield strength when the average grain diameter is $50~\\mu\\mathrm{m}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "154.60 MPa", + "136.45 MPa", + "108.72 MPa", + "121.83 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Match the fiber type 'Wires' with its description.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Wires are composite materials with anisotropic properties", + "Wires are small-diameter polymers with high tensile strength", + "Wires are ceramic fibers with excellent thermal stability", + "Wires are large-diameter metals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The microscopic mechanisms of diffusion in crystalline solids include:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation climb mechanism", + "Interstitial mechanism", + "Surface diffusion mechanism", + "Grain boundary sliding mechanism" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of materials, which has the larger thermal conductivity? Linear and syndiotactic poly(vinyl chloride) (DP =1000); linear and syndiotactic polystyrene (DP=1000)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polystyrene due to lower density from bulky phenyl groups reducing phonon scattering", + "Linear and syndiotactic polystyrene due to its more rigid phenyl side groups", + "Both have equal thermal conductivity as they share identical syndiotactic configuration", + "Linear and syndiotactic poly(vinyl chloride) due to higher crystallinity from chlorine's steric effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following commonly used alloying elements belong to the γ-phase field narrowing elements?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Aluminum, silicon, and titanium", + "Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten", + "Nickel, manganese, and cobalt", + "Niobium, boron, and zirconium" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the commonly referred terms 'ordinary steel', 'quality steel', and 'high-quality steel'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It depends on carbon content: Ordinary steel (C≤0.25%), Quality steel (0.25%0.6%)", + "It mainly refers to the difference in the mass fraction of phosphorus and sulfur: Ordinary steel (P≤0.045%, S≤0.05%), Quality steel (P≤0.035%, S≤0.035%), High-quality steel (P≤0.025%, S≤0.025%)", + "It's determined by yield strength: Ordinary steel (σs≤235MPa), Quality steel (235MPa<σs≤355MPa), High-quality steel (σs>355MPa)", + "It's classified by alloying elements: Ordinary steel (no alloys), Quality steel (1-3% alloy content), High-quality steel (>3% alloy content)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In the sintering process, the mass transfer method that only changes the pore shape without causing shrinkage of the green body is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "surface diffusion", + "viscous flow", + "evaporation-condensation", + "volume diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In a ternary system during diffusion, can a three-phase coexistence region appear within the diffusion layer?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the diffusion path must follow a continuous composition gradient", + "Yes, if the system has a miscibility gap in the phase diagram", + "Yes, when the interdiffusion coefficients satisfy D_AB = D_AC = D_BC", + "No, unless the system reaches local equilibrium at each point" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The three mechanical states corresponding to linear amorphous polymers are the usage states of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "glass; rubber; viscous liquid", + "plastic; rubber; flow resin", + "crystalline; viscoelastic; molten", + "elastic; plastic; brittle" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Why do primitive, face-centered, and body-centered lattices exist in the cubic system, but not base-centered lattices?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Base-centering is mathematically equivalent to face-centering in cubic systems", + "Base-centered arrangement would destroy the cubic unit cell's equal edge lengths", + "Base-centered cubic violates the minimum symmetry requirement of four 3-fold rotation axes", + "The packing fraction of base-centered cubic would exceed the theoretical maximum" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pairs of polymers, which one is more likely to crystallize and why? (c) Network phenol-formaldehyde; linear and isotactic polystyrene", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Network phenol-formaldehyde is more likely to crystallize due to its highly crosslinked structure providing regular repeating units", + "Linear and isotactic polystyrene is more likely to crystallize because its regular chain structure allows for efficient packing", + "Both polymers are equally likely to crystallize as they both have regular molecular structures", + "Neither polymer can crystallize because they both contain aromatic rings that disrupt chain packing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes co-condensation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A special case of phase separation where polymer chains condense into coacervate droplets", + "The simultaneous evaporation and condensation of solvent molecules during polymer synthesis", + "A polymerization process where two different monomers simultaneously undergo condensation reactions to form a copolymer", + "The co-deposition of vaporized materials in thin film fabrication processes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the main characteristics of Frank partial dislocations in FCC crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Frank partial dislocation; Burgers vector is 1/3 <111>; edge-type; formed by inserting/removing {111} plane; can only climb", + "Frank partial dislocation; Burgers vector is 1/6 <112>; mixed-type; formed by shear deformation; can glide on {111} plane", + "Shockley partial dislocation; Burgers vector is 1/3 <111>; screw-type; formed by atomic vacancy condensation; can cross-slip", + "Frank-Read dislocation; Burgers vector is 1/2 <110>; edge-type; formed by plastic deformation; can both glide and climb" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does activation energy have on the sensitivity of diffusion rate to temperature changes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The higher the activation energy, the greater the sensitivity of the diffusion rate to temperature", + "The lower the activation energy, the greater the sensitivity of the diffusion rate to temperature", + "Activation energy has no effect on the temperature sensitivity of diffusion rate", + "Only the pre-exponential factor determines the temperature sensitivity of diffusion rate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a grain boundary?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The transition zone where dislocations accumulate between adjacent crystals", + "A planar defect characterized by a sudden change in crystallographic orientation", + "The region of atomic misalignment at the interface where two grains meet", + "A two-dimensional defect formed by the termination of a crystal plane" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When stretching a copper single crystal, if the direction of the tensile axis is [001], σ=10⁶ Pa, the force on the screw dislocation line with Burgers vector b= a/2 [101] on the (111) plane (a_Cu=0.36 nm) is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.196×10⁻⁵ N/m", + "2.078×10⁻⁴ N/m", + "1.039×10⁻⁴ N/m", + "3.117×10⁻⁴ N/m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in the conduction mechanisms between intrinsic semiconductors and doped semiconductors?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Intrinsic semiconductors rely solely on thermal excitation for carrier generation, while doped semiconductors use both thermal and impurity ionization", + "Doped semiconductors have higher carrier mobility due to reduced lattice scattering compared to intrinsic semiconductors", + "Intrinsic semiconductors exhibit ambipolar conduction, whereas doped semiconductors show unipolar conduction dominated by majority carriers", + "The conduction mechanism is identical in both, with differences only in carrier concentration magnitudes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Among the following types of crystals, the order of forming interstitial solid solutions is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The CRSS follows the trend: covalent > metallic > ionic for single crystals", + "The CRSS is primarily determined by the Burgers vector magnitude in all crystal types", + "Ionic crystals exhibit lower CRSS than metallic crystals due to weaker bonding", + "The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is higher for covalent crystals than ionic crystals at room temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonding would be expected for brass (a copper-zinc alloy)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metallic bonding with partial covalent character", + "Pure metallic bonding", + "Ionic bonding between Cu+ and Zn2+ ions", + "Hybrid metallic-covalent bonding with electron localization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "From a molecular perspective, which of the following best explains the mechanism by which clay minerals become hydroplastic when water is added?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the clay's surface hydroxyl groups, creating a lubricating layer that allows sheet slippage", + "Intercalated water molecules disrupt van der Waals forces between clay sheets while maintaining primary covalent bonds, enabling plastic deformation", + "Hydration of exchangeable cations increases ionic repulsion between clay layers, overcoming their electrostatic attraction", + "Capillary action draws water into clay's nanopores, reducing internal friction through hydrodynamic lubrication" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "How does grain size influence strength of a polycrystalline material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fine-grained materials exhibit higher strength due to increased dislocation pile-up at grain boundaries", + "Coarse-grained materials are stronger because larger grains have fewer defects per unit volume", + "Grain size has negligible effect on strength as long as chemical composition remains constant", + "The Hall-Petch relationship reverses at nanoscale grain sizes due to grain boundary sliding dominance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron configuration for the ion Fe2+?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes dislocation slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The collective motion of vacancies leading to permanent deformation in crystalline materials", + "The spontaneous rearrangement of atomic planes to minimize system energy without external stress", + "Under a certain stress, the movement of dislocations where the dislocation line moves along the slip plane", + "A stress-independent diffusion process that occurs at temperatures above the recrystallization point" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are parameters used to qualitatively describe crystal structures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocation density, grain size, stacking fault energy, Burgers vector", + "Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, hardness, density", + "Symmetry axes, symmetry center, crystal system, lattice", + "Melting point, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, specific heat" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 8 % cementite and 92 % ferrite at room temperature. What is the estimated carbon content of the steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.53 %", + "0.67 %", + "0.80 %", + "0.12 %" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the ASTM grain size number if 25 grains per square inch are measured at a magnification of 75 ×.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4.8", + "5.2", + "3.6", + "6.0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the sintering process, the mass transfer method that only gradually increases the strength of the green body without causing shrinkage of the green body is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary diffusion dominates when particle size is below 100nm", + "Surface diffusion becomes negligible above 800°C for most ceramics", + "Volume diffusion activation energy is always higher than grain boundary diffusion", + "Dislocation pipe diffusion is the primary mechanism in fully dense materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A large plate is fabricated from a steel alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 82.4 MPa √m (75.0 ksi √m). If the plate is exposed to a tensile stress of 345 MPa (50,000 psi) during service use, determine the minimum length of a surface crack that will lead to fracture. Assume a value of 1.0 for Y.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0085 m", + "0.0182 m", + "0.0364 m", + "0.0046 m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "In NaCl-type crystals, what type of voids are entirely filled by Na+ ions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Trigonal", + "Tetrahedral", + "Cubic", + "Octahedral" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on Hume-Rothery's conditions, would the system Mg-Zn be expected to display unlimited solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because both elements have similar electronegativities", + "No, due to exceeding the 15% atomic size difference limit", + "Yes, since both are HCP metals with compatible crystal structures", + "No, because Zn has a higher valence electron concentration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The usage state of plastic is ().", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The viscoelastic behavior of polymers is best described by Hooke's law alone", + "The glass transition temperature (Tg) of an amorphous polymer is the temperature at which it becomes completely liquid", + "The elastic modulus of a polymer is primarily determined by its degree of crystallinity", + "The stress-strain curve of a ductile polymer shows no yield point under standard testing conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When the oxygen partial pressure is increased, what changes will occur in the density of Zn1+xO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The density decreases due to reduction of zinc interstitial defects", + "The density increases as oxygen vacancies are filled by additional oxygen", + "The density remains constant because ZnO is a stoichiometric compound", + "The density first increases then decreases due to competing defect mechanisms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At what approximate temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for gold?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1063°C (melting point)", + "262°C (504°F)", + "150°C (typical recrystallization temperature)", + "400°C (common threshold for FCC metals)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When the bubble density in tungsten wire increases from 100/cm² to 400/cm², the tensile strength can approximately double, because bubbles can hinder dislocation motion. Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism by which bubbles impede dislocation motion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The increased bubble density reduces the mean free path of electrons, which indirectly affects dislocation mobility through changes in the Fermi surface and electronic drag effects.", + "Bubbles act as pinning points that physically block dislocation motion through elastic strain field interactions, similar to how precipitates strengthen alloys through Orowan bowing mechanism.", + "The mechanism by which bubbles hinder dislocation motion is that when dislocations pass through bubbles, they cut the bubbles, increasing the area of the bubble-metal interface. This requires additional external shear stress to perform work, thereby enhancing the strength of tungsten metal.", + "Bubbles create compressive stress fields that repel dislocations through long-range elastic interactions, analogous to the strengthening mechanism in misfit-hardened alloys." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When an aluminum (Al) single crystal is stretched along the [123] direction to induce plastic deformation, what is the rotation law and rotation axis of the crystal during double slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The crystal maintains fixed orientation while elongating, with rotation axis parallel to [123]", + "The crystal rotates toward [112] with axis [1¯10], following Schmid's law for single slip systems", + "The crystal rotates toward [101] with axis [¯1¯1¯1], and toward [011] with axis [111], resulting in zero net rotation", + "The crystal rotates toward [111] with axis [1¯10], as this is the closest <110> direction to the tensile axis" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate tempering process in the process route of round dies made of 9SiCr steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "300-320°C", + "200-220°C", + "250-270°C", + "160-180°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between slip and twinning in terms of deformation continuity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip occurs through discrete atomic plane shifts, while twinning involves continuous lattice rotation", + "Slip preserves crystal orientation, whereas twinning changes the orientation of the deformed region", + "Slip can proceed continuously while twinning cannot proceed continuously", + "Both slip and twinning are continuous processes but operate on different crystallographic systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these elements would you expect to form an interstitial solid solution with copper? The criteria for interstitial solid solutions are: these elements have atomic radii that are significantly smaller than the atomic radius of Cu.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "N, B, and Be", + "H, O, and N", + "C, N, and B", + "C, H, and O" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for tin?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-196°C", + "150°C", + "0°C", + "-71°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-in.-diameter copper rod is reduced to 1.5 in. diameter, then reduced again to a final diameter of 1 in. In a second case, the 2-in.-diameter rod is reduced in one step from 2 in. to a 1 in. diameter. The % CW for both cases is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "56.25% for two-step, 75% for single-step", + "75% in both cases", + "43.75% for two-step, 75% for single-step", + "56.25% in both cases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines a Network former?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A substance with single bond energy ≥335kJ/mol that can form glass alone", + "Any oxide compound capable of forming a continuous 3D network in molten state", + "A material with coordination number ≥4 that lowers glass transition temperature", + "An additive that modifies network connectivity without forming covalent bonds" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The flexural strength and associated volume fraction porosity for two specimens of the same ceramic material are as follows: \n\n| σ_f (MPa) | P |\n|-----------|---|\n| 70 | 0.10 |\n| 60 | 0.15 |\n\nCompute the flexural strength for a completely nonporous specimen of this material:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "110.4 MPa", + "82.6 MPa", + "95.3 MPa", + "77.9 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate minimum temperature at which it is possible to austenitize a 0.76 wt% C iron-carbon alloy during a normalizing heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "912°C (1674°F)", + "727°C (1341°F)", + "850°C (1562°F)", + "782°C (1440°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Point out the errors in the following concept and select the correct option: (9) If 10,000 nucleation agents are added to an undercooled liquid, then 10,000 grains will form after crystallization.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The number of grains equals the number of nucleation agents because each agent initiates one grain", + "The number of grains will be less than 10,000 due to competitive growth and coalescence", + "The number of grains will be exactly 10,000 if the undercooling is precisely controlled", + "The number of grains will be orders of magnitude higher due to secondary nucleation effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What material is suitable for a thermocouple sheath?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Polycrystalline alumina with 5% porosity", + "Hot-pressed silicon nitride with 99% density", + "Reaction-bonded silicon carbide with 15% free silicon", + "Yttria-stabilized zirconia with 3% alumina dopant" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a characteristic of ferrous alloys that limits their utilization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Higher stacking fault energy compared to FCC metals", + "Negative temperature coefficient of resistivity", + "Lower dislocation mobility than ceramic materials", + "Anomalous Hall effect at room temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "In the Al-Cu phase diagram, given $K=0.16$, $m=3.2$. If the solidification rate of the casting is $R=3\\times10^{-4}~\\mathrm{cm/s}$, the temperature gradient is $G=30^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}/\\mathrm{cm}$, and the diffusion coefficient is $D=3\\times10^{-5}~\\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\\mathrm{s}$, what is the extreme value of $\\scriptstyle{\\mathcal{W}}_{\\mathrm{Cu}}$ in the alloy that maintains planar interface growth?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1744", + "0.2018", + "0.1542", + "0.1896" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Analyze the type of solid solution formed by H in α-Fe and γ-Fe, their locations, and the solubility (mole fraction). The atomic radii of the elements are as follows: H: 0.046 nm, α-Fe: 0.124 nm, γ-Fe: 0.126 nm. Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "H forms interstitial solutions in both phases, but solubility is higher in α-Fe due to its lower packing density", + "H forms substitutional solid solutions in α-Fe but interstitial solutions in γ-Fe, due to the BCC-FCC structural difference", + "H forms interstitial solid solutions in both α-Fe and γ-Fe, with higher solubility in γ-Fe due to its larger octahedral interstitial sites", + "H cannot form stable solid solutions in either phase due to extreme size mismatch, only existing as trapped defects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the necessary conditions for mud peptization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High ionic strength solution is required", + "The medium must be alkaline", + "Presence of divalent cations enhances peptization", + "Acidic conditions promote clay particle dispersion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What does the long-range structure (secondary structure) of polymer chain structures include?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Glass transition temperature and melting point", + "Crystallinity degree and spherulite size", + "Tacticity and head-to-head configuration", + "Relative molecular mass and its distribution, chain flexibility and conformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the basic condition expressed by the first law of diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "ΔG=0", + "J=-D(dc/dx)", + "∂c/∂t=D(∂²c/∂x²)", + "dc/dt=0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the root mean square displacement $\\sqrt{\\overline{R_{n}^{2}}}$ of carbon atoms at $20\\%$, given the transition frequency is $r=2.1\\times10^{-9}/\\mathrm{s}$, the transition step length is $2.53\\times10^{-10}\\mathrm{m}$, and the time is $4\\mathrm{h}$. The correct value is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.72×10⁻⁶ m", + "1.39×10⁻¹² m", + "2.53×10⁻¹⁰ m", + "5.64×10⁻⁹ m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why do monovalent alkali metal oxides reduce the viscosity of silicate melts?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Charge compensation effects reduce the overall bond strength in the melt", + "Alkali metals preferentially bond with silicon, creating more fluid Si-O-Al structures", + "The large ionic radius of alkali metals physically disrupts the silicate network structure", + "Monovalent cations increase the O/Si ratio by providing 'free oxygen', causing depolymerization of silicate networks" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a Pb-35% Sn alloy at 182°C, determine the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "primary α: 19% Sn, % primary α = 63%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 37%", + "primary α: 19% Sn, % primary α = 37%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 63%", + "primary α: 35% Sn, % primary α = 50%, eutectic: 61.9% Sn, % eutectic = 50%", + "primary α: 10% Sn, % primary α = 70%, eutectic: 50% Sn, % eutectic = 30%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Ferrite is a solid solution of carbon in which type of iron?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α-iron (BCC structure at room temperature)", + "γ-iron (FCC structure at high temperature)", + "δ-iron (BCC structure at very high temperature)", + "ε-iron (HCP structure under high pressure)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the graphitization process of cast iron, if the first stage is completely graphitized and the second stage is completely graphitized, what type of cast iron structure is obtained?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "F+G (graphite)", + "Pearlite + graphite", + "Ferrite + cementite", + "Austenite + graphite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What concentration of trivalent ions is required to ensure that the diffusion of Ca2+ in CaO remains non-intrinsic up to the melting point of CaO (2600°C)? The Schottky defect formation energy of CaO is known to be 6eV.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.6 × 10^-6", + "7.2 × 10^-6", + "1.4 × 10^-5", + "2.9 × 10^-7" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following pairs of dislocations is equivalent to a row of vacancies (or a row of interstitial atoms)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A screw dislocation and an edge dislocation with opposite Burgers vectors", + "Two edge dislocations with parallel half-planes but opposite Burgers vectors", + "Two screw dislocations with antiparallel Burgers vectors", + "A positive and negative edge dislocation with collinear half-planes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When a polymer material is subjected to force, the elasticity achieved by the elongation of bond length is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The stress-strain curve shows perfect linearity up to fracture", + "The hysteresis loop area represents stored elastic energy", + "The energy dissipation is primarily due to covalent bond breakage", + "The molecular chains undergo complete elastic recovery after yielding" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The chemical behavior of S sometimes resembles that of a hexavalent element, while other times it resembles a tetravalent element. Which of the following explains the reason for this behavior of S?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The atomic radius of S changes significantly when forming different compounds, altering its effective valence state", + "Sulfur exhibits d-orbital hybridization in certain compounds, enabling expansion of its valence shell beyond the octet rule", + "The outermost electron configuration of S allows variable electron sharing, exhibiting both hexavalent and tetravalent characteristics depending on the electronegativity of bonding partners", + "Sulfur's 3p orbitals can undergo sp³ hybridization, creating four equivalent orbitals that sometimes share all electrons and sometimes only two" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Chemical analysis of pyrite yields two possible compositions based on the Fe/S ratio from the analytical data: Fe1-xS and FeS1-x. The former implies a defect structure with Fe vacancies, while the latter indicates Fe substitution. How can experimental methods determine whether the mineral belongs to Fe1-xS (Fe vacancy defect structure)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Mössbauer spectroscopy detecting Fe3+ species", + "X-ray diffraction revealing expanded lattice parameters", + "Hall effect measurements showing p-type conductivity", + "Thermogravimetric analysis showing sulfur loss" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A solid solution contains x(MgO) at 30% and x(LiF) at 70%. The mass fractions of Li1+, Mg2+, F1-, and O2- are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "w(Li+) = 15%, w(Mg2+) = 25%, w(F-) = 45%, w(O2-) = 15%", + "w(Li+) = 14%, w(Mg2+) = 26%, w(F-) = 42%, w(O2-) = 18%", + "w(Li+) = 18%, w(Mg2+) = 22%, w(F-) = 46%, w(O2-) = 14%", + "w(Li+) = 16%, w(Mg2+) = 24%, w(F-) = 44%, w(O2-) = 16%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "A face-centered cubic single crystal is stretched with [131] as the force axis. When the tensile stress is 1×10^7Pa, the resolved shear stress on the (111)[1\\overline{1}0] slip system is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.7×10^6Pa", + "1.2×10^7Pa", + "5.1×10^6Pa", + "2.9×10^6Pa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why is copper not considered for the cylindrical rod subjected to a tensile load of 29,000 N (6500 lb) with a maximum allowed elongation of 1.3mm (0.05 in.)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Copper's elastic modulus is too low to prevent excessive elongation", + "Copper's yield strength is insufficient to withstand the applied stress", + "Copper's FCC structure causes excessive dislocation movement under load", + "Copper's high thermal conductivity leads to premature failure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main difference between the first type and the second type of temper brittleness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The first type occurs during slow cooling through 400-600°C while the second type occurs during rapid quenching", + "The first type affects impact toughness while the second type affects tensile strength", + "The first type is reversible through heat treatment while the second type is permanent", + "The first type is caused by phosphorus segregation while the second type involves molybdenum depletion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal of aluminum is oriented for a tensile test such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 28.1 degrees with the tensile axis. Three possible slip directions make angles of 62.4 degrees, 72.0 degrees, and 81.1 degrees with the same tensile axis. Which of these three slip directions is most favored?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The slip direction with the angle closest to 45° (72.0°) to the tensile axis", + "The slip direction with the largest angle (81.1°) to the tensile axis", + "The slip direction with the smallest angle (62.4°) to the tensile axis", + "All three slip directions are equally favored due to crystal symmetry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly compares white and nodular cast irons with respect to composition and heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "White iron--3.0 to 4.5 wt% C with no Si, requiring tempering at 600°C. Nodular cast iron--identical composition to white iron but with slow cooling to form spheroidal graphite.", + "White iron--1.0 to 2.5 wt% C and 1.0 to 3.0 wt% Si. Requires quenching to form martensite. Nodular cast iron--3.0 to 4.5 wt% C, less than 1.0 wt% Si, and added Ni. Annealing at 900°C is essential for ductility.", + "Both contain 2.5 to 4.0 wt% C, but white iron has higher Si (2.0-3.0 wt%) for graphite suppression. Nodular iron requires rapid cooling after adding Mg/Ce to prevent graphite formation.", + "White iron--2.5 to 4.0 wt% C and less than 1.0 wt% Si. No heat treatment; however, cooling is rapid during solidification. Nodular cast iron--2.5 to 4.0 wt% C, 1.0 to 3.0 wt% Si, and a small amount of Mg or Ce. A heat treatment at about 700°C may be necessary to produce a ferritic matrix." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors mainly affects hardenability?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The carbon content of martensite", + "The cooling rate during quenching", + "The dislocation density in austenite prior to transformation", + "The grain size of the parent austenite phase" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The average grain diameter for a brass material was measured as a function of time at 650 degrees C, which is shown in the following table at two different times: Time (min) 40, Grain Diameter (mm) 5.6 x 10^-2; Time (min) 100, Grain Diameter (mm) 8.0 x 10^-2. What was the original grain diameter?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.0 mm (initial nucleation size)", + "4.2 x 10^-2 mm", + "0.031 mm", + "Cannot be determined without knowing the grain growth exponent n" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Wetting is an important behavior at the solid-liquid interface. Which of the following is one of the methods to improve wetting?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Apply an external electric field perpendicular to the interface", + "Increase the surface roughness to enhance mechanical interlocking", + "Reduce the solid-liquid interfacial energy", + "Introduce nanoscale porosity to increase effective surface area" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between slip and twinning in terms of deformation modes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Slip requires thermal activation energy while twinning is purely stress-driven", + "Slip occurs along specific crystallographic planes while twinning creates a mirror-image lattice orientation", + "Slip preserves the crystal structure while twinning alters the unit cell symmetry", + "Slip involves dislocation motion while twinning occurs through coordinated atomic shuffles" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The activation energy required to form a vacancy in a certain crystal is 0.32×10^-18 J. At 800°C, there is one vacancy per 1×10^4 atoms. At what temperature will there be one vacancy per 10^3 atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "928°C", + "1024°C", + "756°C", + "872°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A low-alloy steel ingot containing silicon exhibits dendritic segregation with a dendrite arm spacing of 500μm. After diffusion annealing at 1200°C, the segregation amplitude is reduced to 10% of its original value. How long should the holding time be for the silicon element? Assume the diffusion coefficient of silicon in austenite at 1200°C is 7.03×10^(-11)cm^2/s.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.07×10^6s", + "1.04×10^6s", + "4.14×10^6s", + "5.18×10^5s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the two types of voids in the closest packing of equal spheres?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Octahedral and tetrahedral voids", + "Hexagonal close packing and face-centered cubic close packing", + "Interstitial and substitutional voids", + "Bravais and non-Bravais voids" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main difference between recrystallization and solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Recrystallization involves nucleation and growth of new grains with reduced dislocation density, while phase transformation requires overcoming an activation energy barrier for atomic rearrangement", + "Both processes result in new crystal structures, but recrystallization is driven by temperature while phase transformation is driven by pressure", + "Recrystallization only occurs in single-phase materials, whereas phase transformation requires multiphase systems", + "The key difference is that recrystallization preserves the original crystal structure while phase transformation changes it" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the microstructures of HT150 and annealed 20 steel. Which of the following correctly describes their microstructures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HT150: F+P; 20 steel: F+P+G (graphite)", + "HT150: P+B; 20 steel: F+P", + "HT150: F+P+G (graphite); 20 steel: F+P", + "HT150: F+P+G (graphite); 20 steel: F+P+Fe3C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the recovery mechanism at medium temperatures of 0.3~0.5Tm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundary migration becomes the primary mechanism for dislocation reduction", + "Vacancy diffusion dominates, leading to dislocation climb and polygonization", + "Dislocations glide on slip planes, causing opposite sign dislocations to annihilate and rearrange within tangles", + "Recrystallization nuclei form at prior grain boundaries, consuming deformed matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "According to the category of matrix materials, composites can be divided into:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Non-metal matrix composites and metal matrix composites", + "Polymer matrix composites and ceramic matrix composites", + "Continuous fiber reinforced composites and particle reinforced composites", + "Thermoset matrix composites and thermoplastic matrix composites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The property of polymers that allows them to change conformation is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tacticity", + "Viscoelasticity", + "Conformational Entropy", + "Flexibility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best explains why alloying elements improve the tempering stability of steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Alloying elements increase the activation energy required for carbide precipitation by altering the interfacial energy between matrix and precipitates", + "Alloying elements reduce the diffusion coefficient of carbon by increasing lattice distortion energy", + "Non-carbide forming elements delay martensite decomposition by stabilizing ε-carbide through solid solution effects", + "Strong carbide formers preferentially bind carbon atoms, reducing their mobility during tempering" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the basic condition for the formation of single crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ensuring the liquid metal has extremely high purity (>99.999%) before solidification", + "Maintaining a precisely controlled cooling rate that allows only one nucleation event to occur", + "Applying a strong magnetic field during solidification to align all crystal orientations", + "Using a seed crystal with identical lattice parameters to the target single crystal" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A three-point bending test was performed on an aluminum oxide specimen with a circular cross section of radius 5.0 mm (0.20 in.), which fractured at a load of 3000 N (675 lb f) when the distance between the support points was 40 mm (1.6 in.). Another test is to be performed on a specimen of the same material with a square cross section of 15 mm (0.6 in.) length on each edge. If the support point separation is maintained at 40 mm (1.6 in.), at what load would you expect this specimen to fracture?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4,320 N (970 lb f)", + "9,550 N (2150 lb f)", + "17,200 N (3870 lb f)", + "22,500 N (5060 lb f)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does a smooth interface have on crystal growth modes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Layer-by-layer growth is suppressed due to insufficient atomic mobility", + "Continuous growth dominates due to reduced interfacial energy barrier", + "Dendritic growth becomes predominant to maximize surface area", + "Lateral growth occurs, including two-dimensional nucleation growth and screw dislocation growth" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between intrinsic diffusion and extrinsic diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Intrinsic diffusion involves both vacancy formation and atomic migration, while extrinsic diffusion is driven solely by pre-existing defects", + "Intrinsic diffusion occurs in pure materials, while extrinsic diffusion requires impurity atoms as diffusion mediators", + "Intrinsic diffusion follows Fick's first law, while extrinsic diffusion requires Fick's second law for description", + "Intrinsic diffusion has a constant activation energy, while extrinsic diffusion shows temperature-dependent activation energy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a continuous and oriented fiber-reinforced composite, the modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction is 19.7 GPa (2.8 x 10^5 psi). If the volume fraction of fibers is 0.25, what is the modulus of elasticity of the fiber phase?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "19.7 GPa (2.8 x 10^5 psi)", + "78.8 GPa (11.4 x 10^6 psi)", + "70.4 GPa (10.2 x 10^6 psi)", + "52.8 GPa (7.6 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the fraction of lattice sites that are Schottky defects for sodium chloride at its melting temperature (801°C), assuming an energy for defect formation of 2.3 eV?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.15 × 10^{-7}", + "1.23 × 10^{-5}", + "4.03 × 10^{-6}", + "6.78 × 10^{-4}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After the interaction between water and clay, what can be formed around the clay colloidal particles as the distance increases?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diffuse double layer", + "Firmly bound water", + "Hydrogen-bonded network", + "Electric double layer" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Relative to electrons and electron states, what does the n quantum number specify?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The spin state of the electron", + "The orbital angular momentum of the electron", + "The magnetic moment orientation of the electron", + "The principal energy level of the electron" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "During liquid-solid phase transformation, the heterogeneous nucleation barrier is related to the contact angle θ. When , the heterogeneous nucleation barrier is reduced by half compared to the homogeneous nucleation barrier.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical resolved shear stress for {110}<111> slip in BCC iron at 300K", + "The Peierls stress for {110}<111> slip in BCC iron at 300K", + "The theoretical shear strength of perfect BCC iron crystal", + "The yield strength of polycrystalline iron with 0.1% carbon" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The following table gives a number of yield strength values (in MPa) that were measured on the same aluminum alloy. What are the average and standard deviation yield strength values?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "267.2 MPa ± 6.89 MPa", + "265.9 MPa ± 7.34 MPa", + "263.5 MPa ± 8.12 MPa", + "269.1 MPa ± 5.97 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Two previously undeformed cylindrical specimens of an alloy are to be strain hardened by reducing their cross-sectional areas (while maintaining their circular cross sections). For one specimen, the initial and deformed radii are 16mm and 11 mm, respectively. The second specimen, with an initial radius of 12 mm, must have the same deformed hardness as the first specimen; what is the second specimen's radius after deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.39 mm", + "9.18 mm", + "7.07 mm", + "8.25 mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A subgrain boundary is composed of several edge dislocations with a misorientation of 0.057 degrees. Assuming there is no interaction between the dislocations before polygonization, by what factor does the distortion energy change after the formation of the subgrain?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.33", + "0.75", + "0.50", + "2.00" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A subgrain boundary is composed of $n$ edge dislocations with a misorientation of $0.057^{\\circ}$. Assuming there is no interaction between the dislocations before forming the subgrain boundary, by what factor does the distortion energy change after forming the subgrain boundary (given $R{=}10^{-4}$, $r_{0}=b=10^{-8}$; after forming the subgrain boundary, $$ R=D\\approx{\\frac{b}{\\theta}})?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.57 times the original value", + "1.33 times the original value", + "0.75 times the original value", + "Equal to the original value" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The negative sign of the diffusion flux indicates that diffusion proceeds from high concentration to low concentration, and the driving force for diffusion in this process is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Stress gradient (mechanical force)", + "Concentration gradient (Fick's first law)", + "Temperature gradient (thermal force)", + "Chemical potential gradient (chemical force)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Would you expect \\mathrm{UO}_{2} to have the sodium chloride, zinc blende, or fluoride structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Zinc blende structure", + "Sodium chloride structure", + "Fluorite structure", + "Rutile structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Cool a melt containing MgO and Al2O3 to a certain temperature, then filter out the precipitated crystals and analyze the remaining liquid phase. It is found that the liquid phase contains 65% MgO, and the amount of liquid phase is 70% of the total system. Determine the composition of the original melt.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "MgO 55.5%; Al2O3 44.5%", + "MgO 45.5%; Al2O3 54.5%", + "MgO 65%; Al2O3 35%", + "MgO 70%; Al2O3 30%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What does the hardenability of steel refer to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ability of steel to obtain martensite during quenching", + "The maximum hardness achievable in steel through heat treatment", + "The resistance of steel to deformation under applied stress", + "The depth to which steel can be hardened by rapid cooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of polymers, which one has a higher melting temperature and why? Branched polyethylene having a number-average molecular weight of 850,000 g/mol; linear polyethylene having a number-average molecular weight of 850,000 g/mol", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Branched polyethylene because side chains increase molecular entanglement", + "Linear polyethylene due to higher chain mobility allowing better crystal packing", + "Both have identical melting points since molecular weights are equal", + "Cannot be determined without knowing the degree of branching" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When the crystal around an edge dislocation contains interstitial atoms below the equilibrium concentration, how will the dislocation climb?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Lateral slip instead of climb", + "Negative climb", + "No climb occurs", + "Positive climb" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "For the following pair of polymers, is it possible to determine whether one polymer has a higher melting temperature than the other? Branched and isotactic polystyrene that has a degree of polymerization of 4,000; linear and isotactic polypropylene that has a degree of polymerization of 7,500", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because the branching in polystyrene offsets its higher inherent chain stiffness compared to polypropylene", + "Yes, linear and isotactic polypropylene will always have higher Tm due to its simpler chain structure", + "Yes, branched and isotactic polystyrene must have higher Tm because aromatic rings increase chain rigidity", + "No, because the degree of polymerization difference makes direct comparison impossible" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The typical ingot structure usually consists of:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Columnar crystal zone", + "Isotropic polycrystalline region", + "Single crystal nucleation layer", + "Amorphous surface layer" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For some viscoelastic polymers that are subjected to stress relaxation tests, the stress decays with time according to \\(\\sigma(t)=\\sigma(0) \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t}{\\tau}\\right)\\), where \\(\\sigma(t)\\) and \\(\\sigma(0)\\) represent the time-dependent and initial (i.e., time =0 ) stresses, respectively, and \\(t\\) and \\(\\tau\\) denote elapsed time and the relaxation time, respectively; \\(\\tau\\) is a time-independent constant characteristic of the material. A specimen of a viscoelastic polymer whose stress relaxation obeys the equation was suddenly pulled in tension to a measured strain of 0.5; the stress necessary to maintain this constant strain was measured as a function of time. Determine \\(E_{f}(10)\\) for this material if the initial stress level was 3.5 MPa (500 psi), which dropped to 0.5 MPa (70 psi) after 30s. The correct value of \\(E_{f}(10)\\) is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.66 MPa (522 psi)", + "1.83 MPa (261 psi)", + "7.32 MPa (1044 psi)", + "0.61 MPa (87 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the prime reason for fabricating laminar composites?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To minimize interfacial bonding strength between layers", + "To maximize the through-thickness thermal conductivity", + "To create anisotropic properties with maximum strength along the fiber direction", + "To achieve high strength in all directions within the plane of the laminate" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that for a certain crystal at 500°C, 1 vacancy can form for every 10^10 atoms. What is the vacancy formation energy of this crystal? (Given: the constant A=0.0539 for this crystal, Boltzmann constant k=1.381×10^-23 J/K)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.4×10^-19 J", + "3.8×10^-19 J", + "9.5×10^-20 J", + "1.9×10^-19 J" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于固溶强化的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Solid solution strengthening primarily works by increasing the elastic modulus through solute-induced electron cloud distortion, making the material more resistant to elastic deformation", + "Solid solution strengthening increases yield strength by impeding dislocation motion through lattice strain fields, while simultaneously reducing ductility due to restricted dislocation mobility", + "The effectiveness of solid solution strengthening is determined mainly by the difference in atomic radii between solute and solvent atoms, with larger differences always producing greater strengthening", + "Solid solution strengthening occurs when solute atoms preferentially segregate to grain boundaries, preventing grain boundary sliding and thus increasing high-temperature strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Liquid magnesium is poured into a 2 cm × 2 cm × 24 cm mold and, as a result of directional solidification, all of the solidification shrinkage occurs along the length of the casting. What is the length of the casting immediately after solidification is completed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "23.52 cm", + "23.04 cm", + "22.56 cm", + "24.00 cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of steel should be used to manufacture automobile fenders?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High carbon steel for superior dent resistance", + "Low carbon steel for better formability during stamping", + "Medium carbon steel to balance strength and ductility", + "Dual-phase steel for optimal crash energy absorption" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How do dislocations strengthen metallic materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dislocations create vacancies that harden the material through solid solution strengthening", + "Dislocations increase the elastic modulus by reducing atomic spacing", + "Dislocation motion is hindered by other dislocations, requiring higher stress for plastic deformation", + "Dislocations reduce grain boundary mobility, preventing recrystallization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the oxidation resistance of NiO and W-doped NiO (i.e., NiO-WO3). Which of the following statements is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both materials show identical oxidation resistance due to similar crystal structures", + "W-doped NiO forms a protective WO3 layer that enhances oxidation resistance", + "W-doped NiO (NiO-WO3) has reduced oxidation resistance compared to pure NiO", + "Pure NiO undergoes catastrophic oxidation while W-doped NiO remains stable" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 20m long aluminum rod with a diameter of 14.0mm is drawn through a die with an aperture of 12.7mm. The engineering linear strain experienced by this aluminum rod is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "21.5%", + "17.6%", + "28.3%", + "13.4%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "When a disordered solid solution transforms into an ordered solid solution, the general trend in the change of alloy properties is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "First increases then decreases", + "Increases", + "Remains constant", + "Decreases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are methods for controlling austenite grain size?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Apply high-frequency electromagnetic fields to disrupt grain boundary migration", + "Use cryogenic treatment to refine the grain structure through phase transformation", + "Establish appropriate heating specifications, including controlling heating temperature and holding time, rapid short-term heating", + "Introduce nano-sized precipitates to pin grain boundaries during recrystallization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why can screw dislocations only undergo glide motion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because screw dislocations lack the necessary vacancy diffusion pathways", + "Because screw dislocations can only move along their Burgers vector direction", + "Because the stress field of screw dislocations prevents climb motion", + "Because it does not have a fixed half-atom plane" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the required volume of the cylindrical riser to prevent shrinkage in a 4 in. × 10 in. × 20 in. casting if the H / D of the riser is 1.5?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "v ≥ 349 in.^3", + "v ≥ 274 in.^3", + "v ≥ 412 in.^3", + "v ≥ 187 in.^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the difference in Fermi levels between intrinsic semiconductors and doped semiconductors?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Fermi level position is temperature-independent in both intrinsic and doped semiconductors", + "In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level coincides with the conduction band edge at room temperature", + "The Fermi level of an n-type semiconductor is always below the valence band maximum", + "Doping concentration has no effect on the Fermi level position in extrinsic semiconductors" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For refractory ceramic materials, which two characteristics are adversely affected by increasing porosity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Thermal conductivity and fracture toughness", + "Load-bearing capacity and resistance to attack by corrosive materials", + "Elastic modulus and dielectric strength", + "Thermal shock resistance and creep resistance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What are the hardness and microstructure in an eutectoid steel that has been heated to 700°C, quenched to 650°C and held for 500s, and finally quenched to room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HRC =45 and the microstructure is bainite with some martensite", + "HRC =25 and the microstructure is all pearlite", + "HRC =65 and the microstructure is fully martensitic", + "HRC =15 and the microstructure is spheroidized cementite in ferrite matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why does crystal slip usually occur on the most closely packed atomic planes and directions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The most closely packed planes have the highest elastic modulus, making them more resistant to deformation", + "Slip occurs where the Burgers vector is minimized, which coincides with the most closely packed directions", + "The highest atomic density planes require the least energy for dislocation movement due to maximum interplanar spacing", + "Close-packed directions have the lowest surface energy, facilitating dislocation glide" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes reaction sintering?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Reaction sintering involves the simultaneous compaction and chemical reaction of powder mixtures to form a dense ceramic without external pressure.", + "Reaction sintering is a process in which ceramic powders of various compounds are pressed into shape and then subjected to special chemical treatment during sintering to obtain ceramics.", + "Reaction sintering refers to the sintering process where pre-reacted ceramic powders are consolidated without any further chemical changes.", + "Reaction sintering is a technique where ceramic powders are sintered under reactive gas atmospheres to prevent oxidation during densification." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For some viscoelastic polymers that are subjected to stress relaxation tests, the stress decays with time according to the equation σ(t) = σ(0) exp(-t/τ). A specimen of this polymer was pulled in tension to a strain of 0.6, with an initial stress level of 2.76 MPa (400 psi) that dropped to 1.72 MPa (250 psi) after 60s. Determine E_τ(10) for this material:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.12 MPa (742 psi)", + "3.82 MPa (554 psi)", + "2.87 MPa (416 psi)", + "4.25 MPa (616 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "For a face-centered cubic crystal stretched along the [131] axis, the resolved shear stress on the slip system (111)[0-11] under a tensile stress of 6.9×10^5 Pa is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.12×10^5 Pa", + "3.82×10^5 Pa", + "1.73×10^5 Pa", + "-2.56×10^5 Pa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes a first-order phase transition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "First-order phase transition: During the phase transition, the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal, but the first-order partial derivatives of the chemical potential are not equal. A first-order phase transition involves latent heat and volume changes.", + "First-order phase transition: The Gibbs free energy is continuous but its first derivative with respect to temperature is discontinuous. This transition is characterized by a change in symmetry without latent heat.", + "First-order phase transition: Both the chemical potential and its first derivative with respect to pressure are continuous. The transition occurs without any volume change or latent heat absorption.", + "First-order phase transition: The entropy and volume remain continuous during the transition, but the heat capacity shows a discontinuity. This is typical of magnetic phase transitions." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes heterogeneous nucleation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Random formation of nuclei in a perfectly pure melt without any interfaces", + "Nucleation occurring at preferential sites with lower activation energy than homogeneous nucleation", + "Phase transformation initiated by external pressure rather than thermal fluctuations", + "Simultaneous nucleation at multiple identical sites with equal probability" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a first-order phase transition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A phase transition characterized by a discontinuous change in the first derivative of Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature", + "A phase transition where the free energies of the old and new phases are equal before and after the transition, but their first-order partial derivatives are unequal", + "A phase transition where the crystal structure changes without any latent heat absorption or release", + "A phase transition exhibiting a divergence in the second derivative of Gibbs free energy while the first derivative remains continuous" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the melting point of copper is 1,083℃, what is the estimated minimum recrystallization temperature of copper?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "542 K", + "813 K", + "298 K", + "1083 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "When a Cu-Zn alloy solidifies, one portion of the structure contains 25 atomic percent zinc and another portion 0.025mm away contains 20 atomic percent zinc. The lattice parameter for the FCC alloy is 3.63 x 10^-8 cm. Determine the concentration gradient in (a) atomic percent Zn per cm.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-5.0 at% Zn/mm", + "-2.0 at% Zn/μm", + "-2000 at% Zn/cm", + "-500 at% Zn/cm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the main difference between crystallization and solid-state phase transformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystallization involves long-range atomic diffusion while solid-state transformation occurs through local atomic rearrangement", + "Crystallization requires nucleation sites but solid-state transformations are homogeneous throughout the material", + "Crystallization is exothermic while solid-state phase transformations are always endothermic", + "Crystallization changes the chemical composition but solid-state transformations preserve it" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal (BCC) rod is stretched along the rod axis [213] direction to undergo plastic deformation. Given that the slip plane of the single crystal is {110}, determine the final orientation of the test rod (assuming the rod does not fracture before reaching a stable orientation).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[111]", + "[101]", + "[112]", + "[123]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The imperfect dislocation caused by inserting or removing a close-packed plane is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Stair-rod", + "Shockley", + "Frank", + "Lomer-Cottrell" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units in a copolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 350,000 g/mol and a degree of polymerization of 4425?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.25", + "0.75", + "1.0", + "0.5" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical specimen of a metal alloy 48.8mm long and 9.09mm in diameter is stressed in tension. A true stress of 327 MPa causes the specimen to plastically elongate to a length of 55 mm. If it is known that the strain-hardening exponent for this alloy is 0.3, what is the true stress (in MPa) necessary to plastically elongate a specimen of this same material from a length of 48.8mm to a length of 57.6 mm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "390 MPa", + "355 MPa", + "412 MPa", + "327 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The geometric shapes of macromolecular chains include which of the following?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Linear", + "Branched", + "Network", + "Crystalline" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose that liquid nickel is undercooled until homogeneous nucleation occurs. The number of nickel atoms in the nucleus is: (Assume that the lattice parameter of the solid FCC nickel is 0.356 nm.)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "74 atoms (assuming BCC structure by mistake)", + "128 atoms (FCC unit cell atoms × 4 unit cells)", + "109 atoms", + "92 atoms (incorrect volume calculation)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "下列哪些晶面属于立方晶系中的{111}晶面族？", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(111), (1̄11), (11̄1), (111̄)", + "(111), (1̄1̄1), (11̄1̄), (1̄11̄)", + "(111), (110), (101), (011)", + "(111), (1̄11), (11̄1), (111̄), (1̄1̄1̄)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between a space lattice and a crystal lattice?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A space lattice describes the periodic arrangement of unit cells, while a crystal lattice includes the actual atomic positions within those unit cells", + "A space lattice is the mathematical abstraction of a crystal lattice, where atoms are represented as dimensionless points", + "A crystal lattice is the 3D arrangement of atoms, while a space lattice is its 2D projection used in diffraction analysis", + "Space lattice refers to metallic crystals only, while crystal lattice applies to all crystalline materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel wire (with a diameter of 1 mm) is coated with a layer of copper (total diameter of 2 mm). What is the thermal expansion coefficient of this composite material? The elastic modulus of steel is E_st=205 GPa, and that of copper is E_cu=110 GPa; their expansion coefficients are α_st=1.1×10⁻⁶/°C, α_Cu=17×10⁻⁶/°C respectively.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "9.1×10⁻⁶/°C (体积平均法计算值)", + "15×10⁻⁶/°C", + "17×10⁻⁶/°C (仅考虑铜层)", + "1.1×10⁻⁶/°C (仅考虑钢芯)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How are cold working and hot working generally distinguished?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Based on whether the processing temperature exceeds the material's glass transition temperature", + "Determined by the ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength at the processing temperature", + "Defined by whether dynamic recrystallization occurs during deformation", + "Generally distinguished based on the recrystallization temperature of metal materials" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At 700°C, what is the proportion of atoms with sufficient energy according to the Arrhenius equation, given ln A = -2.92, E = 2.14×10^(-19) J, k = 1.38×10^(-23) J/K, and T = 973 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.2×10^(-8)", + "6×10^(-9)", + "3×10^(-10)", + "9×10^(-7)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "The atomic number of chromium is 24, and it has a total of 4 isotopes: 4.31% of Cr atoms contain 26 neutrons, 83.76% contain 28 neutrons, 9.55% contain 29 neutrons, and 2.38% contain 30 neutrons. What is the relative atomic mass of chromium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "52.123", + "52.000", + "51.996", + "52.057" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Can aluminum alloys be strengthened through martensitic transformation like steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, due to insufficient stacking fault energy for twinning", + "Yes, by inducing phase transformation from FCC to BCT structure", + "No, because aluminum lacks the necessary interstitial sites for carbon diffusion", + "Yes, through rapid quenching to form supersaturated solid solution" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of Al3+ replacing Si4+ on the composition of silicates?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The substitution creates excess positive charge, requiring incorporation of anions like F- for charge balance", + "The replacement is isovalent and requires no additional charge compensation", + "The structural units lose electrical neutrality, requiring larger cations like K+ to enter the structure", + "The Al3+ substitution increases the polymerization degree of silicate tetrahedra" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why does Cv rise with increasing temperature at temperatures near 0 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The increasing thermal energy allows excitation of higher frequency phonon modes that were previously frozen out", + "The lattice vibrations begin to overcome the Debye temperature limit at these low temperatures", + "The electronic contribution to heat capacity becomes dominant as temperature approaches 0 K", + "The anharmonicity of atomic vibrations increases significantly near absolute zero" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Heat treat Si3N4 at the eutectic temperature and measure its thermal etching groove angle as 60°, the grain boundary energy of Si3N4 is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "779.4 mN/m", + "1558.8 mN/m", + "3117.6 mN/m", + "1039.2 mN/m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For edge dislocation, what is the relationship between the direction of the applied shear stress and the direction of dislocation line motion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Parallel", + "Perpendicular", + "45-degree angle", + "Stress direction has no effect on dislocation motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes: { }^{113} In with an atomic weight of 112.904 amu, and { }^{115} \\mathrm{In} with an atomic weight of 114.904 amu. If the average atomic weight for In is 114.818 amu, what are the fraction-of-occurrences of these two isotopes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The fraction-of-occurrence of { }^{113}In is 0.250 and { }^{115}In is 0.750", + "The fraction-of-occurrence of { }^{113}In is 0.957 and { }^{115}In is 0.043", + "The fraction-of-occurrence of { }^{113}In is 0.500 and { }^{115}In is 0.500", + "The fraction-of-occurrence of { }^{113}In is 0.043 and { }^{115}In is 0.957" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "From what is Fe3CIII precipitated?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Austenite", + "Ferrite", + "Cementite", + "Martensite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Gold (Au) forms a substitutional solid solution with silver (Ag). What weight percent of gold must be added to silver to yield an alloy that contains 5.5 × 10^{21} Au atoms per cubic centimeter, given the densities of pure Au and Ag are 19.32 and 10.49 g/cm³, respectively?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "10.2 wt%", + "23.4 wt%", + "15.9 wt%", + "18.7 wt%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in their melting temperatures. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cannot be determined without knowing the exact heating rate", + "The melting temperature of glaze formula 1 < the melting temperature of glaze formula 2", + "Both glazes have identical melting temperatures due to similar alkali content", + "The melting temperature of glaze formula 1 > the melting temperature of glaze formula 2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Determine the ratio of butadiene to acrylonitrile repeat units in a copolymer having a number-average molecular weight of 250,000 g/mol and a degree of polymerization of 4640. The ratio is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "fb/fa = 1.6", + "fb/fa = 2.5", + "fb/fa = 3.2", + "fb/fa = 4.0" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the practical significance of the Kirkendall effect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "It shows that vacancy diffusion can be ignored in most practical applications", + "It proves the exchange mechanism is the dominant diffusion process in substitutional solid solutions", + "It demonstrates that diffusion coefficients of components in an alloy are independent of each other", + "It indicates that macroscopic diffusion always follows Fick's first law perfectly" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A metal having a cubic structure has a density of 2.6g/cm³, an atomic weight of 87.62g/mol, and a lattice parameter of 6.0849 Å. One atom is associated with each lattice point. Determine the crystal structure of the metal from the following options:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "fcc", + "bcc", + "hcp", + "simple cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Divorced eutectic的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Divorced eutectic occurs when one phase in the eutectic attaches to primary crystals while the other phase appears separately, losing characteristic eutectic features", + "Divorced eutectic is a special case where eutectic phases completely separate into distinct layers due to high cooling rates", + "Divorced eutectic results from the complete suppression of one eutectic phase when composition deviates from eutectic point", + "Divorced eutectic describes the phenomenon where eutectic phases maintain their structure but grow independently of primary crystals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "After cold deformation, the control of grain size after recrystallization is related to the degree of cold deformation, original grain size, (22), and impurities, etc. What is (22)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Recrystallization temperature", + "Dislocation density", + "Stacking fault energy", + "Peierls stress" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The flexibility of polymer materials mainly depends on the mobility of .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The entanglement density of polymer chains", + "The degree of crystallinity in the amorphous regions", + "The mobility of pendant phenyl rings", + "The reptation dynamics of chain ends" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Compute the electrical conductivity of a cylindrical silicon specimen 7.0mm (0.28 in.) diameter and 57mm (2.25 in.) in length in which a current of 0.25 A passes in an axial direction. A voltage of 24V is measured across two probes that are separated by 45mm (1.75 in.). The electrical conductivity is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "12.2 (Ω·m)^{-1}", + "24.4 (Ω·m)^{-1}", + "6.1 (Ω·cm)^{-1}", + "48.8 (Ω·cm)^{-1}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When the strength of short fiber composites reaches 95% of the strength of continuous composites, what is the value of $\\frac{L_{\\mathrm{c}}}{L}$?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.05", + "0.5", + "0.1", + "0.2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What are the characteristics of the outermost crystal zone in the ingot structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A columnar grain zone resulting from directional heat extraction", + "A fine equiaxed grain zone formed due to rapid nucleation at the mold wall", + "A coarse dendritic structure caused by slow cooling rates", + "An amorphous layer formed by extreme undercooling" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the nearest neighbor atomic spacing in a diamond unit cell is 0.1544nm, what is the packing density ξ of diamond?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.34", + "0.52", + "0.68", + "0.74" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between a vertical section of a ternary phase diagram and a binary phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Binary diagrams show temperature-composition relationships, while ternary vertical sections show pressure-composition relationships", + "A vertical section of a ternary diagram can never represent true phase equilibria, while a binary diagram always does", + "The main difference is that binary diagrams have two independent variables, while ternary vertical sections have three", + "Vertical sections of ternary diagrams are projections of 3D space onto 2D, while binary diagrams are inherently 2D representations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Can metal castings refine grain size through recrystallization annealing?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because recrystallization annealing can always refine grain size regardless of prior processing history", + "No, because castings lack the necessary dislocation density required for recrystallization nucleation", + "Yes, but only if the casting is first subjected to severe plastic deformation", + "No, because the high temperatures used in recrystallization annealing would cause excessive grain growth" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In ionic crystals, the diffusion rate of cations is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Diffusion rates are identical due to charge neutrality requirements", + "Anions diffuse faster because their larger polarizability facilitates bond breaking", + "The activation energy for cation diffusion is always lower due to smaller ionic radii", + "Cations diffuse slower in oxides but faster in halides due to coordination effects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Among various layered silicate structures, the unit cell parameters that are similar are", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The basal plane spacing (d001) in both kaolinite and montmorillonite", + "The a-axis length in pyrophyllite and the c-axis length in talc", + "The interlayer distance in muscovite and the unit cell height in phlogopite", + "The b-dimension in all 1:1 layer silicates and 2:1 layer silicates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A force of 20,000 N will cause a 1 cm × 1 cm bar of magnesium to stretch from 10 cm to 10.045 cm. The modulus of elasticity is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.44 × 10^6 psi", + "44.4 GPa", + "3.22 × 10^6 psi (shear modulus)", + "6.44 × 10^4 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of cast iron and heat treatment method should be used for the machine tool bed, and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "White cast iron (Ni-Hard), solution treatment", + "Ductile cast iron (QT600-3), quenching and tempering", + "Gray cast iron (HT250), stress relief annealing", + "Malleable cast iron (KTH350-10), normalizing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "For a face-centered cubic crystal with a movable slip system of (111)[110], indicate the direction of dislocation line movement during slip in the cases of pure edge dislocation and pure screw dislocation. Which of the following is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In the case of pure edge dislocation, the direction of dislocation line movement is perpendicular to b; in the case of pure screw dislocation, the direction of dislocation line movement is parallel to b", + "In both cases, the direction of dislocation line movement is parallel to b", + "In the case of pure edge dislocation, the direction of dislocation line movement is parallel to b; in the case of pure screw dislocation, the direction of dislocation line movement is perpendicular to b", + "In both cases, the direction of dislocation line movement is perpendicular to b" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the number-average relative molecular weight of linear polytetrafluoroethylene is 5×10^5, the C-C bond length is 0.154 nm, and the bond angle θ is 109°, calculate its total chain length L.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "627.869 nm", + "1253.738 nm", + "2507.476 nm", + "835.825 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A factory was conducting solution treatment on the jaw plates of a crusher made of high manganese steel. After heating at 1100°C, the plates were suspended with cold-drawn steel wires and transported by a crane to the quenching water tank. During transportation, the steel wire suddenly broke. This wire was new and had no defects. What is the cause of the steel wire fracture?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Creep deformation occurred in the wire under constant load at elevated temperature", + "The wire's yield strength decreased below the load stress due to dynamic recrystallization during heating", + "Thermal expansion mismatch between the wire and jaw plate caused excessive stress", + "The high manganese steel's phase transformation induced shock waves that fractured the wire" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "One of the allotropes of Mn has a cubic structure with a lattice constant a of 0.632 nm, an atomic radius r of 0.122 nm, and 20 atoms in the unit cell. What is its packing density?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.398", + "0.532", + "0.466", + "0.689" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What type of bonding would be expected for aluminum phosphide (AlP)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Pure ionic bonding due to large electronegativity difference", + "Predominantly covalent with some ionic character", + "Metallic bonding with partial covalent character", + "Mixed covalent and van der Waals bonding" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "How many types of bonds exist between atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3 (ionic, covalent, metallic)", + "4 (ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen)", + "5 (ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, van der Waals)", + "6 (ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, van der Waals, dipole-dipole)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the modulated structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The modulated structure shows random atomic arrangements with localized strain fields and discontinuous interfaces", + "The modulated structure exhibits a periodic pattern, with high dispersion, uniform distribution, and high connectivity", + "The modulated structure displays quasi-periodic ordering with alternating regions of high and low density", + "The modulated structure features aperiodic stacking faults with varying interplanar spacing and anisotropic properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An intermetallic compound is found in the magnesium-gallium system that has a composition of 41.1 wt% Mg - 58.9 wt% Ga. Specify the formula for this compound.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "MgGa", + "Mg_{2}Ga", + "MgGa_{2}", + "Mg_{3}Ga_{2}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why can't Cr12MoV steel be turned into stainless steel through heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because Cr is the main factor that makes steel corrosion-resistant. It can increase the electrode potential of the steel. If its mass fraction is small (below 13 %), the electrode potential cannot be significantly increased, nor can a single-phase structure be formed, so the corrosion resistance of the steel cannot be significantly improved.", + "Because the Mo content in Cr12MoV forms stable carbides that prevent chromium from diffusing to form a passive layer, making heat treatment ineffective for improving corrosion resistance.", + "Because the V element in Cr12MoV preferentially reacts with oxygen during heat treatment, consuming the oxygen needed for passive film formation on chromium.", + "Because the carbon content in Cr12MoV is too high, which leads to excessive carbide precipitation during heat treatment, reducing the effective chromium content available for corrosion resistance." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is a limitation of strain hardening as a strengthening method?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Strain hardening is ineffective for materials with high stacking fault energy", + "Strain hardening significantly reduces electrical conductivity in all metallic alloys", + "Strain hardening causes permanent changes to the crystal structure type (e.g., FCC to BCC)", + "Strain hardening increases dislocation density but does not alter the alloy's fundamental composition" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that polyethylene belongs to the body-centered orthorhombic structure, with lattice constants a=0.740nm, b=0.493nm, c=0.253nm, and two molecular chains passing through a unit cell. The density ρc of fully crystalline polyethylene is approximately:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.85 g/cm³", + "0.92 g/cm³", + "1.16 g/cm³", + "1.01 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In terms of lattice constant, what is the atomic diameter in a BCC crystal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "a/2", + "(√3/2)a", + "a/√2", + "(√3/4)a" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For zinc in copper, c0=wZn=0.0001, E=-0.12 eV, the critical temperature for solute segregation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "-0.12 eV/kB", + "298 K", + "0.12 eV/kB", + "151 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A contact device is made of silver-tungsten composite material. Its production process involves first creating a porous tungsten powder metallurgy blank, and then infiltrating pure silver into the pores. Before silver infiltration, the density of the tungsten compact is 14.5 g/cm³. The mass fraction of silver in the blank after infiltration is: (The densities of pure tungsten and pure silver are 19.3 g/cm³ and 10.49 g/cm³, respectively. Assume the tungsten blank is very thin and entirely composed of open pores.)", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "24.8%", + "15.4%", + "10.2%", + "18.6%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "How do the plasticity and toughness of a metal with finer grains compare to the same metal with coarser grains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Better plasticity but lower toughness due to increased grain boundary sliding", + "Worse plasticity but higher toughness due to dislocation pile-up effects", + "Better in both properties due to grain boundary strengthening mechanisms", + "No significant difference as grain size only affects hardness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A Brinell hardness measurement, using a 10-mm-diameter indenter and a 500-kg load, produces an indentation of 4.5mm on an aluminum plate. What is the Brinell hardness number (HB) of the metal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "119.2", + "59.6", + "14.9", + "29.8" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the critical length Lc of β-SiC whiskers, given a diameter of 0.5μm, tensile strength of 70000MPa, and interfacial shear strength τy approximated by the matrix yield strength of 76MPa. The critical length Lc is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "460.5μm", + "230.3μm", + "920.8μm", + "115.1μm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the proeutectoid phase for an iron-carbon alloy in which the mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite are 0.92 and 0.08, respectively?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "α ferrite (0.65 wt% C)", + "Cementite (6.7 wt% C)", + "Pearlite (0.76 wt% C)", + "Austenite (1.2 wt% C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Both MgO (NaCl-type structure) and Li2O (anti-fluorite-type structure) are based on the cubic close packing of oxygen, and the cations are in the gaps of this arrangement. Why are Frenkel-type point defects the main defects in Li2O?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The high polarizability of oxygen ions in Li2O promotes cation displacement", + "The anti-fluorite structure inherently creates more cation vacancies than anion vacancies", + "Li's small ionic radius allows easy diffusion through the oxygen sublattice", + "Li occupies octahedral voids which are larger, facilitating ion movement to interstitial sites" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a Frenkel defect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The displacement of an atom to an interstitial site in the crystal lattice", + "A vacancy-interstitial pair in ionic crystals caused by charge neutrality requirements", + "The simultaneous creation of a cation vacancy and anion vacancy to maintain stoichiometry", + "A localized lattice distortion caused by substitutional impurity atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Assuming that the slip system that can be activated in a face-centered cubic crystal is (111)[011], if the slip dislocation is a pure edge dislocation, what is the direction of its dislocation line?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[110]", + "[211]", + "[111]", + "[011]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Please compare the distortion energy of the two dislocations b1= a/2[111] and b2=a[100] in FCC crystals, which one is greater.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The distortion energy of b2 is smaller because [100] is a perfect slip direction in FCC", + "The distortion energy of b1 is smaller due to lower Burgers vector magnitude", + "Both have equal distortion energy since they are both perfect dislocations in FCC", + "The distortion energy of b1 is greater because it has mixed edge/screw character" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the modulus of elasticity for spinel (MgAl2O4) having 5 vol% porosity is 240 GPa (35 x 10^6 psi), what is the modulus of elasticity for the nonporous material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "228 GPa (33 x 10^6 psi)", + "252 GPa (36.5 x 10^6 psi)", + "240 GPa (35 x 10^6 psi)", + "265 GPa (38.6 x 10^6 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly points out the errors in the concept: 'If there is no diffusion flow in a solid, it means that atoms are not diffusing.'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The statement is correct because no diffusion flow directly implies no atomic movement", + "The statement is incorrect because diffusion can occur through vacancy mechanisms without net flow", + "The statement is incorrect because grain boundary diffusion always creates measurable flow", + "The statement is correct because Fick's first law requires concentration gradient for any diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Using dislocation theory, what is the second reason for the work hardening of pure metal single crystals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Cross-slip of screw dislocations becomes energetically unfavorable", + "Increased dislocation density reduces the mean free path of dislocations", + "Lattice distortion caused by solute atoms creates additional barriers", + "Dislocation reactions occur, forming immobile dislocations that hinder dislocation motion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Can aluminum alloys be surface strengthened by carburizing or nitriding? Why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, because aluminum's FCC structure cannot accommodate interstitial atoms", + "Yes, but only when using plasma-assisted techniques to break the oxide layer", + "Yes, because aluminum can form stable carbides and nitrides at high temperatures", + "No, because the dense oxide film on aluminum prevents effective diffusion of C/N atoms" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes equilibrium crystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Equilibrium crystallization describes the point where nucleation rate equals grain growth rate", + "Equilibrium crystallization is a rapid solidification process that prevents solute partitioning", + "Equilibrium crystallization occurs when the cooling rate matches the material's thermal conductivity", + "Equilibrium crystallization refers to crystallization that occurs at a very slow rate, with sufficient diffusion in both the liquid and solid phases" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the morphology, size, and distribution of tertiary cementite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Discontinuous granular, small amount, distributed at ferrite grain boundaries", + "Continuous network, large amount, distributed along prior austenite grain boundaries", + "Lamellar structure, moderate amount, alternating with ferrite layers", + "Spherical particles, trace amount, uniformly dispersed in matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Predict the strength σLu of a β-SiC whisker-reinforced composite with a volume fraction φf=0.1, given the average fiber stress σf=5320MPa and the matrix yield strength σy=76MPa.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "700MPa", + "532MPa", + "539.6MPa", + "76MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "For copper, the heat capacity at constant volume C_V at 20 K is 0.38 J/mol-K and the Debye temperature is 340 K. Estimate the specific heat at 40 K.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.14 J/mol-K", + "0.76 J/mol-K", + "23.9 J/kg-K", + "47.8 J/kg-K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.124nm, and an atomic weight of 55.85g/mol. What is the theoretical density of iron?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.90 g/cm³", + "8.57 g/cm³", + "7.87 g/cm³", + "8.90 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Comparison of mechanical properties, the (1) of polymers is better than that of metal materials.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Stiffness", + "Strength", + "Impact strength (toughness)", + "Specific strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "For a machine tool spindle made of 40Cr steel, the core requires good strength and toughness (200-300HB), while the journal needs to be hard and wear-resistant (HRC54-58). What is the microstructure after preparatory heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "tempered sorbite", + "pearlite with retained austenite", + "bainite with martensite islands", + "spheroidized cementite in ferrite matrix" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A 5-cm diameter sphere solidifies in 1050s. Under the same conditions, what is the solidification time for a 0.3 cm × 10 cm × 20 cm plate, assuming n=2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "126.5s", + "1050s", + "8.82s", + "31.15s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the main morphological types of martensitic transformation products in steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "lath martensite and acicular martensite", + "plate martensite and twinned martensite", + "dislocation martensite and shear martensite", + "bainitic martensite and tempered martensite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Is tempering high-speed steel at 560°C considered quenching and tempering treatment? Why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because 560°C falls within the typical tempering temperature range for most steels", + "No, because high-speed steel requires special cryogenic treatment before tempering", + "Yes, because it produces the same tempered sorbite structure as conventional quenching and tempering", + "No, because the purpose and resulting microstructure are fundamentally different from conventional quenching and tempering" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade 55Si2Mn?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "55Si2Mn is a structural steel containing 55% Si and 2% Mn", + "55Si2Mn is a tool steel with 0.55% C, 2% Si, and 1% Mn", + "55Si2Mn is a spring steel, wc=0.55%, ws=1.75%, WMn=0.75%", + "55Si2Mn is a stainless steel with 0.55% C, 1.5% Si, and 2% Mn" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "The unit of diffusion flux is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "J/mol·K", + "cm2/s", + "g/cm3·s", + "1/cm2·s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The twinning plane of a face-centered cubic crystal is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress is lowest for screw dislocations", + "The Schmid factor reaches its maximum value at 45° orientation", + "Dislocation motion is easiest along <110> directions in FCC crystals", + "The critical resolved shear stress is independent of crystal orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the Bravais lattice?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A lattice that can be fully described by its primitive vectors without considering centering", + "A lattice defined solely by the symmetry operations that leave the crystal invariant", + "A lattice formed by the smallest repeating unit that captures all symmetry elements", + "A lattice that considers not only the shape of the unit cell but also the positions of the lattice points" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The essence of crystals is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The periodic repetition of particles in three-dimensional space", + "The presence of long-range atomic order and sharp diffraction peaks", + "The existence of a well-defined unit cell with translational symmetry", + "The minimum energy configuration of atoms in a solid state" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the order of magnitude wavelength for visible light?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch coefficient is independent of temperature", + "The Hall-Petch relationship applies equally to both crystalline and amorphous materials", + "The Hall-Petch relationship predicts increased yield strength with decreasing grain size", + "The Hall-Petch relationship becomes invalid below a critical grain size of 10nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of the Burgers vector in BCC niobium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.853 Å", + "3.301 Å", + "1.443 Å", + "4.078 Å" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "On the curve of glass properties changing with temperature, what is the second characteristic temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Tr (softening temperature)", + "Tg (glass transition temperature)", + "Td (deformation temperature)", + "Tm (melting temperature)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why may there be significant scatter in the fracture strength for some given ceramic material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Due to variations in elastic modulus between different specimens", + "Because ceramic materials exhibit significant plastic deformation before fracture", + "Due to the probabilistic nature of critical flaw distribution in brittle ceramics", + "Because the fracture strength is primarily determined by grain boundary diffusion rates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "For alloy A with atomic weight 77.4 g/mol, density 8.22 g/cm³, and atomic radius 0.125 mm, its crystal structure is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)", + "Face-centered cubic (FCC)", + "Body-centered cubic (BCC)", + "Simple cubic" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The vacancy formation energy (E_v) and interstitial atom formation energy (E_i) of Al are 0.76 eV and 3.0 eV, respectively. What is the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of vacancies to the equilibrium concentration of interstitial atoms in Al at 500°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "6.314×10^12", + "2.463×10^7", + "1.642×10^21", + "4.026×10^14" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the ilmenite crystal structure of FeTiO3, which consists of an HCP arrangement of O2- ions, what fraction of the total tetrahedral sites will be occupied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1/3 of tetrahedral sites are occupied by Fe2+", + "1/2 of tetrahedral sites are occupied by Ti4+", + "All tetrahedral sites remain vacant", + "1/4 of tetrahedral sites are randomly occupied by Fe2+ and Ti4+" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Highly cold-rolled aluminum sheets will form a well-developed {001}<100> texture (cube texture) after high-temperature annealing. If such an aluminum sheet is deep-drawn into a cup, how many ears will be produced?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Four ears", + "Eight ears", + "Six ears", + "No ears will form" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Why is carburization chosen in γ-Fe around 930‰, where the diffusion coefficient increases with carbon content?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The increasing carbon content reduces the activation energy for diffusion in γ-Fe", + "Higher carbon concentration creates more vacancies that enhance diffusion", + "Carbon atoms preferentially occupy interstitial sites that lower the energy barrier", + "The austenite phase has higher solubility limit for carbon than ferrite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the electron configuration for the ion Ba2+?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "[Xe] 6s2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s2", + "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most close-packed direction in a face-centered cubic crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "<111>", + "<110>", + "<100>", + "<112>" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A steel contains 18 % cementite and 82 % ferrite at room temperature. What is the estimated carbon content of the steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.82 % C", + "0.18 % C", + "1.20 % C", + "2.14 % C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Can a material have a positive index of refraction less than unity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, in highly anisotropic crystals where the effective refractive index varies with direction", + "Yes, in certain metamaterials with engineered negative permeability", + "No, because the phase velocity of light cannot exceed c in any material", + "Yes, near absorption resonances where the real part of refractive index can dip below unity" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At 550°C, an aluminum-copper alloy solid solution with composition x_Cu=0.02 is quenched and then reheated to 100°C to precipitate θ phase (CuAl2). The θ phase forms many small particles dispersed in the alloy with an average particle spacing of 5.0 nm. Approximately how many particles are formed in 1 mm³ of the alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2×10^18 particles/mm³", + "8×10^15 particles/mm³", + "1.6×10^14 particles/mm³", + "4×10^16 particles/mm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The density of BCC iron is 7.882 g/cm³ and the lattice parameter is 0.2886 nm when hydrogen atoms are introduced at interstitial positions. The atomic fraction of hydrogen atoms is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.016", + "0.008", + "0.012", + "0.004" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the packing coefficient in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "63.66%", + "68.02%", + "52.40%", + "74.05%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the solid solution method of carbon in ferrite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interstitial", + "Substitutional", + "Vacancy diffusion", + "Interstitialcy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best explains the concept of a driving force?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The driving force is equal to the activation energy of a reaction", + "The driving force is that which compels a reaction to occur", + "The driving force is the external pressure applied to initiate phase transformations", + "The driving force represents the total energy difference between initial and final states" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between diffusion flux and concentration gradient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Inversely proportional (Le Chatelier's principle)", + "Proportional (Fick's first law)", + "Exponential (Arrhenius relationship)", + "Logarithmic (Nernst equation)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The lattice constant of α-Fe is $a=0.28664\\mathrm{nm}.$ When two adjacent grains form a symmetric tilt boundary with a tilt angle of 1°, the spacing $D$ of the edge dislocations is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.28664 nm", + "14.183 nm", + "16.412 nm", + "28.664 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes grain boundary segregation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The enrichment phenomenon of solute atoms or impurity atoms at grain boundaries due to the difference in distortion energy between the grain interior and the grain boundaries or the presence of vacancies", + "The diffusion of solute atoms from grain boundaries into the grain interior driven by chemical potential gradients", + "The formation of secondary phases at grain boundaries due to local composition exceeding solubility limits", + "The preferential oxidation of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials due to higher defect density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the conditions for spinodal decomposition?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In a binary alloy phase diagram with a miscibility gap, the composition free energy curve has a range where ∂²G/∂x²<0, the temperature is sufficiently high for solute atoms to diffuse.", + "When the alloy composition falls within the spinodal region and the temperature is below the critical point, leading to spontaneous phase separation without nucleation.", + "In any binary system where the free energy of mixing is positive, regardless of the temperature or diffusion conditions.", + "When the alloy is quenched rapidly from a high temperature to room temperature, creating a supersaturated solid solution that decomposes via spinodal mechanism." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Fick's first law can be directly applied to solve the problem of .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "diffusion in systems with time-dependent concentration gradients", + "non-steady-state diffusion with constant boundary conditions", + "any diffusion process obeying Arrhenius relationship", + "steady-state diffusion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly addresses the errors in the concept that it is impossible to observe the dendritic growth process of extremely pure metals, and that the dendritic growth morphology is merely a speculation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dendritic growth can be directly observed using high-temperature confocal microscopy with proper environmental control", + "Pure metals cannot form dendrites due to the absence of solute partitioning, making the concept fundamentally flawed", + "Dendritic morphology is only observable in alloys where solute trapping creates contrast for imaging", + "The observation is impossible because dendrites instantly remelt when exposed to any observation technique" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for zinc?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4°C (39°F)", + "150°C (302°F)", + "0.4 x melting temperature (≈120°C)", + "Recrystallization temperature (≈50°C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements correctly identifies and corrects the misconception in castings with uneven thickness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The thinner sections are prone to chill formation. More carbon and more silicon must be added.", + "The thicker sections are prone to shrinkage porosity. More carbon and less silicon must be added.", + "The thinner sections are prone to hot tearing. Less carbon and more silicon must be added.", + "The thicker sections are prone to gas porosity. Less carbon and less silicon must be added." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the symbol (V_{Na}'V_{Cl}^*)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A charged vacancy complex where V_Na' is a negatively charged Na vacancy and V_Cl^* is a positively charged Cl vacancy", + "A Frenkel defect pair in NaCl crystal", + "A Schottky defect where V_Na' represents cation vacancy and V_Cl^* represents anion interstitial", + "An associated center formed by the nearest Na vacancy and Cl vacancy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the role of carbon in low-alloy steel?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Creates pearlite structures that dominate the mechanical properties", + "Forms carbides that primarily increase hardness at the expense of toughness", + "Acts as a grain refiner to improve both strength and corrosion resistance", + "Maintains ductility while providing solid solution strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of cast iron and heat treatment method should be used for ball mill liners?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "High chromium cast iron with solution treatment and aging", + "White cast iron with conventional quenching and tempering", + "Gray cast iron with stress relief annealing", + "Medium manganese nodular cast iron with austempering heat treatment" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide (solute) form a substitutional solid solution. Which of the following is the correct defect equation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Al2O3→MgO AlMg· + VMg'' + 3OOc", + "Al2O3→MgO 2AlMg· + VO·· + 3OOc", + "Al2O3→MgO 2AlMg· + VMg'' + 3OOc", + "Al2O3→MgO 2AlMg· + VAl''' + 3OOc" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In the copolymer of PVC vinyl chloride $(C_{2}H_{3}C)$ and PVA vinyl alcohol $(C_{4}H_{5}C)_{2}$, the ratio of vinyl chloride to vinyl alcohol is 10:1. If the average molar mass of the copolymer molecular chain is $5000 \\bar{g}/mol$, find its degree of polymerization (DP).", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "275", + "310", + "192", + "248" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of metallic bonds?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metallic bonds exhibit strong directional characteristics similar to covalent bonds, with localized electron pairs", + "Metallic bonds are non-directional and non-saturated covalent bonds, where the binding force is the electrostatic Coulomb force between ions", + "The strength of metallic bonds is primarily determined by the number of valence electrons, similar to ionic bonding", + "Metallic bonding involves electron transfer between atoms, creating positively charged metal ions embedded in a sea of electrons" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What type of chemical bond is primarily found in carbides?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic bond with partial covalent character", + "Pure covalent bond", + "Metallic bond with electron delocalization", + "Hybrid bond with dominant ionic character" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of cold plastic deformation on the mechanical properties of alloys?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elastic modulus increases proportionally with deformation strain", + "Grain boundary migration dominates, causing softening through dynamic recrystallization", + "Dislocation density increases, leading to entanglement and work hardening", + "Twinning mechanisms replace dislocation slip, maintaining constant yield strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Titanium (Ti) has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 4.51 g/cm^3. What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.16 x 10^-28 m^3", + "3.62 x 10^-29 m^3", + "1.058 x 10^-28 m^3", + "5.29 x 10^-29 m^3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How do temperature indicators made from a coiled metal strip that uncoils when the temperature increases work?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The strip is made of a single metal alloy that undergoes a phase transformation at the target temperature, causing the uncoiling", + "Two metals with different thermal expansion coefficients are bonded, causing differential expansion that uncoils the strip", + "The strip is pre-stressed to uncoil when thermal energy overcomes the yield strength of the material", + "A shape memory alloy is used that returns to its original straight shape when heated above its transformation temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What type of solid solution can albite Na(AlSi3O8) and anorthite Ca(Al2Si2O8) form?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Limited substitutional solid solution", + "Interstitial solid solution", + "Continuous substitutional solid solution", + "Intermetallic compound" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a pre-annealed metal polycrystal, the true stress-strain curve in the plastic region can be approximately expressed as ∇σ_T= kε_T^n, where k and n are empirical constants, referred to as the strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent, respectively. If there are two materials, A and B, with roughly equal k values, but n_A=0.5 and n_B=0.2, which one has a higher dislocation density at the same plastic strain, and why?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Material A, because higher n indicates more efficient dislocation storage", + "Material B, because lower n indicates faster dislocation accumulation", + "Both have equal dislocation density since k values are equal", + "Cannot determine without knowing the initial dislocation density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Introducing high-valence W6+ into NiO will generate vacancies of which ions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancies of Ni2+ ions", + "Vacancies of O2- ions", + "Interstitial W6+ ions", + "Both Ni2+ and O2- vacancies" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the migration of particles caused by intrinsic diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Vacancies generated by intrinsic thermal defects", + "Interstitial atoms moving through crystal lattice", + "Grain boundary sliding under stress", + "Dislocation climb due to applied shear" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "To predict the normalizing effect of φ25 eutectoid steel bars, how applicable is the iron-carbon phase diagram?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The iron-carbon phase diagram can accurately predict the pearlite fraction after normalizing", + "The phase diagram is only applicable for equilibrium conditions but can be modified with Scheil-Gulliver assumptions", + "It provides exact cooling rate parameters needed for normalizing treatment", + "The diagram is fully applicable as normalizing approaches equilibrium conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The fracture strength of glass may be increased by etching away a thin surface layer. It is believed that the etching may alter surface crack geometry (i.e., reduce crack length and increase the tip radius). What is the ratio of the original and etched crack tip radii for an eightfold increase in fracture strength if two-thirds of the crack length is removed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "16.0", + "8.0", + "12.7", + "21.3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary reason for the appearance of transition phases during the solid-state phase transformation of metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "To reduce surface energy and facilitate nucleation during phase transformation", + "To accommodate lattice mismatch through elastic deformation without energy dissipation", + "To provide intermediate structures with lower activation energy barriers for diffusion", + "To maintain constant volume conditions during crystallographic reorganization" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes a unit dislocation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A dislocation that conserves the total number of atomic planes", + "A dislocation with the smallest possible Burgers vector magnitude in a crystal", + "A dislocation whose Burgers vector equals a lattice vector", + "A perfect dislocation that can dissociate into partial dislocations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the Burgers vector b of α-Fe, given the lattice constant of α-Fe a=0.28nm:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.20nm", + "0.28nm", + "0.25nm", + "0.14nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Most polymers and ionic ceramics have energy band gap structures that are most similar to those of", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Peierls-Nabarro stress for dislocation motion in BCC metals", + "The critical resolved shear stress for slip in FCC metals", + "The theoretical shear strength of a perfect crystal", + "The stress required for twinning in HCP metals" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Given a certain low-carbon steel with σ₀=64 kPa, K=393.7 kPa·μm^(1/2), and a grain diameter of 50 μm, what is the yield strength of this low-carbon steel according to the Hall-Petch formula?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "155.6 kPa", + "119.7 kPa", + "89.3 kPa", + "207.4 kPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "By adding $20\\%\\mathrm{B}_{2}0_{3}$ to $\\mathrm{Si0_{2}}$, what is the $0:\\mathrm{Si}$ ratio of the melt?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.20", + "1.86", + "1.60", + "2.00" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are causes of secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "uneven particle size distribution in the initial powder", + "presence of trace oxygen impurities during sintering", + "application of external magnetic field during processing", + "exceeding the theoretical density limit during compaction" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Both silver and aluminum have face-centered cubic lattices, and their atomic radii are very close, $r_{\\text{Ag}}=0.288\\mathrm{~nm}$ $r_{\\text{Al}}=0.286\\mathrm{nm}$, but they cannot form infinite solid solutions in the solid state. What is the main reason for this?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Because the valence of Ag is 1, while that of Al is 3, i.e., the solid solubility of a high-valence element as a solute in a low-valence element is greater than that of a low-valence element in a high-valence element.", + "Because their electronegativity difference (Δχ=0.28) exceeds the 0.1-0.2 range required for extensive solid solubility.", + "Because the stacking fault energies of Ag (16 mJ/m²) and Al (166 mJ/m²) differ by an order of magnitude, preventing coherent lattice matching.", + "Because the thermal expansion coefficients of Ag (18.9×10⁻⁶/K) and Al (23.1×10⁻⁶/K) create significant mismatch at elevated temperatures." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the larger thermal conductivity?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Fused silica (amorphous structure allows more efficient phonon transport)", + "Polycrystalline silica (thermal conductivity increases with grain boundary scattering)", + "Both have identical thermal conductivity (same chemical composition dominates)", + "Cannot be determined (depends on impurity concentration in each sample)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the number of Fe3C particles per unit volume N_v, given the volume fraction of Fe3C phase φ_Fe3C=0.06 and the radius of spherical cementite particles r=10×10^-6 m.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.86×10^13 (1/m^3)", + "1.43×10^13 (1/m^3)", + "7.16×10^12 (1/m^3)", + "3.58×10^13 (1/m^3)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The porosity of ordinary ceramics is", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Hall-Petch relationship holds for grain sizes below 100nm", + "Dislocation motion becomes easier when grain size decreases below 1μm", + "Nanocrystalline materials always exhibit higher strength than coarse-grained counterparts", + "Grain boundary sliding dominates deformation at all nanocrystalline scales" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What are the mechanical states of high polymers with larger molecular weight that are not completely crystalline?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Crystalline state", + "High elastic state", + "Glassy state", + "Viscous flow state" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of curvature of 2.5 × 10^{-4} mm (10^{-5} in.) and a crack length of 2.5 × 10^{-2} mm (10^{-3} in.) when a tensile stress of 170 MPa (25,000 psi) is applied?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1700 MPa (250,000 psi)", + "2404 MPa (354,000 psi)", + "850 MPa (125,000 psi)", + "340 MPa (50,000 psi)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is martensite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A metastable phase formed by rapid cooling of austenite with high carbon content", + "The equilibrium phase of carbon in γ-Fe at room temperature", + "The supersaturated solid solution formed by carbon in α-Fe", + "The body-centered tetragonal crystal structure resulting from diffusionless transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between deformation by twinning and deformation by slip relative to final result?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Both mechanisms produce equivalent strain but twinning occurs at lower temperatures", + "Twinning causes permanent lattice distortion while slip preserves crystal symmetry", + "Slip requires higher activation energy but leads to more uniform deformation than twinning", + "Slip results in relatively large deformations, whereas twinning produces only small deformations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What effect does a smooth interface have on the crystal growth morphology?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Spiral growth dominates due to screw dislocations, regardless of temperature gradient", + "Planar growth occurs under positive temperature gradient, while faceted dendrites form under negative gradient", + "Random dendritic growth occurs in all conditions due to interface instability", + "Isotropic spherical growth results from minimized surface energy at smooth interfaces" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The reason why a base-centered lattice cannot exist in the cubic system is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The base-centered arrangement would destroy the cubic system's characteristic 4L3 symmetry", + "Base-centering would create unequal lattice parameters (a≠b≠c) in the cubic system", + "The coordination number of atoms would become inconsistent in a base-centered cubic lattice", + "Base-centering would violate the minimum atom packing efficiency requirement for cubic systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Among the following three substances, which one is the least likely to form glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Na2O·2SiO2", + "Na2O·SiO2", + "NaCl", + "All three substances have equal glass-forming ability" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For metals that have undergone pre-cold plastic deformation, recrystallization annealing should be performed before further cold plastic deformation, and the annealing temperature is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4Tm", + "0.6Tm", + "The glass transition temperature (Tg)", + "The temperature where yield strength equals ultimate tensile strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the basic strengthening forms of materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "solid solution strengthening", + "strain hardening", + "thermal expansion coefficient reduction", + "grain refinement strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Two intermetallic compounds, A B and A B_{2}, exist for elements A and B. If the compositions for A B and A B_{2} are 34.3 wt% A-65.7 wt% B and 20.7 wt% A-79.3 wt% B, respectively, and element A is potassium, which of the following is element B?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "selenium (Se)", + "arsenic (As)", + "bromine (Br)", + "krypton (Kr)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements about zone melting is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In martensitic transformations, the shape change is accommodated purely by elastic deformation with no plastic deformation occurring", + "The Bain strain model can fully explain the observed crystallographic features of martensitic transformations without invoking additional lattice invariant shear", + "Martensitic transformations always result in a single variant of martensite with no retained austenite", + "The interfacial energy between martensite and austenite is the dominant factor controlling the transformation kinetics" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Is the glass transition temperature of rubber band polymers above or below room temperature?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Depends on crosslink density (Tg range -50°C to 150°C)", + "Above room temperature (Tg ≈ 120°C)", + "Exactly at room temperature (Tg = 25°C)", + "Below room temperature (Tg ≈ -70°C)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.02% C steel is to be carburized at 1200°C in 4h, with a point 0.6mm beneath the surface reaching 0.45% C. The carbon content required at the surface of the steel is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.60% C", + "0.48% C", + "0.53% C", + "0.40% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Indium has a tetragonal structure with a_{0}=0.32517nm and c_{0}=0.49459nm. The density is 7.286g / {cm}^{3} and the atomic weight is 114.82g / mol. Does indium have the simple tetragonal or body-centered tetragonal structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Simple tetragonal (Z=1)", + "Body-centered tetragonal (Z=2)", + "Face-centered tetragonal (Z=4)", + "Hexagonal close-packed (Z=6)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "An Al-Cu alloy with an atomic fraction of 2% Cu is rapidly cooled from 520°C to 27°C and held for 3 hours, forming G.P. zones with an average spacing of 1.5×10^-6 cm. Given that the diffusion coefficient of Cu in Al at 27°C is D=2.3×10^-25 cm²/s, and assuming the process is diffusion-controlled, estimate the quenched vacancy concentration of the alloy.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "8.069×10^-6", + "4.035×10^-6", + "1.613×10^-5", + "2.3×10^-25" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the Tm of Fe is 1538°C, estimate the minimum recrystallization temperature of Fe.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "451.4°C", + "615.2°C", + "307.6°C", + "769.0°C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the microscopic mechanisms of diffusion?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interstitial and substitutional mechanisms", + "Fick's first and second laws", + "Grain boundary sliding and dislocation climb", + "Thermal vibration and vacancy migration" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Tin atoms are introduced into a FCC copper crystal, producing an alloy with a lattice parameter of 3.7589 × 10^{-8} cm and a density of 8.772g / {cm}^{3}. What is the atomic percentage of tin present in the alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.56%", + "9.87%", + "13.42%", + "11.95%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the atomic number of an element is 32, which of the following is its correct electron configuration based on the knowledge of atomic electronic structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1 4d1", + "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 4p3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Why is the ΔG* of a cube greater than that of a sphere?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The cube has higher surface energy due to its larger surface area to volume ratio", + "The sphere's curvature allows more efficient atomic packing at the interface", + "Cubic nuclei require additional strain energy to maintain sharp edges", + "The sphere minimizes interfacial defects through isotropic growth" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a screw dislocation line, its Burgers vector is _ to the dislocation line", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "anti-parallel", + "perpendicular", + "at 45° angle", + "parallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes primary banded structure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primary banded structure results from alternating layers of ferrite and pearlite formed during slow cooling, where dark bands represent pearlite and light bands represent ferrite under standard metallographic etching.", + "Primary banded structure is formed by dendrites during solidification and becomes banded after hot rolling; under CuCl2 etching, the dark bands are dendrite trunks (with less solute), while the light bands are often interdendritic regions enriched with impurities, also known as original bands.", + "Primary banded structure is caused by preferential diffusion of carbon atoms along specific crystallographic planes during annealing, creating periodic variations in microhardness that appear as bands under etching.", + "Primary banded structure arises from spinodal decomposition in certain alloy systems, producing nanoscale compositional fluctuations that manifest as alternating bands under high-resolution TEM observation." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "In the fabrication of silicon semiconductor devices, boron is often diffused into silicon single crystals. If at a temperature of 1600K, the boron concentration on the surface of the silicon single crystal is kept constant (constant source semi-infinite diffusion), and the boron concentration at a depth of 10^-3 cm from the surface is required to be half of the surface concentration (erfc =0.5 x/(2√Dt) = 0.5), how long is needed (given D_1600°C = 8×10^-12 cm²/s)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.25×10^5 s", + "6.25×10^4 s", + "2.50×10^5 s", + "3.13×10^4 s" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In the <100> direction of iron (bcc, a=0.286nm), what is the linear density of atoms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.50×10^6 atoms/mm", + "1.75×10^6 atoms/mm", + "7.00×10^6 atoms/mm", + "4.95×10^6 atoms/mm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The microstructure of an iron-carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite; the mass fractions of these microconstituents are 0.20 and 0.80, respectively. What is the concentration of carbon in this alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.61%", + "0.45%", + "0.77%", + "0.30%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of the [0001] direction in a hexagonal crystal (in units of lattice constants a and c)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "L = √(a² + c²)", + "L = c", + "L = a", + "L = √(3)a + c" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After metal undergoes cold plastic deformation, this phenomenon is called deformation strengthening or:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "cold working", + "strain hardening", + "dislocation strengthening", + "work hardening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "This ceramic outlier has the highest room-temperature thermal conductivity of about 2,000 watts per meter per kelvin, a value that is five time higher than the best thermally conductive metals.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The Wiedemann-Franz law holds precisely for all metals at room temperature", + "Phonon contribution dominates thermal conductivity in pure copper at 300K", + "The thermal conductivity of graphene is primarily limited by electron-phonon scattering", + "In covalently bonded ceramics, thermal conductivity always increases with temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the number of vacancies n in 1 cm³ of copper at 1000°C, given the average vacancy concentration C≈6.27×10⁻⁵ and the number of atoms N≈0.84×10²³.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "5.27×10¹⁸", + "6.27×10¹⁸", + "5.27×10²³", + "0.84×10²³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "How should the cooling rate in the clinkering zone be controlled for high-alumina formulations (P>1.38)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Two-stage cooling with initial rapid cooling followed by slow equilibrium cooling", + "Slow cooling to allow complete crystallization of all phases", + "Rapid cooling to prevent C3S reabsorption and maintain cement quality", + "Controlled cooling rate matching the KT2 boundary transition kinetics" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "In ionic crystals, if Schottky defects are formed in a local region, the concentration of cation vacancies in this region is equal to .", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The product of anion vacancy concentration and Frenkel defect concentration", + "The square root of anion vacancy concentration", + "Anion vacancy concentration", + "The sum of anion and cation interstitial concentrations" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the investment casting technique?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "In investment casting, the wax pattern is surrounded by a permanent metal mold, enabling both high production rates and exceptional surface finish simultaneously.", + "Investment casting employs reusable multi-piece molds, achieves moderate surface finish, and allows for high production rates due to rapid mold cycling.", + "The investment casting process uses ceramic molds that can be reused up to 5 times, provides excellent dimensional control for large castings, but requires post-casting machining for fine details.", + "For investment casting, a single-piece mold is used, which is not reusable; it results in high dimensional accuracy, good reproduction of detail, and a fine surface finish; and casting rates are low." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most closely packed plane in a face-centered cubic crystal?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "100", + "110", + "111", + "112" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the concept of Superstructure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Superstructure refers to the periodic arrangement of atoms in an ordered solid solution that produces additional diffraction lines due to its distinct lattice constant compared to the disordered state", + "Superstructure describes the hierarchical organization of crystalline defects that form during rapid solidification processes", + "Superstructure denotes the macroscopic arrangement of grains in polycrystalline materials that exhibit preferential orientation", + "Superstructure represents the metastable phase configuration achieved through severe plastic deformation techniques" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines a crystal face family?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A set of crystallographic planes related by symmetry operations, sharing the same atomic arrangement but differing in orientation", + "All external surfaces of a crystal that grow at the same rate during solidification", + "The dominant crystallographic plane that determines the overall crystal morphology", + "A group of crystal faces that exhibit identical surface energy under all thermodynamic conditions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an AB-type compound crystal with a face-centered cubic structure, the molecular weight of the AB compound is 26, and its measured density is 2.6g/cm3. Based on this, the unit cell parameter of the AB crystal is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.45nm", + "0.52nm", + "0.38nm", + "0.41nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "After dissolving another element into a pure metal (assuming no new phase is formed), what microstructural changes will occur?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The dissolved atoms will occupy interstitial sites, causing only elastic strain without changing the host lattice parameter", + "The solute atoms will substitute host atoms, creating both size misfit strain and changes in the Fermi surface topology", + "The foreign atoms will segregate exclusively to grain boundaries, leaving the bulk crystal structure unchanged", + "The impurity atoms will form nanometer-scale precipitates while maintaining the original crystal symmetry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the Kirkendall effect?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The observation that grain boundary diffusion always occurs faster than bulk diffusion at any given temperature", + "The phenomenon where interstitial diffusion causes local lattice expansion due to size mismatch between solute and solvent atoms", + "A concentration-dependent diffusion process where the chemical potential gradient drives atoms to migrate against their concentration gradient", + "In substitutional diffusion, the faster-diffusing component creates excess vacancies that accumulate to form voids, while the slower-diffusing component's lattice contracts to maintain mass balance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a nickel (Ni) crystal with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and a lattice constant of 0.3524 nm, which crystal plane family has an interplanar spacing of 0.1246 nm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "{111}", + "{200}", + "{220}", + "{311}" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the factors affecting the formation of substitutional solid solutions?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ionic size difference ≤40%, same coordination number, and similar melting points", + "Ionic size difference ≤25%, same valence, and similar electronegativity", + "Ionic size difference ≤15%, same valence, and identical crystal structures", + "Ionic size difference ≤15%, different valences, and similar thermal expansion coefficients" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes grain boundary segregation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The diffusion of solute atoms from grain boundaries to the grain interior driven by chemical potential gradients", + "The enrichment phenomenon of solute atoms or impurity atoms at grain boundaries due to the difference in distortion energy between the grain interior and grain boundaries or the presence of vacancies", + "The formation of secondary phases at grain boundaries due to local supersaturation of alloying elements", + "The preferential oxidation of grain boundaries due to their higher energy state compared to grain interiors" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For an Fe-0.35% C alloy, which of the following is the primary microconstituent that forms?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "proeutectoid cementite", + "primary α-ferrite", + "pearlite", + "ledeburite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 10-h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.45 wt% at a point 2.5mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 5.0-mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "20 h", + "40 h", + "10 h", + "80 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Silver plating is required on alumina ceramic parts. It is known that at 1000°C, γ_{Al2O3(s)} = 1.00 mN/m, γ_{Ag(L)} = 0.92 mN/m, and γ_{Ag(L)-Al2O3(s)} = 1.77 mN/m. Can liquid silver wet the surface of alumina ceramic parts? What methods can be used to improve the wettability between them?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because γ_{Ag(L)} < γ_{Al2O3(s)}, satisfying the thermodynamic condition for wetting. Adding flux can further enhance wettability.", + "No, because the contact angle θ = 146.8° > 90° indicates non-wetting. Surface roughening can improve wettability by increasing effective surface area.", + "No, because γ_{Ag(L)-Al2O3(s)} > γ_{Al2O3(s)}. Pre-depositing a thin nickel layer can promote silver wetting through interfacial alloying.", + "Yes, because the spreading coefficient S = γ_{sv} - γ_{sl} - γ_{lv} is positive. Oxygen plasma treatment can reduce the contact angle." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What final heat treatment process can be used for overhead copper conductors (requiring certain strength) after processing for outdoor use?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Recovery annealing", + "Precipitation hardening", + "Full annealing", + "Stress relief annealing" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 in. × 8 in. × 10 in. iron casting is produced and, after cooling to room temperature, is found to weigh 43.9 lb. If all of the shrinkage occurs as pores with a diameter of 0.05 in., the number of shrinkage pores in the casting is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "83,354 pores", + "41,677 pores", + "166,708 pores", + "62,515 pores" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If carburizing is performed for 10 hours at both 927°C and 870°C, what is the ratio of carburized layer thickness (δ927τ/δ870τ)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.41", + "1.73", + "2.24", + "0.71" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "It is known that pure titanium at 20°C is α-Ti (hcp structure), with lattice constants a=0.2951nm and c=0.4679nm. The interplanar spacing of the (112) plane is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.1248nm", + "0.1362nm", + "0.1483nm", + "0.1576nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At the same temperature, when the α phase (85% A, 10% B, 5% C) and β phase (10% A, 20% B, 70% C) each account for 50%, what is the composition of the alloy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "47.5% A, 14.5% B, 38% C", + "47.5% A, 15% B, 37.5% C", + "48.5% A, 14.5% B, 37% C", + "47.5% A, 14% B, 38.5% C" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which crystal system listed below has the following interaxial angle relationship?\n\\[\n\\alpha=\\beta=90^{\\circ}, \\gamma=120^{\\circ}\n\\]", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The system exhibits negative thermal expansion due to rigid unit modes in the crystal structure", + "The system shows positive thermal expansion dominated by anharmonic atomic vibrations", + "The thermal expansion behavior is isotropic due to cubic symmetry", + "The material undergoes a phase transition that masks the intrinsic thermal expansion" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements about ceramic materials and 'work hardening' is correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ceramic materials can exhibit work hardening similar to metals, as both materials experience dislocation movement during deformation.", + "Ceramic materials will not exhibit 'work hardening' after deformation, because ceramic materials cannot undergo plastic deformation.", + "Work hardening in ceramics occurs only at extremely high temperatures (>0.8Tm) where limited plastic deformation becomes possible.", + "Ceramics show work hardening through a different mechanism involving crack deflection and grain boundary sliding rather than dislocation motion." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Some metal is known to have a cubic unit cell with an edge length of 0.437 nm. In addition, it has a density of 4.37 g/cm3 and an atomic weight of 54.85 g/mol. Determine the atomic radius of the metal from the following options:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.189 nm", + "0.155 nm", + "0.137 nm", + "0.172 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A ceramic matrix composite contains internal flaws as large as 0.001 cm in length. The plane strain fracture toughness of the composite is 45 MPa / m and the tensile strength is 550 MPa. Will the flaw cause the composite to fail before the tensile strength is reached? Assume that f=1.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, but only under cyclic loading conditions due to fatigue crack growth", + "Yes, the flaw will propagate catastrophically at 80% of the tensile strength", + "No, failure will occur due to tensile overload before the flaw becomes critical", + "No, because the flaw size is below the critical threshold for this material system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the configuration of polymer chains?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The spatial geometric arrangement of atoms in polymers fixed by chemical bonds", + "The temporary physical entanglement of polymer chains under mechanical stress", + "The average molecular weight distribution of polymer chains in solution", + "The dynamic folding pattern of polymer chains determined by secondary interactions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions is activation polarization rate controlling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Under high temperature conditions where thermal activation dominates", + "When the diffusion rate is significantly slower than the charge transfer rate", + "When the reaction rate is low and/or the concentration of active species in the liquid solution is high", + "When the electrolyte concentration is below 0.1M and the current density is high" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Corrosion and Degradation of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the symbol Ca_{K}^*?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ca2+ occupies the K site, with a unit positive charge", + "Calcium substitution in potassium sites creates a neutral defect complex", + "Calcium vacancy at potassium site with negative effective charge", + "Interstitial calcium atom near a potassium vacancy" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In has a tetragonal structure with lattice constants a=0.3252 nm, c=0.4946 nm, atomic radius r=0.1625 nm, and number of atoms per unit cell n=2. What is the packing density?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.687", + "0.740", + "0.680", + "0.524" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why do metallic materials exhibit better mechanical properties after hot working compared to the as-cast state?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Dynamic recrystallization during hot working eliminates casting defects and refines grain structure, while dislocation density remains optimal for strength-ductility balance", + "Hot working increases dislocation density significantly, leading to substantial work hardening that overrides casting defects", + "The elevated temperature allows complete stress relief, eliminating all residual stresses from the casting process", + "Phase transformation occurs during hot working, creating new metastable phases with superior mechanical properties" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given the ionic radii of K⁺ and Cl⁻ are 0.133nm and 0.181nm respectively, and KCl has a CsCl-type structure, what is its packing fraction κ?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.524", + "0.680", + "0.785", + "0.728" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly identifies the error in the concept '727°C is the allotropic transformation temperature of ferrite and austenite' and provides the correct information?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The temperature indicated by the GS line is that of ferrite and austenite", + "727°C is the eutectoid transformation temperature, not allotropic", + "The correct allotropic transformation occurs at 912°C for pure iron", + "This temperature represents the Curie point, not phase transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of 12.8mm (0.505 in.) and gauge length of 50.80mm (2.000 in.) is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter at the point of fracture is 6.60mm (0.260 in.), and the fractured gauge length is 72.14mm (2.840 in.). The ductility in terms of percent elongation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "35% (using diameter reduction instead of length change)", + "42%", + "58% (incorrectly calculating based on final/original length ratio)", + "29% (using engineering strain formula without percentage conversion)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "An alternating copolymer is known to have a number-average molecular weight of 100,000g / mol and a degree of polymerization of 2210 . If one of the repeat units is ethylene, which of the following is the other repeat unit?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "styrene", + "propylene", + "tetrafluoroethylene", + "vinyl chloride" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the steel grade 20CrMnTi?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "20CrMnTi is a stainless steel with wc=0.20%, wMn=1%, wCr=18%, wTi=0.09%", + "20CrMnTi is a high-speed tool steel with wc=0.20%, wMn=1%, wCr=1.3%, wTi=0.09%", + "20CrMnTi is a carburizing steel with wc=0.20%, wMn=1%, wCr=0.3%, wC=1.1%, wTi=0.09%", + "20CrMnTi is a low-alloy structural steel with wc=0.20%, wMn=1%, wCr=0.3%, wTi=0.09%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "At what approximate temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for molybdenum?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4 × melting temperature (1316°C)", + "1200°C (2192°F)", + "500°C (932°F)", + "776°C (1429°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "For a batch of approximately 10,000 pieces of 45 steel gears subjected to relatively low contact stress but requiring good wear resistance on the teeth and minimal heat treatment deformation, which surface treatment should be selected?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Nitriding", + "Carburizing followed by quenching", + "High-frequency surface quenching", + "Electroplating with hard chromium" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are characteristics of covalent bonds?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "non-directionality and high electrical conductivity", + "directionality and saturation, and the bonding force is also very strong", + "saturation only, with variable bond strength", + "directionality only, with weak bonding forces" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of the equilibrium distribution coefficient?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The ratio of the solute concentration in the solid phase to that in the liquid phase during equilibrium solidification", + "The ratio of the diffusion coefficients of solute atoms in solid and liquid phases at equilibrium", + "The ratio of the solidification front velocity to the solute diffusion velocity in the liquid phase", + "The ratio of the solute solubility limits in solid and liquid phases at a given temperature" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Suppose 1 at% of the following elements is added to copper (forming a separate alloy with each element) without exceeding the solubility limit. Which one would be expected to give the higher strength alloy? For copper: r_Cu=1.278 Å", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The alloy with the highest atomic size mismatch (Sr: +68.3%) will show maximum solid solution strengthening due to largest lattice distortion", + "The alloy with negative size mismatch (Mn: -12.4%) will create compressive strains that are more effective for strengthening than tensile strains", + "The noble metal addition (Au: +12.8%) will produce the strongest alloy due to similar electronegativity minimizing defect formation", + "The transition metal addition (Co: -2.0%) will provide optimal strengthening through a combination of modest size mismatch and d-electron interactions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "We replace 7.5 atomic percent of the chromium atoms in its BCC crystal with tantalum. X-ray diffraction shows that the lattice parameter is 0.29158nm. The density of the alloy is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "7.314 g/cm³", + "7.892 g/cm³", + "8.419 g/cm³", + "8.265 g/cm³" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Based on Hume-Rothery's conditions, would the system Mg-Cd be expected to display unlimited solid solubility?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, due to nearly identical atomic radii and crystal structures", + "No, because Mg has significantly higher electronegativity than Cd", + "Only at high temperatures where entropy dominates", + "No, due to their different positions in the periodic table" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Why are Schottky defects the predominant point defects in MgO?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The octahedral site occupancy of Mg2+ creates high energy barriers for interstitial formation", + "The similar ionic radii of Mg2+ and O2- favor vacancy pair formation over interstitials", + "The high melting point of MgO thermodynamically favors Schottky defect formation", + "The rock salt structure inherently prevents Frenkel defects through its symmetry" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于正常偏析（normal segregation）在铸锭宏观偏析（macro-segregation）中的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Normal segregation occurs when the solute content is higher in the initially solidified portion due to inverse distribution coefficient (k0>1), creating a reversed composition gradient.", + "Normal segregation is caused by rapid cooling rates that prevent solute diffusion, resulting in uniform solute distribution throughout the ingot cross-section.", + "Normal segregation refers to the preferential segregation of impurities to grain boundaries during solidification, creating microscopic composition variations.", + "Normal segregation occurs when the initially solidified portion has lower solute content and the later solidified portion has higher solute content, following the alloy's distribution coefficient (k0<1), leading to macroscopic composition variations from surface to center." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly compares white and nodular cast irons with respect to microstructure?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "White iron--Cementite forms continuous network; Nodular iron--Graphite spheroids in austenitic matrix", + "White iron--Pearlite matrix with dispersed graphite; Nodular iron--Graphite flakes in ferritic matrix", + "White iron--There are regions of cementite interspersed within pearlite; Nodular cast iron--Nodules of graphite are embedded in a ferrite or pearlite matrix", + "White iron--Martensitic structure with retained austenite; Nodular iron--Bainitic matrix with spheroidal cementite" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The modulus of elasticity for boron carbide (B4C) having 5 vol% porosity is 290 GPa (42 x 10^6 psi). At what volume percent porosity will the modulus of elasticity be 235 GPa (34 x 10^6 psi)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "15.1 vol%", + "12.8 vol% (using linear extrapolation from 5% porosity)", + "17.3 vol% (assuming exponential decay model)", + "9.6 vol% (applying rule-of-mixtures inversely)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "The bolts on the gear hobbing machine should have been made of 45 steel, but T12 steel was mistakenly used, and the annealing process for 45 steel was followed. What structure and performance will be obtained in this case?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Lamellar pearlite with spheroidal carbides, resulting in improved machinability but reduced wear resistance", + "Fully spheroidized pearlite, providing optimal toughness for bolt applications", + "Lamellar pearlite and networked carbides, leading to potential quenching cracks", + "Martensitic structure due to insufficient annealing temperature, causing brittleness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "A 4-cm-diameter, 0.5-mm-thick spherical container made of BCC iron holds nitrogen at 700°C. The concentration at the inner surface is 0.05 atomic percent and at the outer surface is 0.002 atomic percent. The number of grams of nitrogen lost from the container per hour is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.114 × 10^{-3} g/h", + "2.732 × 10^{-3} g/h", + "6.521 × 10^{-4} g/h", + "1.245 × 10^{-3} g/h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes constitutional supercooling?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Constitutional supercooling describes the phenomenon where impurities preferentially segregate to grain boundaries during solidification", + "Constitutional supercooling is caused by rapid cooling rates that prevent atomic diffusion at the solid-liquid interface", + "Constitutional supercooling refers to the temperature fluctuation in molten metals due to convection currents during casting", + "Constitutional supercooling occurs when solute redistribution during solidification creates a compositionally-depleted liquid zone with lower freezing point than the bulk liquid" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines isotopes?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Elements with identical atomic numbers but varying neutron counts, resulting in different nuclear properties while maintaining identical electron configurations", + "Substances that occupy the same position in the periodic table, although their masses are different, yet their chemical properties are the same", + "Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, leading to variations in both physical and chemical properties", + "Different crystalline forms of the same element where atomic arrangement differs but chemical composition remains constant" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Do all electrons have a net magnetic moment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "No, the magnetic moments of paired electrons always cancel out completely", + "No, only unpaired electrons in partially filled orbitals have a net magnetic moment", + "Only when electrons are in a magnetic field do they acquire a net magnetic moment", + "Yes, all electrons have a net magnetic moment due to their intrinsic spin" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly defines surface energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The energy required to create new surfaces during fracture, equivalent to twice the surface tension", + "Under constant temperature, pressure, and composition, the non-volume work required to reversibly increase the surface area of a substance; J/m2=N/m", + "The excess energy at a crystal plane compared to bulk material, calculated as the derivative of Gibbs free energy with respect to area", + "The work needed to separate two bonded surfaces, equal to the integral of adhesion force over separation distance" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "What is the packing density of the CsCl crystal structure (assuming ions are in contact along the body diagonal)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.740", + "0.685", + "0.524", + "0.680" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a bcc crystal with a critical resolved shear stress of 60MPa on the (110)[111] slip system, how much stress must be applied in the [001] direction to initiate slip?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "60 MPa (assuming isotropic critical resolved shear stress)", + "103.9 MPa (using Schmid factor calculation for [001] direction)", + "120 MPa (assuming double the critical resolved shear stress is needed)", + "Slip cannot be initiated in this direction no matter how much stress is applied" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In a Kevlar fiber-epoxy resin composite, the fiber volume fraction is 0.3, the elastic modulus of the epoxy resin is 31 GPa, and the elastic modulus of the Kevlar fiber is 124 GPa. What is the modulus parallel to the fiber direction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "58.9 GPa", + "93.1 GPa", + "46.5 GPa", + "124 GPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the first type of temper brittleness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The loss of toughness resulting from tempering in the range of 450~550°C due to impurity element segregation", + "The brittleness caused by prolonged exposure to temperatures above 500°C due to carbide precipitation", + "The embrittlement phenomenon occurring during cooling from austenitizing temperature due to phosphorus segregation", + "The brittleness that occurs during tempering between 250~400°C is called low-temperature temper brittleness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the effect of grain boundaries on material deformation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Grain boundaries always increase material hardness regardless of temperature due to dislocation pinning", + "Grain boundaries strengthen metal materials at room temperature but weaken them at high temperatures", + "Grain boundaries reduce yield strength by providing easy paths for dislocation movement", + "Grain boundaries have negligible effect on deformation as most dislocations occur within grains" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The preexponential and activation energy for the diffusion of chromium in nickel are 1.1 × 10^{-4} m^{2}/s and 272,000 J/mol, respectively. At what temperature will the diffusion coefficient have a value of 1.2 × 10^{-14} m^{2}/s?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1273 K", + "1427 K", + "1543 K", + "1620 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "If a piece of iron is heated to $850^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and then rapidly cooled to $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, how many times should the number of vacancies increase before and after the treatment (assuming the energy required to form one mole of vacancies in iron is 104600J)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.24×10^12 times", + "0.616×10^14 times", + "3.08×10^13 times", + "2.47×10^11 times" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For a carbon steel containing 0.1% carbon, carburized at 930‰, the carburized layer thickness is 0.4mm after 3 hours. Someone wants to obtain a 0.8mm carburized layer and plans to use 6 hours. Is this person's plan correct?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Correct, because doubling the thickness requires quadrupling the time", + "Correct, because carburization depth is directly proportional to time", + "Incorrect, because the required time should be 9 hours due to temperature effects", + "Incorrect, because the required time should be 12 hours instead of 6 hours" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the Burgers vector?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "An important vector describing the characteristics of a dislocation, which comprehensively reflects the magnitude and direction of the total distortion within the dislocation region; it also represents the amount of relative sliding of the crystal after the dislocation has swept through", + "A vector representing the direction and magnitude of atomic displacement during elastic deformation, calculated from the strain tensor components", + "The resultant vector of all atomic bond distortions in a unit cell under applied stress, used to predict plastic deformation onset", + "A lattice translation vector that minimizes the energy of a grain boundary, determined by coincident site lattice theory" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A single crystal (BCC) rod is stretched along the rod axis [213] direction to undergo plastic deformation. Given that the slip plane of the single crystal is {110}, which of the following is the double slip system?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(011)[111]－(011)[111]", + "(101)[111]－(101)[111]", + "(110)[111]－(110)[111]", + "(011)[111]－(101)[111]" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Why are HCP metals typically more brittle than FCC and BCC metals?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "HCP metals have lower stacking fault energy which inhibits dislocation motion", + "The c/a ratio in HCP structures creates anisotropic thermal expansion leading to microcracks", + "HCP metals have fewer independent slip systems due to their crystal symmetry", + "The higher packing density of HCP structures prevents dislocation nucleation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes crystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A spontaneous process where atoms arrange into a periodic structure upon cooling below the melting point", + "The process where a glass material transforms to a crystalline solid through heat treatment", + "The alignment of polymer chains under mechanical stress to form ordered domains", + "The precipitation of solute atoms from a supersaturated solid solution" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes phase equilibrium?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The system exhibits no net mass transfer between phases, and the entropy production rate is zero.", + "The Gibbs free energy of the system is minimized, and the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout all phases.", + "The composition of each phase remains constant over time, and the system has reached its lowest possible energy state.", + "The chemical potentials of each phase in the system are equal, and the chemical potentials of each component in each phase are equal." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Compute the electrical conductivity of a 5.1-mm (0.2-in.) diameter cylindrical silicon specimen 51mm (2 in.) long in which a current of 0.1 A passes in an axial direction. A voltage of 12.5V is measured across two probes that are separated by 38mm (1.5 in.). The electrical conductivity is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "14.9 (Ω·m)^-1", + "0.067 (Ω·m)^-1", + "29.8 (Ω·m)^-1", + "7.45 (Ω·m)^-1" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Polyethylene may be fluorinated by inducing the random substitution of fluorine atoms for hydrogen. For this polymer, determine the concentration of F (in wt %) that must be added if this substitution occurs for 18.6 % of all of the original hydrogen atoms. Atomic weights for several elements are included in the following table: Carbon 12.01 g/mol, Chlorine 35.45 g/mol, Fluorine 19.00 g/mol, Hydrogen 1.008 g/mol, Oxygen 16.00 g/mol.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "23.7 wt%", + "18.0 wt%", + "15.2 wt%", + "32.4 wt%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly identifies and corrects the error in the concept: Measuring the maximum undercooling during the crystallization of a pure metal casting, where the measured value is basically consistent with the calculated value using the formula ΔT=0.2Tm?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Consider the cooling rate dependence of undercooling in thin-film samples", + "Use ΔT=0.18Tm for alloy systems instead of pure metals", + "Account for the latent heat release during recalescence phase", + "Measure the effective undercooling during homogeneous nucleation of a pure metal" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the significance of the CCT diagram of eutectoid carbon steel in practical heat treatment?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The CCT diagram directly shows the equilibrium phase fractions at different temperatures", + "The CCT curve determines the critical quenching cooling rate and final microstructure during continuous cooling", + "The CCT curve is used to calculate the elastic modulus of the steel after heat treatment", + "The CCT diagram primarily indicates the corrosion resistance of the steel under various cooling rates" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes two differences between precipitation hardening and dispersion strengthening?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Precipitation hardening requires a coherent precipitate-matrix interface, while dispersion strengthening relies on incoherent interfaces", + "The strengthening particles in precipitation hardening are typically smaller than 10nm, whereas dispersion strengthening uses particles larger than 100nm", + "Precipitation hardening involves solute atoms clustering, while dispersion strengthening uses pre-existing second-phase particles", + "Precipitation hardening shows stronger temperature dependence of yield strength than dispersion strengthening" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "下列关于Annealing的描述，正确的是：", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Annealing: A heat treatment process in which a metal or its alloy is heated above the phase transition temperature, held for a period of time, and then cooled at a relatively slow rate to obtain a nearly equilibrium microstructure is called annealing.", + "Annealing is a rapid cooling process used to lock in dislocations and increase hardness, similar to quenching but with slower cooling rates.", + "The primary purpose of annealing is to increase yield strength by creating a heavily deformed microstructure through controlled plastic deformation.", + "Annealing refers specifically to the heat treatment of aluminum alloys at temperatures below 200°C to relieve stresses without affecting precipitation hardening." + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What are the adverse effects of texture on metal materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Texture increases thermal conductivity anisotropy by aligning phonon transport paths", + "Texture reduces dislocation mobility by creating preferential slip planes", + "Texture causes hydrogen embrittlement by creating high-energy grain boundaries", + "Texture decreases corrosion resistance by exposing more active crystallographic planes" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "In a solid solution, when solute atoms and solvent atoms occupy fixed positions respectively, and the ratio of solute atoms to solvent atoms in each unit cell is constant, this ordered structure is called:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "interstitial solid solution", + "intermetallic compound", + "substitutional solid solution", + "superlattice" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A crystal structure with space group Fm3m belongs to the _ crystal family and crystal system.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The activation energy for vacancy diffusion decreases with increasing temperature due to thermal vibration assistance", + "The Arrhenius plot of vacancy diffusion always shows perfect linearity across all temperature ranges", + "The activation energy for interstitial diffusion is typically higher than for vacancy diffusion in the same crystal structure", + "The pre-exponential factor in diffusion equations is temperature-independent and solely determined by crystal structure" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the main solder systems that can replace lead-containing solders?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Zn, and Sn-Pb systems", + "Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Zn, Sn-Bi, and Sn-In systems", + "Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Bi, and Sn-Sb systems", + "Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Zn-Bi, Sn-In, and Sn-Pb systems" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the driving forces of primary recrystallization and secondary recrystallization?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Primary recrystallization is driven by surface energy minimization, while secondary recrystallization is driven by grain boundary curvature", + "Both primary and secondary recrystallization are driven by the reduction of dislocation density, with secondary recrystallization requiring higher activation energy", + "The driving force of primary recrystallization is the elastic distortion energy of the matrix, while the driving force of secondary recrystallization comes from the reduction of interfacial energy", + "The driving forces for both processes originate from stored strain energy, with secondary recrystallization occurring at higher temperatures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the symbol Ca_{i}^{* *}?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Ca2+ is located at the interstitial site of the lattice", + "A neutral calcium atom occupying a substitutional site with double positive charge", + "A doubly ionized calcium vacancy in the crystal structure", + "An excited state calcium ion at a regular lattice site" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "The growth morphology of crystals is related to which of the following distributions at the interface front?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Temperature gradient", + "Dislocation density distribution", + "Electron cloud polarization", + "Atomic mass gradient" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the significance of strain hardening in production?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Induces phase transformation from austenite to martensite in all alloy systems", + "Reduces grain boundary energy through dislocation accumulation at boundaries", + "Creates vacancies that enhance diffusion rates for subsequent annealing processes", + "Increases dislocation density which impedes further dislocation motion, thereby increasing yield strength" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "A cylindrical specimen of a nickel alloy having an elastic modulus of 207 GPa (30 × 10^6 psi) and an original diameter of 10.2 mm (0.40 in.) experiences only elastic deformation when a tensile load of 8900 N (2000 lbf) is applied. Compute the maximum length of the specimen before deformation if the maximum allowable elongation is 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). The maximum length of the specimen before deformation is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.475 m (475 mm)", + "0.237 m (237 mm)", + "0.95 m (950 mm)", + "0.119 m (119 mm)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "How to eliminate work hardening phenomenon?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Controlled oxidation at elevated temperatures", + "Immediate quenching in liquid nitrogen", + "Applying reverse stress equal to yield strength", + "Subsequent recrystallization treatment" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given the steady-state creep rate data for a nickel alloy at 538°C (811 K) in the table below, compute the stress at which the steady-state creep is 10^{-5}h^{-1} (also at 538°C).\n\n\\begin{tabular}{lc}\n\\hline \\dot{\\varepsilon}_{s}\\left(h^{-1}\\right) & \\sigma(M P(a) \\\\\n\\hline 10^{-7} & 22.0 \\\\\n10^{-6} & 36.1 \\\\\n\\hline\n\\end{tabular}", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "72.3 MPa", + "48.2 MPa", + "59.4 MPa", + "36.1 MPa" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The fraction recrystallized-time data for the recrystallization at 350°C of a previously deformed aluminum are tabulated here. Assuming that the kinetics of this process obey the Avrami relationship, what is the fraction recrystallized after a total time of 116.8 min?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.65", + "0.72", + "0.58", + "0.80" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the growth mode of crystals related to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Interface structure", + "Bulk modulus", + "Surface energy anisotropy", + "Lattice vibration frequency" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "When compressed from h to 0.9h, the engineering strain εe and true strain εT are:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "εe = -10%; εT = -10.5%", + "εe = -10%; εT = -9.5%", + "εe = -11.1%; εT = -10.5%", + "εe = -9.1%; εT = -9.5%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "What is the practical significance of Gibbs phase rule?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The rule allows precise prediction of phase transformation kinetics under non-equilibrium conditions", + "It provides a direct method to calculate the exact composition of each phase in a system", + "Applying the phase rule can conveniently determine the degrees of freedom of an equilibrium system", + "Gibbs phase rule determines the maximum number of stable phases that can coexist in any material system" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The viscosity of Pyrex glass is 10^9 Pa·s at 1400℃ and 10^13 Pa·s at 840℃. What is the activation energy for viscous flow?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "318.28 kJ/mol", + "254.62 kJ/mol", + "187.45 kJ/mol", + "426.90 kJ/mol" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes a hybrid composite?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A layered structure of two distinct polymer composites", + "A composite combining ceramic and metallic phases at the nanoscale", + "A composite with two different fiber materials in a single matrix", + "A composite where the matrix itself is a hybrid material" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best defines the term 'electronegativity'?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The potential energy between two atoms when their electron clouds overlap in covalent bonding", + "The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state", + "A measure of the tendency of an atom to donate electrons during ionic bond formation", + "A parameter indicating the ability of an element to attract electrons when forming compounds or solid solutions with other elements" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the temperature range and alias of the first type of temper brittleness?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "250-400°C, also known as blue brittleness", + "450-650°C, also known as reversible temper brittleness", + "250-400°C, also known as low-temperature temper brittleness", + "500-700°C, also known as irreversible temper brittleness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "What is the volume change rate ΔVa/Va due to lattice constant expansion when the temperature increases from T1 to T2?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "exp[3 × α × (T2 - T1)] - 1", + "(Δa/a)^3", + "3 × α × (T2 - T1)", + "3 × (Δa/a)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes metal glass?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "A transparent metallic alloy created through rapid quenching techniques", + "A composite material combining glass fibers with a metallic matrix for enhanced strength", + "A solid formed when metal solidifies from a liquid state, retaining the same structure as the liquid metal", + "A crystalline metal with glass-like optical properties achieved through nanostructuring" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of octahedral void number to O2- number?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "4:1", + "2:1", + "1:2", + "1:1" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "In a ZrO2 solid solution, for every 6 Zr4+ ions, 1 Ce3+ ion is added to form a cubic lattice of ZrO2. If these cations form an fcc structure and the O2- ions occupy the tetrahedral interstitial sites, how many O2- ions are needed for 100 cations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "200 O2- ions", + "185.7 O2- ions", + "171.4 O2- ions", + "157.1 O2- ions" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A thermosetting polymer containing glass beads is required to deflect 0.5mm when a force of 500 N is applied. The polymer part is 2 cm wide, 0.5 cm thick, and 10 cm long. If the flexural modulus is 6.9 GPa, determine the minimum distance between the supports.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "41 mm", + "35 mm (using shear modulus instead of flexural modulus)", + "48 mm (neglecting glass bead reinforcement effect)", + "29 mm (assuming linear deflection beyond elastic limit)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + }, + { + "question": "Direct observation of an aluminum specimen shows a dislocation density within the grains of ρ=5×10^13/m^2. If the angle between subgrains is 5°, estimate the average size of the subgrains (the lattice constant of aluminum is a=2.8×10^-10m). The average subgrain size is:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "3.57×10^-4m", + "1.12×10^-6m", + "2.02×10^-5m", + "5.64×10^-7m" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best explains the significance of the critical volume fraction?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The critical volume fraction determines the percolation threshold for electrical conductivity in conductive polymer composites", + "It represents the minimum fiber content required to achieve higher composite strength than the pure matrix material", + "The volume fraction at which the composite's thermal expansion coefficient equals that of the reinforcement phase", + "The point where the composite's fracture toughness becomes independent of fiber orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the recovery activation energy of a zinc single crystal is $20000\\mathrm{J/mol}$, removing $2\\%$ of the work hardening at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ requires $13\\textup{d}$. How much should the temperature be increased to remove the same amount of work hardening in $5\\textrm{min}$? The recovery temperature should be:", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "323 K", + "273 K", + "373 K", + "423 K" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "What are the types of deformation textures?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "primary textures and secondary textures", + "elastic textures and plastic textures", + "isotropic textures and anisotropic textures", + "sheet textures and fiber textures" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "If ice homogeneously nucleates at -40°C, what is the critical radius given values of -3.1 × 10^8 J/m^3 and 25 × 10^-3 J/m^2, respectively, for the latent heat of fusion and the surface free energy?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.81 nm", + "2.42 nm", + "1.10 nm", + "3.25 nm" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.630 tesla at an H field of 5 x 10^5 A/m. What is the magnetic susceptibility for this material?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.256 x 10^-3", + "2.387 x 10^-3", + "3.142 x 10^-3", + "4.712 x 10^-3" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Compare the number of valence electrons in CaO and MgO, and determine whether CaO-MgO meets the electron concentration condition for forming a solid solution.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "CaO and MgO have the same number of valence electrons, meeting the electron concentration condition for forming a solid solution", + "CaO has more valence electrons than MgO, but the difference is small enough to allow solid solution formation", + "MgO has more valence electrons than CaO, preventing solid solution formation due to electron concentration mismatch", + "While both have the same number of valence electrons, the large size difference between Ca and Mg prevents solid solution formation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For two parallel screw dislocations, when their Burgers vectors are in the same direction, the interaction force between them is ().", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The force follows Hooke's law with a proportionality constant equal to the elastic modulus", + "Repulsive when dislocations are in the same slip plane, attractive otherwise", + "Always attractive due to dislocation line tension minimization", + "Repulsive when Burgers vectors are parallel, attractive when antiparallel" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Convert the (101) plane into the four-index Miller-Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit cells. Which of the following is the correct representation?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "(1 0 -1 0)", + "(1 0 -1 1)", + "(1 0 1 0)", + "(10 -1 1)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Would you expect Frenkel defects for anions to exist in ionic ceramics in relatively large concentrations?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Yes, because the high temperature processing of ceramics creates sufficient vacancies for anion Frenkel pairs", + "No, because the anion is quite large and is highly unlikely to exist as an interstitial", + "Yes, because the charge neutrality condition requires equal numbers of cation and anion Frenkel defects", + "No, because anions typically have lower formation energies for Schottky defects compared to Frenkel defects" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For cold-rolled pure copper sheets, if high strength is required, which heat treatment should be performed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Low-temperature annealing (200-300°C) for 1 hour", + "Solution treatment at 800°C followed by water quenching", + "High-temperature recrystallization annealing (600-700°C)", + "Stress relief annealing at 400°C for 2 hours" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "Given that the recrystallization activation energy of a Cu-30%Zn alloy is 250 kJ/mol, and it takes 1 hour for this alloy to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 400°C, how many hours will it take for this alloy to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of 390°C?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "1.962 h", + "0.510 h", + "2.450 h", + "1.000 h" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following microstructures is expected to be most similar to a single crystal in terms of structure and properties? Assume all of the options offer the same volumes and only consider grain boundaries as a crystalline defect for this question.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Amorphous material annealed near glass transition temperature", + "Random polycrystal with 10 grains and no texture", + "Single crystal with 0.1% point defects concentration", + "Highly textured polycrystal with 100 grains and 95% preferred orientation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "For pre-annealed metallic polycrystals, in the uniform plastic deformation stage of the true stress-strain curve, the relationship between σ_T and ε_T is given by σ_T=Kε_T^n, where K is the strength coefficient and n is the strain hardening exponent. If there are two metals A and B with roughly equal K values, and n_A=0.5, n_B=0.2, which one has a higher dislocation density at the same plastic strain?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Metal A due to its higher strain hardening exponent", + "Metal B because lower n indicates more dislocations accumulate per strain", + "Both have equal dislocation density since K values are similar", + "Cannot be determined without knowing the initial dislocation density" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms" + }, + { + "question": "The large screwdriver requires the shank to be fine pearlite and the tip to be tempered martensite, with only one external heat source. How should it be processed?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Localized induction hardening of the tip only", + "Full austenitizing followed by differential cooling rates", + "Overall normalizing, local quenching + low-temperature tempering", + "Through-hardening followed by selective tempering of the shank" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "If an increased steady-state flow rate of O2 (oxygen molecules per second) to the cornea is desired, is increasing the ambient partial pressure of oxygen gas likely to be useful? Note: the flow rate is equal to product of the diffusion flux and an area of interest through which diffusion occurs.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Only if accompanied by proportional increase in nitrogen partial pressure to maintain tissue hydration", + "No, because corneal oxygen permeability is pressure-independent above 1 atm", + "Yes, because increasing partial pressure directly increases the concentration gradient driving diffusion", + "Yes, but only if the temperature is simultaneously reduced to maintain solubility" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Functional Properties of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "When transforming from the cubic ZnS-type structure to the NaCl-type structure, what is the percentage change in volume? Given that for CN=6, ${r_{\\mathrm{{Mn}}}}^{2+}=0.08\\mathrm{{nm}}$, $\\ensuremath{r_{\\mathrm{s}}}^{2-}=0.184\\mathrm{nm}$; and for CN=4, ${r_{\\mathrm{Mn}}}^{2+}\\mathrm{=}0.073\\mathrm{nm}$, ${r_{\\mathrm{S}}}^{2-}{=}0.167\\mathrm{nm}$.", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "41.88%", + "38.72%", + "52.40%", + "46.15%" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "At approximately what temperature does creep deformation become an important consideration for copper?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "0.4 x melting temperature (340°C)", + "150°C (302°F)", + "400°C (752°F)", + "270°C (518°F)" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]D[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Failure" + }, + { + "question": "A 0.15% C steel is to be carburized at 1100°C, giving 0.35% C at a distance of 1mm beneath the surface. If the surface composition is maintained at 0.90% C, what time is required?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "32 min", + "51 min", + "89 min", + "127 min" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of alloying elements in tool steels?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "They form solid solution strengthening phases that increase ductility", + "They combine with carbon to form hard carbide compounds", + "They lower the melting point to improve castability", + "They create amorphous regions to enhance toughness" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]B[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Applications and Processing of Materials" + }, + { + "question": "Why does Cv become virtually independent of temperature at temperatures far removed from 0 K?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Anharmonic effects cause phonon scattering to saturate, limiting energy absorption", + "The electron contribution to heat capacity dominates over phonon contributions at high temperatures", + "All lattice vibration modes are fully excited, making the heat capacity approach the classical Dulong-Petit limit", + "Thermal expansion reduces the density of states available for energy storage" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Given the vibration frequency of atoms around a vacancy in Cu as 1×10¹³ s⁻¹, ΔEv as 0.15×10⁻¹⁸ J, and exp(ΔSm/k) approximately 1, what is the migration frequency of vacancies at room temperature 27°C (300K)?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "2.207×10⁻² s⁻¹", + "1.104×10¹³ s⁻¹", + "4.414×10⁻² s⁻¹", + "1.104×10⁻² s⁻¹" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Imperfections in Solids" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an application of solidification theory in the crystallization of metallic materials?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Improving corrosion resistance via eutectic point adjustment", + "Enhancing electrical conductivity by rapid quenching", + "Ingot structure control through cooling rate manipulation", + "Increasing tensile strength through martensitic transformation" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties" + }, + { + "question": "What type of silicate structure does Mg2[SiO4] belong to?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "Island", + "Chain", + "Sheet", + "Framework" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]A[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "The Structure of Solids" + }, + { + "question": "A force of 100000 N is applied to a 10mm × 20mm iron bar having a yield strength of 400 MPa. What will happen to the bar?", + "choices": { + "text": [ + "The bar will fracture immediately due to stress concentration at the edges", + "The bar will undergo elastic deformation only, as the stress is below the ultimate tensile strength", + "The bar will plastically deform because the applied stress of 500 MPa exceeds the yield strength of 400 MPa", + "The bar will exhibit creep behavior due to the high stress level" + ], + "label": [ + "A", + "B", + "C", + "D" + ] + }, + "answer": "[ANSWER]C[/ANSWER]", + "prompt": "You are an expert in materials science. Please answer the following materials science question by selecting the correct option. You MUST include the letter of the correct answer at the end of your response within the following tags: [ANSWER] and [/ANSWER]. For example: [ANSWER]A[/ANSWER].", + "subject_category": "Mechanical Properties of Metals" + } +] \ No newline at end of file