编写质量筛选和难度筛选规则；
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layer2/PGEE/code/step4_filter.py
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layer2/PGEE/code/step4_filter.py
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layer2/PGEE/code/step4_filtered_high_quality_questions.json
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layer2/PGEE/code/step4_filtered_high_quality_questions.json
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[
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{
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"idx": 888,
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"question": "Given that the nearest neighbor atomic spacing in a diamond unit cell is 0.1544nm, calculate the packing density ξ of diamond.",
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"answer": "The diamond unit cell contains 8 atoms (each of the 8 corner atoms contributes 1/8, each of the 6 face-centered atoms contributes 1/2, and each of the 4 internal atoms contributes 1). The atomic radius r = d/2 = 0.0772nm. The packing density ξ = (total volume of atoms)/(volume of unit cell) = [(8 × (4/3)πr³)]/a³ = [8 × (4/3) × 3.1416 × (0.0772nm)³]/(0.3566nm)³ ≈ 0.34.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解金刚石的堆积密度，解答过程中涉及原子间距、原子半径、单位晶胞体积等具体计算步骤，最终得出一个数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算（包括原子半径计算、单位晶胞体积计算、原子总体积计算等），并需要理解金刚石晶胞的结构特点（原子位置和贡献比例），涉及概念关联和综合分析。虽然计算过程较为直接，但需要结合晶体结构知识和数学计算，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解钻石晶胞的结构（包括原子位置和贡献比例），正确计算原子半径，应用球体体积公式，并最终计算堆积密度。虽然步骤较多，但每个步骤都是材料科学中的基础计算，没有涉及复杂变量或高级数学技巧。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 1786,
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"question": "The chemical composition of a glass is: 24mol% Na2O, 12mol% Al2O3, 64mol% SiO2. Calculate the four structural parameters Z, R, X, and Y of this glass.",
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"answer": "Converted to 6Na2O·3Al2O3·16SiO2; Z=4; R=2.17; Y=3.66; X=0.34.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算四个结构参数Z、R、X、Y），需要应用特定公式和计算方法，且答案以数值形式呈现。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算和概念关联，包括化学组成的转换、结构参数的计算（Z, R, X, Y），涉及多个公式的综合应用，需要一定的分析和理解能力。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解玻璃结构参数的概念，进行多步计算和公式应用，涉及摩尔百分比的转换和多个参数的求解，但步骤相对明确，没有过于复杂的变量处理。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2090,
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"question": "At 800°C, what are the compositions of the α phase and γ phase in Fe-0.002C steel?",
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"answer": "α: wC=0.0001, wFe=0.9999; γ: wC=0.0046, wFe=0.9954.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
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"difficulty": 2,
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"final_level": "Level_2",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求计算在特定温度下α相和γ相的成分，需要参考相图或相关公式进行数值计算，答案给出了具体的数值结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用铁碳相图的基本知识，通过查图和简单计算确定两相的成分，属于基本公式应用和直接套用范畴，不需要多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目要求根据给定的温度（800°C）和钢的成分（Fe-0.002C），直接应用铁碳相图或相关公式来确定α相和γ相的成分。虽然需要理解相图的基本概念和组成关系，但计算过程相对直接，仅涉及简单的数值查找和基本公式应用，不需要复杂的推导或多步骤计算。因此，在计算题题型内属于等级2难度。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2209,
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"question": "Given that brass containing ${w_{\\\\mathrm{Zn}}}=0.30$ requires $^{1\\\\textrm{h}}$ to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $400^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$, and $2\\\\textrm{h}$ at $390^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$, calculate the time required to complete recrystallization at a constant temperature of $420^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$.",
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"answer": "The rate of recrystallization is given by $Q$ is the activation energy for recrystallization) Let $t$ be the time required to complete recrystallization, then$$ $$ \\\\begin{array}{r}{\\\\frac{1}{T_{1}}-\\\\frac{1}{T_{2}}=\\\\ln\\\\frac{t_{2}}{t_{1}}}\\\\\\\\ {\\\\frac{1}{T_{1}}-\\\\frac{1}{T_{3}}=\\\\ln\\\\frac{t_{3}}{t_{1}}}\\\\end{array}$$ Substituting $T_{1}=673~\\\\mathrm{K},t_{1}=1~\\\\mathrm{h};T_{2}=663~\\\\mathrm{K},t_{2}=2~\\\\mathrm{h};T_{3}=693~\\\\mathrm{K}$ into the above equations, we obtain$$ t_{3}\\\\approx0.26~\\\\mathrm{h}$$ That is, completing recrystallization at a constant temperature of $420^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ requires approximately $0,26\\\\mathrm{~h~}$ \\\\begin{array}{c}{{V_{\\\\parallel\\\\parallel}t=1}}\\\\\\\\ {{A\\\\mathrm{e}^{\\\\frac{-Q}{R T_{1}}}t_{1}=A\\\\mathrm{e}^{\\\\frac{-Q}{R T_{2}}}t_{2}=A\\\\mathrm{e}^{\\\\frac{-Q}{R T_{3}}}t_{3}}}\\\\\\\\ {{-\\\\frac{Q}{R}\\\\Big(\\\\frac{1}{T_{1}}-\\\\frac{1}{T_{2}}\\\\Big)=\\\\ln\\\\frac{t_{2}}{t_{1}}}}\\\\\\\\ {{-\\\\frac{Q}{R}\\\\Big(\\\\frac{1}{T_{1}}-\\\\frac{1}{T_{3}}\\\\Big)=\\\\ln\\\\frac{t_{3}}{t_{1}}}}\\\\end{array}",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解在特定温度下完成再结晶所需的时间。答案中包含了具体的计算步骤和公式应用，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及多步计算和公式应用，需要理解再结晶速率与温度的关系，并通过给定的数据点求解未知条件下的时间。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要一定的综合分析能力和概念关联。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要应用阿伦尼乌斯公式进行多步计算，涉及温度转换、对数运算和方程求解。虽然计算步骤较多，但变量关系明确，属于该题型内的中等偏上难度。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2239,
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"question": "In Fe-Si steel (with $\\\\mathrm{{\\\\tau}}\\\\mathrm{{{w}}}_{\\\\mathrm{{Si}}}$ being 0.03), the measured diameter of $\\\\mathrm{MnS}$ particles is $0.4\\\\mu\\\\mathrm{m}$, and the number of particles per $1~\\\\mathrm{m}\\\\mathrm{m}^{2}$ is $2\\\\times10^{5}$. Calculate the effect of $\\\\mathrm{MnS}$ on the austenite grain growth during normal heat treatment of this steel (i.e., calculate the austenite grain size).",
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"answer": "Let the number of $\\\\mathrm{MnS}$ particles per unit volume be $N_{\\\\mathrm{V}}(1/\\\\mathrm{m}\\\\mathrm{m}^{3})$. Given the number of MnS particles per unit area $N_{\\\\mathrm{A}}=$ $2\\\\times10^{5}~1/\\\\mathrm{m}\\\\mathrm{m}^{2}$ and the particle diameter $d=0.4~\\\\mu\\\\mathrm{m}$. According to the principles of quantitative metallography, $$ N_{\\\\mathrm{A}}=d N_{\\\\mathrm{v}} $$ The volume fraction of MnS is $$ \\\\varphi={\\\\frac{1}{6}}\\\\pi d^{3}N_{\\\\mathrm{v}}={\\\\frac{1}{6}}\\\\pi d^{2}N_{\\\\mathrm{A}}= $$ $$ \\\\frac{1}{6}\\\\pi\\\\times(0.4\\\\times10^{-3})^{2}\\\\times2\\\\times10^{5}=0.0167 $$ Therefore, during the heating of this steel, due to the effect of $\\\\mathrm{MnS}$ particles, the limiting size for austenite grain growth is $$ \\\\overline{{\\\\cal D}}_{\\\\mathrm{lim}}=\\\\frac{4r}{3\\\\varphi}=\\\\frac{4\\\\times0.2}{3\\\\times0.016~7}=16~\\\\mu\\\\mathrm{m} $$",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解奥氏体晶粒尺寸，答案中包含了具体的计算步骤和公式应用，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括体积分数的计算和晶粒生长极限尺寸的计算，同时需要理解MnS颗粒对奥氏体晶粒生长的抑制作用。虽然涉及公式应用和数值计算，但不需要复杂的推理分析或机理解释。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要多步计算和概念关联。题目要求计算MnS对奥氏体晶粒长大的影响，涉及定量金相学原理、体积分数计算以及晶粒尺寸限制公式的应用。虽然计算步骤较多，但每个步骤相对明确，属于中等应用层次的计算题。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2794,
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"question": "There are two diffusion reactions with activation energies of Q_1=83.7 kJ/mol and Q_2=251 kJ/mol, respectively. Observe the effect of increasing the temperature from 25°C to 600°C on the diffusion with an activation energy of Q_2=251 kJ/mol, and comment on the results.",
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"answer": "From D=D_0 exp(-Q/RT), we get D_873/D_298=exp[-251000/(8.314)×(298-873)/(873×298)]=9.5×10^28. For the temperature increase from 298K to 873K, the diffusion rate D increases by 9.5×10^28 times, showing that the higher the activation energy, the more sensitive the diffusion rate is to temperature.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过公式计算扩散速率的变化，并给出具体的数值结果。解答过程中需要应用扩散公式进行数值计算，最终得出扩散速率增加的倍数。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用扩散公式进行多步计算，并分析温度变化对扩散速率的影响，涉及概念关联和综合分析。虽然计算过程较为直接，但需要理解公式中各参数的含义及其相互关系，以及对结果的解释，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要应用阿伦尼乌斯公式进行多步计算，并理解温度变化对扩散速率的影响机制。题目涉及较高阶的数学运算（指数计算）和物理概念的关联分析，但尚未达到复杂多变量计算的程度。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2818,
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"question": "There is an aluminum wire with a length of 5 m and a diameter of 3 mm. Given that the elastic modulus of aluminum is 70 GPa, find the total length of the wire under a tensile force of 200 N.",
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"answer": "Within the elastic range, stress and strain obey Hooke's law ${\\pmb\\sigma}{=}{\\pmb E}{\\pmb\\varepsilon}$, and $\\mathsf{e}=\\frac{\\boldsymbol{\\ell}-\\boldsymbol{l}_{0}}{\\boldsymbol{l}_{0}}{=}\\frac{\\frac{\\boldsymbol{F}}{A}}{E}$. Therefore, $$l=l_{0}+\\frac{F}{E A}l_{\\circ}=l_{0}\\left(1+\\frac{F}{E A}\\right)=5\\left[1+\\frac{200}{70\\times10^{3}\\times\\frac{\\pi}{4}(3\\times10^{-3})^{2}}\\right]$$$$=5.00202(\\mathrm{m})=5002.02(\\mathrm{mm})$$",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
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"difficulty": 2,
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"final_level": "Level_2",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解铝线在拉力作用下的总长度，答案展示了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式（胡克定律）的直接应用和简单计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析，属于基础知识的直接运用。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于简单公式应用计算，仅需直接套用Hooke's law公式进行一步变形和数值代入。虽然涉及单位换算（GPa到Pa，mm到m），但计算过程明确且无复杂推导步骤，属于该题型内中等偏下难度。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 2846,
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"question": "Indicate the easy slip plane and easy slip direction of Cu crystal, and calculate the slip plane spacing, atomic spacing in the slip direction, and lattice resistance. (Given G_Cu=48.3GPa, ν=0.3)",
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"answer": "Cu has an fcc structure, with the easy slip plane being {111} and the easy slip direction being <110>. The slip plane spacing d_(111)=a/√3, and the atomic spacing in the slip direction b=√2/2a. The lattice resistance τ_PN=(2×48.3×10^9)/(1-0.3)×exp[-2π(a/√3)/((1-0.3)(√2/2)a)]=90.45MPa.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，包括计算滑移面间距、滑移方向原子间距和晶格阻力，答案中给出了具体的计算过程和结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解Cu晶体的fcc结构，识别易滑移面和方向，并应用公式计算滑移面间距、原子间距和晶格阻力。涉及多步计算和概念关联，但不需要复杂的综合分析或创新应用。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解晶体结构的基本概念（如fcc结构、滑移面和滑移方向），掌握相关公式（如滑移面间距、原子间距的计算），并进行多步骤的数值计算（包括指数函数的应用）。虽然涉及多个计算步骤，但整体思路清晰，属于中等应用层次的计算题。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 3153,
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"question": "In stable ZrO2 material, cations form an fcc structure, and anions occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites. If 20 mol% CaO is added, calculate how many anions are needed for 100 cations?",
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"answer": "Since the amount of CaO added to ZrO2 is 20 mol%, the total charge number for 100 cations is 20×2 + 80×4 = 360. To maintain electrical neutrality, the required number of O2− anions is 360 ÷ 2 = 180.",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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"question_type_name": "计算题",
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"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
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"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算需要的阴离子数量），并应用了电荷平衡的公式来解决问题。答案给出了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算（计算总电荷数、维持电中性所需阴离子数），并需要理解掺杂对电荷平衡的影响，涉及概念关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解电荷平衡的概念，进行多步计算（包括摩尔百分比转换、电荷总和计算、电中性平衡计算），并正确应用化学计量关系。虽然不涉及复杂多变量，但解题步骤和概念关联要求较高，属于该题型内的中等偏上难度。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 3173,
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"question": "The density of $\\\\mathrm{CaF}_{2}$ is $\\\\rho=3.18~\\\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3}$, the lattice constant is $a=0.5463\\\\mathrm{nm}$, and the relative atomic masses of Ca and F are 40.08 and 19.00, respectively. Calculate the number of Schottky vacancies in the unit cell of CaF2.",
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"answer": "To maintain electrical neutrality, in the $\\\\mathrm{CaF}_{2}$ ionic crystal, for every Schottky defect formed, one $\\\\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and two $\\\\mathbf{F}^{-}$ must be lost simultaneously. Let the number of Schottky defects in the unit cell be $x$, then $$ x\\\\rho=\\\\frac{\\\\left(4-x\\\\right)\\\\left(40.08+19\\\\times2\\\\right)/6.023\\\\times10^{23}}{5.463^{3}\\\\times10^{-24}}\\\\approx3.18\\\\left({\\\\mathrm{g}}/{\\\\mathrm{cm}^{3}}\\\\right) $$ Therefore, $$ x=4-\\\\frac{6.023\\\\times10^{23}\\\\times3.18\\\\times5.463^{3}\\\\times10^{-24}}{40.08+19.00\\\\times2}\\\\approx6.10\\\\times10^{-4}\\\\uparrow $$",
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"question_type": "calculation",
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||||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
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||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
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||||
"difficulty": 3,
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"final_level": "Level_3",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，解答过程中涉及到了密度、晶格常数、相对原子质量等数据的计算，最终得出肖特基空位的数量。答案展示了具体的计算步骤和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括密度公式的应用、单位换算、以及缺陷化学中的电荷平衡考虑。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要综合运用多个概念和公式进行数值计算，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解Schottky缺陷的概念，进行多步计算，包括密度公式的应用、单位转换和数值计算。虽然涉及多个步骤和概念关联，但整体计算过程相对直接，没有过于复杂的变量或推导过程。"
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},
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{
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"idx": 3824,
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"question": "Consider an Al-4% Si alloy. Determine the amounts and compositions of each phase at 576 degrees C.",
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"answer": "alpha: 1.65% si, beta: 99.83% si, % alpha=97.6%, % beta=2.4%",
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||||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
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||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过计算确定各相的含量和组成，答案给出了具体的数值结果，涉及相图分析和成分计算，属于典型的计算题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用相图知识进行多步计算，包括确定各相的成分和相对量，涉及概念关联和综合分析，但不需要复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要理解相图概念并进行多步计算。题目要求确定特定温度下合金的各相组成和比例，涉及读取相图数据、应用杠杆法则计算相比例，以及综合分析相组成。虽然步骤明确，但需要准确关联多个概念和进行精确计算，因此在同类计算题中属于中等偏上难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3911,
|
||||
"question": "Niobium (Nb) has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.143nm and an atomic weight of 92.91g / mol. Calculate the theoretical density for nb.",
|
||||
"answer": "the theoretical density for nb is 8.48g / {cm}^{3}. the experimental density for nb is 8.57g / {cm}^{3}.",
|
||||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解铌的理论密度，答案给出了具体的计算结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的晶体结构参数（BCC）和原子半径，需要应用密度计算公式进行简单数值计算，属于直接套用基本公式的范畴。虽然需要理解BCC结构的晶格常数与原子半径的关系，但整体思维过程较为直接，不涉及多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目要求计算理论密度，需要应用BCC晶体结构的边长与原子半径关系公式（a = 4r/√3）以及密度计算公式（ρ = nA/VcNA），但这两个公式都是材料科学基础课程中的标准公式，且计算过程直接套用即可完成，无需复杂推导或组合多个公式。虽然涉及单位换算（nm到cm），但这是常规操作，不增加额外难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 4443,
|
||||
"question": "The fracture strength of glass may be increased by etching away a thin surface layer. It is believed that the etching may alter surface crack geometry (i.e., reduce crack length and increase the tip radius). Compute the ratio of the original and etched crack tip radii for an eightfold increase in fracture strength if two-thirds of the crack length is removed.\n\\[\n\\text {",
|
||||
"answer": "the ratio of the original and etched crack tip radii is 21.3.",
|
||||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，以确定原始和蚀刻裂纹尖端半径的比率。解答过程涉及材料科学中的断裂强度公式和几何变化计算，最终答案是一个具体的数值（21.3），这符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及断裂强度的概念和裂纹几何变化的综合分析。虽然公式应用是基础，但需要理解裂纹长度和尖端半径对断裂强度的影响，并进行相应的数值计算，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在计算题中属于综合性计算问题，需要应用断裂力学公式，进行多步计算和概念关联。题目涉及裂纹几何变化对断裂强度的影响，要求理解表面裂纹长度和尖端半径的关系，并通过给定的强度变化比例反推原始和蚀刻后的尖端半径比值。虽然计算步骤明确，但需要综合分析多个变量和概念，属于中等偏上的难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 38,
|
||||
"question": "MgO and CaO both belong to the NaCl-type structure, but when they react with water, CaO is more reactive than MgO. Please explain.",
|
||||
"answer": "Because ${r_{i\\\\parallel_{g}}}^{2+}$ and ${r_{C a}}^{21}$ are different, $r_{\\\\tt C a2+}>r_{\\\\tt B_{\\\\tt B}2+}$, making the structure of CaO looser than that of $\\\\mathrm{Mg0}$, allowing $\\\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\\\mathrm{0}$ to enter more easily, hence more reactive.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释MgO和CaO反应活性的差异，答案通过文字解释和论述给出了原因，涉及离子半径和结构松紧度的比较，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释MgO和CaO在相同晶体结构下与水反应活性的差异，需要分析离子半径对晶体结构的影响以及水分子进入晶格的难易程度，涉及离子半径、晶体结构、反应活性等多个概念的关联和综合分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。题目要求解释MgO和CaO在反应活性上的差异，需要考生理解离子半径对晶体结构的影响，并进一步分析这种结构差异如何导致反应活性的不同。虽然题目涉及的知识点较为基础（离子半径、晶体结构），但需要将这些知识点综合运用并进行逻辑推理，才能完整解释现象。相比只需简单记忆或直接应用的题目（等级1-3），该题目对知识点的掌握深度和逻辑推理能力有更高要求，但尚未达到需要分析多因素交互作用的复杂现象全面分析（等级5）程度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 99,
|
||||
"question": "When two edge dislocations with the same sign meet on the same slip plane, will they repel or attract each other?",
|
||||
"answer": "Repel, tensile stress overlaps, compressive stress overlaps.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释两个同号刃位错在同一滑移面上相遇时的相互作用（排斥或吸引），并需要文字解释其背后的原因（拉伸应力重叠、压缩应力重叠）。答案提供了简短的文字解释，而非选择或判断形式。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解位错的基本概念（基础记忆），并进一步分析相同符号位错相遇时的应力场相互作用（概念关联和综合分析）。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要将位错应力场的知识应用到具体情境中，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题中，该题目属于较高难度。首先，题目要求理解位错的基本概念和相互作用机制；其次，需要分析相同符号位错相遇时的应力场叠加效应；最后，还需结合拉伸和压缩应力场的具体分布进行综合论述。这些步骤涉及多角度分析和概念关联，超出了简单的概念复述或单一知识点应用，符合等级4的多角度分析论述要求。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 280,
|
||||
"question": "Analyze the influence of particle size and distribution on solid-phase reactions",
|
||||
"answer": "The smaller the particle size, the faster the reaction rate; in the same reaction system, due to differences in material size, the reaction rate will be governed by different kinetic regimes; the presence of a small amount of larger-sized particles can significantly delay the completion of the reaction process.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析颗粒尺寸和分布对固相反应的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析颗粒尺寸和分布对固相反应的影响，涉及反应速率和动力学机制的解释，需要综合运用材料科学和化学反应动力学的知识，进行推理分析和机理解释。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于复杂现象全面分析的难度等级。题目要求分析颗粒尺寸和分布对固相反应的影响，涉及多个知识点和复杂的推理过程。需要综合运用材料科学、反应动力学等知识，解释不同颗粒尺寸对反应速率的影响，以及不同动力学机制的作用。此外，还需要分析少量大颗粒对反应进程的延迟效应，这要求考生具备较高的综合分析和推理能力。因此，该题目在简答题题型内属于最高难度等级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 295,
|
||||
"question": "Please analyze the influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions.",
|
||||
"answer": "When the temperature decreases, the degree of undercooling increases, the nucleation barrier decreases, and the nucleation rate increases until reaching the maximum value; when the temperature continues to decrease, the liquid phase viscosity increases, and the diffusion rate of atoms or molecules decreases. Both excessively high and low temperatures are unfavorable for nucleation and growth rates, and only at a certain temperature can the maximum nucleation and growth rates be achieved.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析温度对相变热力学和动力学的影响，需要详细的文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。答案也提供了详细的解释，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析温度对相变热力学和动力学的影响，涉及多个概念（如过冷度、形核势垒、形核率、液相粘度、扩散速率等）的综合运用和关联分析。需要深入理解温度变化如何影响这些参数，并解释其背后的机理。思维过程需要推理和综合分析，而不仅仅是记忆或简单应用。 | 难度: 在简答题的复杂分析层次中，该题目要求全面分析温度对相变热力学和动力学的综合影响，涉及多个相互关联的机理（如过冷度、形核势垒、粘度变化等），需要考生整合不同知识模块并进行系统性推理。这种需要同时解释热力学驱动力和动力学限制因素，并阐明其非线性关系的题目，在简答题题型内属于最高难度等级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 330,
|
||||
"question": "Why is the liquid/solid interface front of an alloy more prone to undercooling during solidification compared to that of a pure metal?",
|
||||
"answer": "The interface front of an alloy exhibits constitutional undercooling, where solute enrichment at the front raises the local melting point, making undercooling more likely to occur.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释合金在凝固过程中比纯金属更容易发生过冷的原因，答案需要文字解释和论述，没有提供选项或要求计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要解释合金凝固过程中液/固界面前沿更容易发生过冷的原因，涉及溶质富集和局部熔点升高的机理分析，需要综合运用材料科学中的凝固理论和热力学知识，进行推理和解释。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。需要考生理解合金凝固过程中的溶质再分配现象，并能准确解释成分过冷的形成机制及其对界面稳定性的影响。虽然不涉及多因素交叉分析，但需要对凝固前沿的热力学和动力学条件有较深入的理解，属于需要综合运用专业知识的解释性题目。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 586,
|
||||
"question": "Explain the term: divorced eutectic",
|
||||
"answer": "Divorced eutectic: In alloys with a eutectic reaction, if the composition is far from the eutectic point, the primary crystals are abundant while the eutectic is scarce. The phase in the eutectic that is the same as the primary crystals grows attached to the primary crystals, and the other phase in the eutectic appears separately distributed, causing the eutectic structure to lose its characteristic features.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释术语\"divorced eutectic\"，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对\"divorced eutectic\"这一术语的定义和基本特征的理解，属于基础概念的记忆和解释。 | 难度: 在简答题中，该题目属于概念解释和描述的难度等级。题目要求解释\"divorced eutectic\"这一术语，需要考生理解并描述合金中偏共晶反应的具体现象及其结构特征。虽然涉及一定的专业术语和概念，但不需要复杂的体系阐述或多步骤推理，属于基础概念记忆和解释的范畴。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 664,
|
||||
"question": "Explain the industrial applications of work hardening",
|
||||
"answer": "Industrial applications of work hardening: During processing, the resistance of metal to plastic deformation continuously increases, making the metal brittle and necessitating multiple intermediate annealing processes, which requires more power consumption for cold working of the metal; work hardening provides the metal matrix with a certain ability to resist accidental overload; appropriate combination of work hardening and plastic deformation enables uniform plastic deformation of the metal, and some processing methods require the metal to have a certain degree of work hardening; work hardening is also one of the important means to strengthen metals, and for some pure metals, work hardening is a key method to improve strength; some components continuously harden on the surface under working conditions, meeting requirements for impact and wear resistance on the surface; after work hardening, the plasticity of materials decreases, improving machinability of materials such as low-carbon steel; the final properties of products can be controlled through cold working.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释work hardening的工业应用，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释工业应用，涉及多个工作硬化效应的具体应用场景，需要理解工作硬化的基本原理并将其与工业实践相结合。虽然不涉及复杂计算或深度机理分析，但需要对概念进行关联和综合，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求对工作硬化的工业应用进行多角度分析论述。题目不仅需要解释工作硬化的基本概念，还需要详细说明其在工业中的多种应用场景，包括金属加工、材料强化、表面处理等多个方面。此外，答案还需要涉及工作硬化与其他工艺（如冷加工、退火）的关联，以及对材料性能的综合影响。这种多角度的分析和论述要求考生具备较高的综合分析能力和知识应用能力，因此在该题型内属于较高难度等级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 704,
|
||||
"question": "First-order phase transition",
|
||||
"answer": "During the phase transition, the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal, but the first-order partial derivatives of the chemical potential are not equal. A first-order phase transition involves latent heat and changes in volume.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"First-order phase transition\"进行文字解释和论述，答案提供了详细的定义和特征描述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对一级相变的基本概念的理解和记忆，包括化学势的相等性、一级偏导数的不相等性以及涉及潜热和体积变化的特点。这些都属于基础概念的记忆和理解范畴，不需要复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求解释一级相变的基本特征，包括化学势的相等和其一阶偏导数的不相等，以及涉及潜热和体积变化。这属于概念解释和描述的难度等级，需要学生对相关概念有一定的理解和记忆，但不需要进行复杂的体系阐述或深入的分析。因此，在简答题题型内属于中等难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 786,
|
||||
"question": "5. Inverse spinel structure",
|
||||
"answer": "Inverse spinel structure: It belongs to the cubic crystal system, where oxygen ions can be considered as arranged in a cubic close packing. Divalent cation A fills the octahedral voids, while trivalent cation B fills half of the octahedral voids and half of the tetrahedral voids.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对反尖晶石结构进行文字解释和论述，答案提供了详细的描述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对反尖晶石结构的基本定义和离子填充方式的理解和记忆，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求解释反尖晶石结构的基本组成和离子填充方式，属于概念解释和描述的难度等级。虽然需要记忆晶体结构、离子填充等具体细节，但不需要进行复杂的体系阐述或多概念整合，因此属于等级2。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1041,
|
||||
"question": "Analyze the reason why the solubility of carbon in austenite is greater than that in ferrite.",
|
||||
"answer": "Austenite is a face-centered cubic crystal, while ferrite is a body-centered cubic crystal. In both face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structures, carbon atoms are located in their octahedral interstitial sites. The size of the octahedral interstitial site in face-centered cubic is: $0.535\\\\mathring{\\\\mathbf{A}}^{\\\\odot}$, while in body-centered cubic, it is: 0.129A. Therefore, it can be seen that the solubility of carbon in austenite is much greater than that in ferrite.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析碳在奥氏体和铁素体中溶解度差异的原因，答案通过文字解释和论述给出了详细的晶体结构差异和间隙位置大小的比较，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析碳在奥氏体和铁素体中溶解度差异的原因，涉及晶体结构、间隙位置尺寸等概念的关联和综合分析，需要深入理解晶体结构对溶解度的影响机制，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。题目要求分析碳在奥氏体和铁素体中溶解度差异的原因，涉及晶体结构、间隙位置尺寸等专业知识的综合运用和推理分析。虽然题目给出了部分关键数据（间隙尺寸），但仍需要学生理解并解释这些数据如何影响溶解度，属于该题型中较高难度的题目。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1048,
|
||||
"question": "Analyze the cause of the iron-carbon dual phase diagram from a kinetic perspective",
|
||||
"answer": "From a kinetic analysis, since Fe3C contains 6.69% carbon, while graphite contains 100% carbon, and the carbon content of commonly used steel materials is less than 5%. Thus, the compositional fluctuation required to form the graphite phase is much larger than that for Fe3C, meaning that forming graphite nuclei is much more difficult than forming Fe3C nuclei.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从动力学角度分析铁碳双相图的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求从动力学角度分析铁碳双相图的成因，涉及Fe3C和石墨相的形成难易比较，需要综合运用动力学原理、相变理论和成分波动等知识进行推理分析，思维过程较为深入。 | 难度: 在简答题-复杂分析题型中，该题目要求从动力学角度深入分析铁碳双相图的形成原因，涉及Fe3C和石墨相形成的核化难易比较，需要综合运用相变动力学、成分波动理论等知识进行机理层面的解释。这种对复杂现象的全面分析和多知识点整合的要求，在同类题型中属于最高难度等级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1069,
|
||||
"question": "If the slip plane of a body-centered cubic crystal is {123} and the slip direction is [111], write out the specific slip systems.",
|
||||
"answer": "(123)[1 11], (213)[1 11], (231)[1 11], (31 2)[1 11], (132)[1 11], (32 1)[1 11]",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出具体的滑移系统，需要列举所有可能的组合，属于需要具体回答的简答题类型。答案形式为列举具体滑移系统，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求写出体心立方晶体特定滑移面和滑移方向的具体滑移系统，需要理解滑移面和滑移方向的定义，并能够应用晶体学知识进行多步推导和综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要对晶体结构有较深的理解，并能够关联不同概念来解决问题。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于中等难度，需要理解晶体滑移系统的基本概念，并能够列举出所有可能的滑移系统组合。虽然题目给出了滑移面和滑移方向，但需要学生掌握晶体学指数的计算方法，并能够正确推导出所有等效的滑移系统。这需要一定的综合分析能力，但不需要进行多角度或深度关联性分析。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1189,
|
||||
"question": "What is the main difference between the first type and the second type of temper brittleness?",
|
||||
"answer": "The first type of temper brittleness is irreversible, while the second type is reversible. The first type of temper brittleness is caused by the precipitation of discontinuous thin-shell carbides along the interfaces of martensite laths or plates during martensite decomposition. The second type of temper brittleness is caused by the segregation of impurity elements such as Sb, Sn, P, and As to the original austenite grain boundaries during tempering.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释两种回火脆性的主要区别，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释两种回火脆性的主要区别，并涉及它们的形成机理。这需要深入理解材料科学中的相变、析出和偏析现象，以及它们对材料性能的影响。回答不仅需要记忆两种脆性的定义，还需要分析它们的可逆性差异和具体的微观机制，属于较高层次的认知能力要求。 | 难度: 在简答题-复杂分析题型中，该题目要求对两种回火脆性进行全面比较分析，涉及不可逆/可逆性差异、碳化物析出机制、杂质元素偏析等多重机理解释。需要综合运用材料相变、合金元素作用等知识体系进行深度推理，属于该题型下对复杂现象进行机理阐释的最高难度层级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1240,
|
||||
"question": "What does the size of the critical nucleus radius depend on?",
|
||||
"answer": "ΔGV and σ",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释临界核半径大小取决于哪些因素，答案需要文字说明（ΔGV and σ），属于简答题类型 | 知识层次: 题目考查临界核半径与自由能变化(ΔGV)和表面能(σ)的基本关系，属于基本原理的记忆性知识 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求解释临界核半径尺寸的依赖因素(ΔGV和σ)，属于概念解释和描述层面。虽然需要记忆两个关键参数，但不需要展开复杂推导或阐述多因素间的相互作用，因此属于等级2难度。这比单纯背诵定义(等级1)要求略高，但低于需要系统阐述理论推导过程的等级3题目。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1292,
|
||||
"question": "If the slip of the jog is inconsistent with the slip of the main dislocation line, the main dislocation line will drag the jog to produce climb motion, resulting in what phenomenon?",
|
||||
"answer": "Jog hardening",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释一个现象（jog hardening），需要文字论述而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及位错运动中的复杂机制分析，需要理解位错与割阶的相互作用以及攀移运动导致的硬化现象，属于对材料变形机理的深入解释和推理分析。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。题目要求考生不仅理解位错运动的基本概念，还需要分析位错线与jog之间的相互作用及其导致的攀移运动现象。这需要考生具备综合运用位错理论和材料变形机理的能力，并能准确描述jog hardening这一复杂现象的产生原因。虽然题目没有要求全面分析所有可能的影响因素，但对机理的解释深度要求较高，因此属于等级4难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1329,
|
||||
"question": "Explain the origin and morphological characteristics of Fe3CIII",
|
||||
"answer": "Fe3CIII: Originates from the precipitation reaction of ferrite, generally distributed in a network pattern along grain boundaries.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Fe3CIII的起源和形态特征，需要文字解释和论述，答案也是以文字形式给出，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释Fe3CIII的起源和形态特征，涉及相变过程和显微组织观察，需要将多个概念（如沉淀反应、铁素体、晶界分布）关联起来进行综合分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于中等难度。题目要求解释Fe3CIII的起源和形态特征，需要考生理解并关联多个概念（如沉淀反应、铁素体、晶界分布等），并进行综合分析。虽然涉及的知识点较为专业，但解题步骤相对直接，不需要多角度或深度关联性分析，因此属于等级3的综合分析和说明难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1460,
|
||||
"question": "What effect do second-phase particles have on the plastic deformation of alloys? Use dislocation theory to explain the mechanism.",
|
||||
"answer": "Key points: They increase the strength of the alloy and the flow resistance during plastic deformation. This is because the resistance increases when dislocations cut through deformable second-phase particles or bypass non-deformable second-phase particles.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用位错理论解释第二相粒子对合金塑性变形的影响，答案需要文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求使用位错理论解释第二相粒子对合金塑性变形的影响机制，涉及对位错与第二相粒子相互作用的深入理解和综合分析。需要考生不仅理解位错理论的基本概念，还要能够分析位错切割或绕过第二相粒子的过程，并解释其对合金强度和塑性变形的影响。这种题目要求较高的推理分析和机理解释能力，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在简答题（需要文字解释和论述）的题型框架内，该题目属于机理深度解释难度等级。题目要求运用位错理论解释第二相粒子对合金塑性变形的影响机制，需要考生不仅掌握位错与第二相粒子的相互作用原理，还要能够清晰阐述可变形/不可变形粒子的强化机制。虽然不涉及多系统交互作用的复杂现象分析（等级5特征），但需要将位错理论、塑性变形和强化机制进行系统性整合，符合等级4对机理深度解释的要求。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1530,
|
||||
"question": "Explain the strengthening mechanism of solid solution strengthening",
|
||||
"answer": "Solid solution strengthening: For both substitutional atoms and interstitial atoms, under suitable conditions, atomic segregation may occur to form atmospheres. For substitutional lattices, when solute atoms are larger than solvent atoms, solute atoms tend to accumulate in the expanded region of edge dislocations; conversely, they accumulate in the compressed region. Interstitial atoms always tend to accumulate in the expanded region. This phenomenon of diffusion-driven accumulation near dislocations is called Cottrell atmosphere. The Cottrell atmosphere has a pinning effect on dislocations, thereby increasing strength.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固溶强化的机制，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释固溶强化的机理，涉及位错与溶质原子的相互作用、Cottrell气团的形成及其对位错的钉扎效应等复杂概念。需要深入理解材料科学中的位错理论和扩散机制，并进行综合分析，属于机理解释层面的问题。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释的难度等级。题目要求详细解释固溶强化的机制，包括置换原子和间隙原子的行为、Cottrell气团的形成及其对位错的钉扎效应。这需要学生不仅理解基本概念，还需要能够综合运用知识进行推理分析，解释复杂的物理现象。虽然题目没有要求全面分析所有可能的复杂现象，但对机理的解释深度要求较高，因此属于等级4。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1618,
|
||||
"question": "When titanium oxide is oxygen-deficient, the following reaction can occur: $\\\\mathrm{TiO}_{2}-\\\\frac{1}{2}0_{2}{\\\\rightarrow}\\\\mathrm{Ti^{\\\\prime}}_{\\\\mathrm{Ti}}+\\\\mathrm{V}_{0}^{\\\\ast}$. Please correctly write the defect equation and explain the meaning of each term.",
|
||||
"answer": "The defect equation is $2\\\\mathrm{TiO}_{2}-\\\\frac{1}{2}0_{{2}}{\\\\rightarrow}2\\\\mathrm{Ti^{\\\\prime}}_{\\\\mathrm{Ti}}+\\\\mathrm{V}_{0}^{\\\\ast}+30_{0}$. $\\\\mathrm{Ti^{\\\\prime}}_{\\\\mathrm{Ti}}$: Titanium dioxide loses oxygen, generating $\\\\mathbb{T}^{3+}$ occupying the $\\\\mathbf{Ti}^{4+}$ lattice site, with an effective charge of -1. $\\\\mathbf{V}_{0}^{*}$: Oxygen vacancy, with an effective charge of $^{+2}$. $0_{\\\\mathfrak{o}}$: Oxygen still occupies the oxygen lattice site.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求正确写出缺陷方程并解释每个术语的含义，这需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求正确书写缺陷方程并解释各项含义，涉及多步概念关联和综合分析。需要理解缺陷化学符号表示法、电荷补偿机制等概念，并能将氧空位与钛离子价态变化关联起来进行分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于较高难度，需要正确书写缺陷方程并解释每个术语的含义。题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，要求考生综合理解缺陷化学中的电荷平衡和缺陷符号表示。此外，还需要对钛氧化物氧缺陷的生成机制有深入理解，并能准确描述缺陷的有效电荷状态。这些要求使得该题目在同类简答题中难度较高。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1695,
|
||||
"question": "How do different types of bonding affect the hardness of crystalline materials?",
|
||||
"answer": "The hardness of crystalline materials is closely related to the type of bonding. Crystals bonded by covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds generally exhibit higher hardness than those bonded by molecular bonds.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释不同键合类型如何影响晶体材料的硬度，答案提供了文字解释和论述，没有选项、判断或计算要求。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查对不同类型化学键与晶体硬度关系的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层面的知识。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于概念解释和描述级别。虽然涉及不同键合类型对硬度的影响，但只需简要说明各类键合与硬度的基本关系，无需深入分析或构建复杂概念体系。属于对基础概念记忆性知识的应用，但比单纯的定义简答（等级1）要求稍高。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1721,
|
||||
"question": "What effect does constitutional supercooling have on the solidification structure of alloys?",
|
||||
"answer": "The occurrence of constitutional supercooling phenomenon will cause multicomponent alloys to develop cellular or dendritic structures even under a positive temperature gradient.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释constitutional supercooling对合金凝固结构的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及对constitutional supercooling现象的理解及其对合金凝固结构的影响，需要综合运用材料科学中的凝固理论和相变知识，进行机理的解释和分析。这超出了简单记忆或基本应用的范畴，属于对复杂现象的深入理解和分析。 | 难度: 在简答题-复杂分析题型中，该题目要求对\"成分过冷\"这一专业现象进行机理深度解释，需要综合运用相变原理、热力学和凝固组织形成机制等知识。虽然不涉及多现象交叉分析（等级5特征），但需要对单一复杂现象进行完整的因果链条阐述，符合等级4\"机理深度解释\"的标准。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1805,
|
||||
"question": "What are grain growth and secondary recrystallization?",
|
||||
"answer": "Grain growth is the process in which the average grain size of a strain-free material continuously increases during heat treatment without altering its distribution. Within the body, grain sizes grow uniformly, and during grain growth, pores remain at grain boundaries or their intersections. Secondary recrystallization is an abnormal growth process where a few large grains grow at the expense of fine grains, representing the abnormal growth of individual grains. During secondary recrystallization, pores become trapped inside the grains.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"grain growth\"和\"secondary recrystallization\"这两个概念进行文字解释和论述，答案提供了详细的定义和特征描述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查的是对晶粒生长和二次再结晶这两个基本概念的定义和描述，属于基础概念的记忆和理解范畴，不涉及复杂的应用或分析过程。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于概念解释和描述难度等级。题目要求解释\"grain growth\"和\"secondary recrystallization\"两个概念，需要考生对这两个概念有基本的理解和记忆，并能用文字进行描述。虽然涉及两个相关概念，但都属于基础概念记忆层次，不需要进行复杂的概念体系阐述或深入分析。在简答题题型中，这属于中等偏下的难度，比单纯的定义简答(等级1)要求稍高，但远低于需要阐述复杂概念体系的题目(等级3)。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 1965,
|
||||
"question": "When bending a tin plate (with a melting point of 232°C) back and forth at room temperature, what phenomenon will occur as the bending proceeds? Why?",
|
||||
"answer": "According to T_recrystallization=(0.35～0.45)Tm, the processing of Sn at room temperature is considered hot working. Therefore, as bending proceeds, dynamic recrystallization occurs in the Sn plate, allowing it to be bent for an extended period.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释现象并论述原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和理论依据，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要综合运用动态再结晶理论（T_recrystallization=(0.35～0.45)Tm）和热加工概念来解释锡板在室温弯曲时的现象，涉及机理分析和多概念关联，思维过程要求较高。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。题目要求考生不仅要知道锡板在室温下弯曲时会发生动态再结晶，还需要理解并解释为什么会出现这种现象（即根据再结晶温度公式T_recrystallization=(0.35～0.45)Tm进行热加工判定）。这需要考生具备将理论公式与实际现象相结合的能力，并能进行合理的推理分析。虽然题目没有要求更复杂的多因素分析或跨学科知识整合，但已经达到了机理解释类简答题的较高难度水平。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2048,
|
||||
"question": "What is a critical nucleus?",
|
||||
"answer": "According to the relationship between free energy and the radius of an embryo, it can be known that embryos with radius r<r_k cannot nucleate; embryos with r>r_k have the potential to nucleate; while embryos with r=r_k may either disappear or grow stably. Therefore, an embryo with radius r_k is called a critical nucleus. Its physical meaning is that the short-range ordered atomic clusters emerging in the undercooled liquid can become nuclei and grow when their size r≥r_k.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释\"critical nucleus\"的概念，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对临界核（critical nucleus）这一基本概念的定义和物理意义的记忆和理解，属于基础概念记忆范畴。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于概念解释和描述难度等级。题目要求解释\"critical nucleus\"的定义及其物理意义，涉及自由能与胚胎半径的关系，需要理解并描述临界核的形成条件（r=r_k）及其在形核过程中的作用。虽然需要一定的概念理解和文字组织能力，但不需要深入分析复杂概念体系或进行多步骤推导，属于中等难度的概念解释题。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2052,
|
||||
"question": "Point out the errors in the following concepts and correct them: (1) The so-called degree of undercooling refers to the difference between the temperature at which a plateau appears on the cooling curve during crystallization and the melting point; while the dynamic degree of undercooling refers to the difference between the actual temperature of the liquid phase during crystallization and the melting point.",
|
||||
"answer": "The difference between the actual crystallization temperature on the cooling curve and the melting point; the difference between the temperature of the liquid at the liquid-solid interface front and the melting point.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求指出概念中的错误并进行修正，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。答案也是以文字形式给出修正后的概念，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对\"过冷度\"和\"动态过冷度\"这两个基本概念的定义理解和辨析，属于基础概念记忆和理解范畴 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于概念解释和描述难度等级。题目要求指出并纠正关于过冷度的错误概念，需要学生对基础概念有准确的理解和描述能力，但不需要进行复杂的概念体系阐述或深入分析。该题主要考察学生对\"过冷度\"和\"动态过冷度\"这两个基础概念的定义和区别的掌握程度，属于中等难度的概念解释题。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2072,
|
||||
"question": "Point out the errors in the following concept and correct them: (9) If 10,000 nucleation agents are added to an undercooled liquid, then 10,000 grains will form after crystallization.",
|
||||
"answer": "then tens of thousands of grains will form after crystallization.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求指出概念中的错误并进行修正，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求识别并纠正关于成核剂与晶粒形成关系的错误概念，需要理解成核过程的基本原理并应用这些知识来分析具体情境。虽然涉及基础概念，但需要将多个知识点（成核剂的作用、晶粒形成机制）关联起来进行综合分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于中等难度，需要理解成核剂的作用机制和晶粒形成过程，并能指出原概念的不足并进行修正。虽然不需要多角度分析或深度关联性分析，但需要对相关概念有较好的掌握并能进行简单的综合说明。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2094,
|
||||
"question": "How to obtain the mass and Cu content of solid α2 by heating solid α1 to melting, slowly cooling to 900°C, and pouring off the liquid?",
|
||||
"answer": "Heat the solid (α1) in (1) to melting, slowly cool to 900°C, pour off the liquid, and the remaining solid α2 has a weight of 390g with w_Cu≈0.03.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来描述如何通过加热、冷却和倒出液体来获得固体α2的质量和铜含量，答案提供了具体的步骤和结果，但没有涉及选择题、判断题或计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及多步操作（加热、冷却、分离）和结果分析（质量测定和成分计算），需要综合运用相图知识和实验操作步骤的理解，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于中等难度（等级3）。题目要求通过加热、冷却和分离步骤来获取固体α2的质量和铜含量，涉及多步操作和基本计算。虽然需要理解相图和分离过程的概念，但不需要进行复杂的多角度分析或深度关联性分析。解题步骤相对直接，主要考察对实验操作和基础计算的理解与应用。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2139,
|
||||
"question": "Why is the carburizing temperature for steel parts generally chosen to be in the γ phase region?",
|
||||
"answer": "Because the maximum carbon solubility (mass fraction) in α-Fe is only 0.0218%. For steel with a carbon mass fraction greater than 0.0218%, the carbon concentration gradient in the part during carburizing is zero, making carburizing impossible. Even for pure iron, carburizing in the α phase region results in a very small concentration gradient in the iron, and a high carbon layer cannot be obtained on the surface. Additionally, due to the low temperature, the diffusion coefficient is also very small, making the carburizing process extremely slow and practically meaningless. The carbon solubility in γ-Fe is high, allowing a higher carbon concentration gradient on the surface during carburizing, which facilitates the carburizing process.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么钢件的渗碳温度通常选择在γ相区，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，涉及碳溶解度、浓度梯度、扩散系数等多个方面，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释为什么钢件的渗碳温度通常选择在γ相区，这涉及到对碳在α-Fe和γ-Fe中溶解度的理解、浓度梯度的概念、扩散系数的温度依赖性以及渗碳过程的动力学分析。解答需要综合运用多个概念，进行推理分析，并解释机理，属于复杂分析的层次。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于机理深度解释难度等级。该题目要求考生不仅掌握γ相区和α相区碳溶解度的基本差异，还需要理解碳浓度梯度、扩散系数等概念对渗碳过程的影响机制。解题时需要综合运用相图知识、扩散原理和工艺参数分析能力，对渗碳温度选择的多个技术原因进行逻辑串联和机理层面的解释。虽然不涉及跨学科整合（等级5特征），但已经达到单一学科内较深层次的机理分析要求。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2224,
|
||||
"question": "Assuming the recrystallization temperature is defined as the temperature at which 95% recrystallization is completed within 1h, according to the Arrhenius equations Ṅ=N0exp(−Qn/RT) and G=G0exp(−Qg/RT), it can be inferred that the recrystallization temperature will be a function of G and Ṅ. Determine the functional relationship between the recrystallization temperature and G0, N0, Qg, Qn.",
|
||||
"answer": "According to the J-M equation, if the temperature at which 95% recrystallization is completed within 1h is defined as TF, then 0.95=1−exp(−π/3 ṄG3t0^4). Therefore, t0=(2.86/ṄG3)^1/4. Substituting the Arrhenius equations, we obtain N0G0^3exp(−(Qn+3Qg)/RTF)=k. Rearranging gives TF=(Qn+3Qg)/(R ln(N0G0^3/k))=k′(Qn+3Qg). This equation represents the functional relationship between TF and N0, G0, Qn, Qg.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求推导和解释功能关系，答案提供了详细的数学推导和文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求根据Arrhenius方程推导再结晶温度与G0、N0、Qg、Qn之间的函数关系，涉及多步计算、概念关联和综合分析。需要理解再结晶温度的定义，运用J-M方程和Arrhenius方程进行推导，并进行数学变换和逻辑推理，思维过程较为复杂。 | 难度: 在简答题 - 需要文字解释和论述的题型中，该题目属于复杂分析 - 综合运用、推理分析、机理解释的知识层次。题目要求根据Arrhenius方程推导再结晶温度与G0、N0、Qn、Qg之间的函数关系，涉及多个步骤的综合运用和机理的深度解释。解题过程需要理解并应用J-M方程，进行数学推导和物理意义的解释，步骤复杂且对知识点的掌握深度要求高。因此，在该题型内属于最高难度等级5。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2431,
|
||||
"question": "Is the diffusion in oxide ceramics a vacancy exchange mechanism or a rotary exchange mechanism?",
|
||||
"answer": "The bonding in oxide ceramics is ionic bonding, and the diffusion mechanism in ionic crystals is primarily the vacancy exchange mechanism. The activation energy for the rotary exchange mechanism is too high and often disrupts the ionic bonding, so it cannot be the diffusion mechanism.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和论述扩散机制的类型，答案提供了详细的文字解释和理论依据，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析氧化物陶瓷中的扩散机制，涉及离子键合、空位交换机制和旋转交换机制的对比，需要综合运用材料科学中的扩散理论和晶体缺陷知识，进行机理的解释和推理分析。这超出了简单记忆或基本应用的范围，属于较为复杂的分析和综合运用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于机理深度解释难度。题目要求考生不仅了解氧化物陶瓷中的扩散机制，还需要分析比较空位交换机制和旋转交换机制的差异，并基于离子键的特性进行推理。这需要考生具备扎实的材料科学基础知识和一定的分析推理能力，但尚未达到全面分析复杂现象的最高难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2837,
|
||||
"question": "$\\mathbf{M}_{\\mathbf{g}}\\mathbf{O}$ has a NaCl-type structure, with slip planes on {110} and slip directions along <110>. Along which direction of tension (or compression) will slip not occur?",
|
||||
"answer": "Based on the characteristics of the slip systems in the magnesium oxide structure, slip will not occur only when tension (or compression) is applied along a direction perpendicular to all (110) planes. From the standard projection diagram of the cubic crystal system (001), it can be seen that there is no pole that is $90^\\mathfrak{o}$ away from all (110) poles. Therefore, for magnesium oxide, there is no direction of tension (or compression) that will not cause slip.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来回答问题，答案是基于对晶体结构和滑移系统的分析，没有涉及选择题的选项、判断题的对错判断或计算题的数值计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析MgO晶体在特定应力方向下的滑移行为，需要综合运用晶体学知识（标准投影图）、滑移系统特性以及应力方向与滑移面的几何关系进行推理分析。这涉及多个概念的关联和深层次理解，属于复杂分析范畴。 | 难度: 在简答题-复杂分析题型中，该题目要求综合运用晶体学知识、标准投影图分析以及滑移系统特性进行推理。需要深入理解立方晶系的几何关系，并能通过空间思维判断不存在满足条件的应力方向。解题过程涉及多步骤逻辑推导和机理解释，属于该题型内对综合分析能力要求最高的复杂现象全面分析层级。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3017,
|
||||
"question": "The close-packed {111} planes of the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure are stacked in the sequence ABCABC..., while the close-packed {0001} planes of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure are stacked in the sequence ABABAB.... Explain how and by introducing what type of dislocations the fcc structure can be entirely transformed into the hcp structure.",
|
||||
"answer": "Accordingly, if the C-layer atoms are moved to the E position (or E2, E positions, all referring to projection positions), the arrangement of the C atomic layer can be changed to that of the A atomic layer. If the B atomic layer is correspondingly moved at this time, it will change to the arrangement of the C atomic layer, and the A-layer atoms will change to the arrangement of the B layer. Therefore, introducing a partial dislocation of $\\frac{a}{6}(11\\overline{2})$ (or $\\frac{a}{6}(1\\overline{2}1)$, or $\\frac{a}{6}(211)$) into the second layer of the ABCABC... stacking and allowing it to sweep through the third layer and subsequent layers can change the atomic arrangement to ABABCABC.... Then, introducing the same dislocation into the fourth layer and performing the same operation can change the atomic arrangement to ABABABCABC..., and so on, resulting in the ABABAB... stacking sequence. In summary, by introducing partial dislocations of $\\frac{a}{6}(11\\overline{2})$ (or $\\frac{a}{6}(1\\overline{2}1)$, or $\\frac{a}{6}(211)$) into every second layer (111) plane (where n = 1, 2, 3,...) of the fcc structure's ABCABC... stacking, i.e., introducing a partial dislocation every other layer in the (111) plane, the stacking sequence can be changed to ABABAB..., thereby transforming it into the hcp stacking structure.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释如何通过引入位错将面心立方结构转变为六方密排结构，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择题、判断题或计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释如何通过引入特定类型的位错将面心立方结构完全转变为六方密排结构，这需要深入理解晶体结构、位错类型及其对晶体结构转变的影响。解答过程涉及多步推理和综合分析，包括位错类型的选择、位错运动对原子层排列的影响，以及如何通过重复操作实现整个结构的转变。这属于复杂分析层次，需要综合运用晶体学和位错理论的知识。 | 难度: 在简答题的复杂分析题型中，该题目要求综合运用晶体结构、位错理论和堆垛序列变换的知识点。解题需要深入理解fcc和hcp结构的堆垛差异，准确描述位错类型（a/6<112>型不全位错）及其引入方式，并完整解释通过位错运动实现结构转变的机理。整个过程涉及多个知识点的综合运用和严密的逻辑推理，在同类题型中属于最高难度的复杂现象全面分析。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3136,
|
||||
"question": "What is secondary recrystallization (abnormal growth)?",
|
||||
"answer": "After recrystallization is completed, continued heating or holding may lead to discontinuous grain growth, where the growth of most grains is inhibited, while a few grains grow rapidly, which is called abnormal growth, also known as secondary recrystallization.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对“secondary recrystallization (abnormal growth)”进行解释和论述，答案提供了详细的文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对二次再结晶（异常生长）这一基本概念的定义和描述，属于基础概念的记忆和理解范畴。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于概念解释和描述难度等级。虽然需要解释\"二次再结晶\"的定义和现象，但不需要阐述复杂的理论体系或进行多层次的逻辑推导。题目要求的是对基础概念的记忆和简单扩展说明，符合等级2对知识掌握深度和解题步骤的要求。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3223,
|
||||
"question": "In the compression test of a magnesium single crystal at room temperature, the [0001] direction coincides with the compression axis. Assuming that the critical resolved shear stress for twinning on the (10\\\\overline{1}2) plane is 10 times that for slip on the (0001) plane, denoted as $\\\\tau_{\\\\mathrm{e}}$, determine whether the crystal will undergo twinning or slip when the compressive stress is sufficiently large, and explain why.",
|
||||
"answer": "If the compression axis coincides with the [0001] direction, since the slip directions of different slip systems in magnesium are the same, all being <11\\\\overline{2}0> directions, and the slip directions are all perpendicular to the [0001] direction, $\\\\cos\\\\lambda=0$. Therefore, $\\\\sigma_{S}=\\\\frac{\\\\sigma_{C}}{\\\\cos\\\\lambda\\\\cos\\\\phi}=\\\\infty$. No matter how large the pressure is, slip cannot occur. However, the twinning plane is {10\\\\overline{1}2}, and the twinning direction is {10\\\\overline{1}2}. When compressed along the [0001] direction, there is a resolved shear stress. When the external force reaches a certain value, twinning will occur along {10\\\\overline{1}2}<\\\\overline{1}011>{10\\\\overline{1}2}. In this example, the resolved shear stress for twinning has already reached 10 times $\\\\tau_{C}$, so twinning deformation can occur.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释在特定条件下晶体是发生孪生还是滑移，并给出原因。答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择题、判断题或计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求综合运用晶体学知识、滑移和孪生的临界分切应力概念，并进行力学分析。需要理解镁单晶的滑移和孪生系统特性，计算分切应力，并比较不同变形机制的临界条件。涉及多步推理和综合分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在简答题的复杂分析题型中，该题目要求综合运用晶体学、力学和材料变形机理的知识，进行深入的推理分析。具体包括："
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3251,
|
||||
"question": "Describe the recovery mechanisms at high temperatures above 0.5Tm",
|
||||
"answer": "At high temperatures above 0.5Tm, in addition to dislocation slip, recovery can also occur through climb, with the primary mechanism being polygonization, forming low-angle grain boundaries. After polygonization, subgrain coalescence and growth still exist. Subgrain coalescence can be achieved through the movement of Y-nodes, which requires dislocation climb, slip, and cross-slip to accomplish.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述高温下的回复机制，需要详细的文字解释和论述，答案也提供了详细的机制描述和过程说明，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释高温下恢复机制的具体过程，涉及位错攀移、多边形化、亚晶合并等多个复杂概念的综合运用和机理解释，需要深入分析和推理。 | 难度: 在简答题-复杂分析题型中，该题目要求对高温恢复机制进行机理深度解释，涉及多个专业概念（如位错攀移、多边形化、亚晶合并等）的综合运用和推理分析。虽然未达到最高级别的复杂现象全面分析（如涉及多机制交互作用或定量计算），但已明显超出基础概念描述层面，属于需要深入理解材料科学原理才能完整回答的问题类型。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3327,
|
||||
"question": "Describe the purpose of quenching",
|
||||
"answer": "Quenching can significantly improve the strength and hardness of steel. Combined with tempering at different temperatures, it can achieve a balance of strength, hardness, and toughness to meet various requirements.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述淬火的目的，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查淬火的基本目的和效果，属于对基础概念的记忆和理解，不涉及复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于概念解释和描述难度等级。题目要求描述淬火的目的，并涉及淬火与回火结合的效果，需要一定的知识理解和描述能力，但不需要复杂的体系阐述或深入分析。属于中等难度的概念解释题。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3334,
|
||||
"question": "Explain why the initial structure with fine lamellar pearlite is better using the austenite isothermal formation mechanism.",
|
||||
"answer": "Increasing the dispersion of carbides can accelerate the transformation from pearlite to austenite.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么初始结构具有细片状珠光体更好，并涉及奥氏体等温形成机制，需要文字解释和论述。答案也是以论述形式给出，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释初始细片层珠光体结构更优的原因，并涉及奥氏体等温形成机制的分析。这需要综合运用材料科学中的相变原理、组织与性能关系等知识，进行机理层面的推理和解释，属于较高层次的认知要求。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求对珠光体向奥氏体转变的机理进行深度解释，涉及扩散、碳化物分散等复杂概念的综合运用。虽然不需要全面分析多个复杂现象的相互作用（等级5特征），但需要对单一转变过程进行机理层面的详细阐述，符合等级4\"机理深度解释\"的标准。该难度高于基础概念解释类简答题，但低于需要多因素综合分析的最高难度简答题。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3362,
|
||||
"question": "Discuss the factors affecting the plasticity of materials",
|
||||
"answer": "The main factors affecting the plasticity of steel include: (1) the influence of solute atoms; (2) the influence of grain size; (3) the influence of the second phase; (4) the influence of dislocation strengthening, etc.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求讨论影响材料塑性的因素，答案以文字解释和论述的形式呈现，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求讨论影响材料塑性的多个因素，涉及多个概念（如溶质原子、晶粒尺寸、第二相、位错强化等）的关联和综合分析，需要理解这些因素如何相互作用并影响材料的塑性行为，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于较高难度，需要从多个角度（溶质原子、晶粒尺寸、第二相、位错强化等）分析影响材料塑性的因素，并进行综合论述。虽然不需要进行深度关联性分析（如不同因素之间的相互作用机制），但仍需展示对材料科学原理的较全面理解和应用能力。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3512,
|
||||
"question": "Compare the machinability of HT150 and annealed 20 steel",
|
||||
"answer": "The machinability of HT150 is better than that of 20 steel.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求比较两种材料的机械加工性能，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求比较两种材料的机械加工性能，需要理解材料性能与加工性的关系，并进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要对材料状态（HT150和退火20钢）及其对加工性能的影响有一定理解，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然需要比较两种材料的机械加工性能，但主要涉及对材料基本性能的理解和简单对比，不需要多角度或深度关联性分析。解题步骤相对直接，只需说明HT150的机械加工性能优于20钢即可，无需复杂的计算或深入的概念关联。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3872,
|
||||
"question": "Determine the required transformation temperature and microconstituent if an eutectoid steel is to have the hardness value HRC 48",
|
||||
"answer": "340 degrees C",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求确定转变温度和微观组织，需要文字解释和论述，答案形式为具体数值但需要结合材料科学知识进行解释 | 知识层次: 题目要求根据硬度值确定共析钢的转变温度和微观组织，需要理解相变温度与硬度之间的关系，并能够应用相关相图知识进行综合分析。这涉及多步推理和概念关联，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目属于较高难度。首先需要理解共析钢的相变特性与硬度关系，其次要掌握TTT曲线或CCT曲线的应用，最后要能准确关联特定硬度值(HRC 48)与对应的转变温度(340°C)和显微组织。这需要多步概念关联和综合分析能力，包括相变动力学、硬度测试原理和显微组织识别等多个知识点的整合应用。虽然不需要进行复杂的数学计算，但对材料科学基础理论的掌握深度要求较高，属于需要多角度分析论述的题目。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 4243,
|
||||
"question": "(b) Cite the difference between mechanical and annealing twins.",
|
||||
"answer": "Mechanical twins are produced as a result of mechanical deformation and generally occur in BCC and HCP metals. Annealing twins form during annealing heat treatments, most often in FCC metals.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释两种孪晶的区别，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对机械孪晶和退火孪晶这两种基本概念的定义和形成条件的记忆和理解，不涉及复杂的应用或分析过程。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求解释两种孪晶的区别，涉及基础概念的记忆和简单对比。虽然需要掌握机械孪晶和退火孪晶的定义及形成条件，但不需要深入分析或阐述复杂概念体系，属于概念解释和描述的中等难度级别。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 4348,
|
||||
"question": "What is the composition of the alloy if eutectoid cementite exists in addition to proeutectoid cementite?",
|
||||
"answer": "the alloy composition is 1.11 wt% c.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释合金的组成情况，并给出了具体的成分数值，需要文字解释和论述来回答，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解共析渗碳体和先共析渗碳体的概念，并运用铁碳相图进行多步分析来确定合金成分，涉及概念关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于较高难度，需要理解并关联多个概念（如eutectoid cementite和proeutectoid cementite），进行多步计算（确定合金成分），并进行综合分析（解释为什么特定成分会导致这两种相的存在）。这超出了基础概念回忆或简单计算的范畴，属于多角度分析论述的层次。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 4528,
|
||||
"question": "Cite one similarity between precipitation hardening and dispersion strengthening.",
|
||||
"answer": "The similarity between precipitation hardening and dispersion strengthening is the strengthening mechanism--i.e., the precipitates/particles effectively hinder dislocation motion.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求用文字解释和论述两种强化机制的相似点，答案提供了详细的文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对两种强化机制的基本概念的理解和记忆，只需要回答一个相似点，不涉及复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在简答题题型中，该题目要求解释两种强化机制的相似之处，属于概念解释和描述的难度级别。虽然需要理解两种机制的基本原理，但不需要深入阐述复杂的概念体系或进行多层次的比较分析。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 4562,
|
||||
"question": "Briefly explain why cold-worked metals are more susceptible to corrosion than noncold-worked metals.",
|
||||
"answer": "Cold-worked metals are more susceptible to corrosion than noncold-worked metals because of the increased dislocation density for the latter. The region in the vicinity of a dislocation that intersects the surface is at a higher energy state, and, therefore, is more readily attacked by a corrosive solution.",
|
||||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求简要解释冷加工金属比非冷加工金属更容易腐蚀的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释冷加工金属更易腐蚀的原因，涉及位错密度与腐蚀敏感性的关联，需要理解位错对材料表面能状态的影响，并进行概念关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在简答题中属于中等难度，需要理解冷加工金属的位错密度增加及其对腐蚀敏感性的影响，并进行简要的解释和论述。虽然涉及概念关联，但不需要多角度或深度分析。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 2108,
|
||||
"question": "Point out the incorrect concept and correct it: In solid solution grains, dendritic segregation exists, the composition of the main axis differs from that of the interdendritic regions, so the entire grain is not a single phase.",
|
||||
"answer": "Therefore, the entire grain is a single phase.",
|
||||
"question_type": "true_false",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "判断题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求判断一个概念的正确性并纠正错误，属于判断对错并改正的题型。答案直接给出了正确的陈述，符合判断题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对固溶体晶粒中枝晶偏析和单相概念的基本理解，属于基础概念的记忆和判断。 | 难度: 在判断题题型中，该题目属于概念理解的对错判断难度等级。题目要求考生不仅能够识别出错误的概念陈述，还需要进行纠正，这比单纯判断正误（等级1）要求更高的概念理解深度。但题目并未涉及多个概念的交叉或复杂逻辑推理（等级3），因此属于中等难度。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3297,
|
||||
"question": "Is the statement that the strength and hardness of martensite mainly depend on the mass fraction of carbon correct? Why?",
|
||||
"answer": "Incorrect. The hardness of martensite primarily depends on the carbon content (mass fraction), but the strength of martensite not only depends on its hardness but also on the morphology of martensite and the size of martensite laths (or plates).",
|
||||
"question_type": "true_false",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "判断题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求判断一个陈述的对错，并解释原因。答案明确指出了陈述的错误之处，并提供了详细的解释。 | 知识层次: 题目不仅需要理解马氏体硬度和强度的基本概念，还需要分析碳含量、马氏体形态和板条尺寸对性能的影响，涉及多个概念的关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在判断题题型中，该题目属于综合分析结果判断难度。题目不仅要求判断陈述的对错，还需要解释原因，涉及对马氏体强度和硬度影响因素的深入理解（碳含量、马氏体形态和板条尺寸等）。这需要将多个材料科学概念关联起来进行综合分析，比单纯判断正误的题目更为复杂。"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"idx": 3952,
|
||||
"question": "The diffusion coefficient for aluminum in silicon is D_{\\mathrm{Al}} in_{\\mathrm{Si}}=3 × 10^{-16} cm^{2} / s at 300 K (note that 300 K is about room temperature).\nWhat is a reasonable value for D_{\\mathrm{Al} \\text { in } \\mathrm{Si}} at 600 K ?\nNote: Rather than performing a specific calculation, you should be able to justify your answer from the options below based on the mathematical temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient.\n(a) D<3 × 10^{16} cm^{2} / s\n(b) D=3 × 10^{16} cm^{2} / s\n(c) D=6 × 10^{16} cm^{2} / s\n(d) D=1.5 × 10^{16} cm^{2} /{s}\n(e) D>6 × 10^{16} cm^{2} /\n(f) D=6 × 10^{-17} cm^{2} / s",
|
||||
"answer": "We expect the diffusion coefficient to increase if the temperature of this system is increased. Therefore, options (a), (b), (d), and (f) are eliminated.\nFurthermore, we expect that since the diffusion coefficient is exponentially dependent on temperature, the diffusivity should increase by more than a factor of two if the absolute temperature is doubled.",
|
||||
"question_type": "multiple_choice",
|
||||
"question_type_name": "选择题",
|
||||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从多个选项中选择一个合理的扩散系数值，并基于扩散系数的温度依赖性进行判断。答案形式为从给定的选项中选择最合适的答案。 | 知识层次: 题目要求理解扩散系数与温度的数学关系，并基于此进行合理推断。虽然不需要具体计算，但需要理解温度对扩散系数的指数影响，并能够排除不符合温度依赖关系的选项。这涉及到多步推理和概念关联，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于较高难度，需要理解扩散系数的温度依赖性（阿伦尼乌斯方程），并能够基于温度变化对扩散系数的影响进行合理推断。题目要求考生不仅知道扩散系数随温度升高而增加，还需要判断增加的幅度（指数关系导致超过线性增长）。此外，需要排除多个干扰选项，综合分析能力要求较高。"
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
506
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_high_quality.py
Normal file
506
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_high_quality.py
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
|
||||
import json
|
||||
import pandas as pd
|
||||
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Tuple
|
||||
from collections import defaultdict, Counter
|
||||
import numpy as np
|
||||
|
||||
class QuestionFilterAndSelector:
|
||||
"""题目筛选和选择器 - 用于构建高质量评测集"""
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self):
|
||||
# 各题型的最低难度阈值（排除过于简单的题目）
|
||||
self.min_difficulty_thresholds = {
|
||||
"calculation": 2, # 计算题：排除难度1的基础计算
|
||||
"short_answer": 2, # 简答题：排除难度1的简单记忆
|
||||
"true_false": 2, # 判断题：排除难度1的基础概念判断
|
||||
"multiple_choice": 2 # 选择题：排除难度1的简单选择
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# 各知识层次的最低难度要求
|
||||
self.knowledge_level_min_difficulty = {
|
||||
"basic_concepts": 2, # 基础概念至少难度2（需要理解，不只是记忆）
|
||||
"simple_application": 2, # 简单应用至少难度2
|
||||
"medium_application": 2, # 中等应用至少难度2
|
||||
"complex_analysis": 3, # 复杂分析至少难度3
|
||||
"advanced_synthesis": 4 # 高级综合至少难度4
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# 目标题库结构（百分比）
|
||||
self.target_distribution = {
|
||||
"question_types": {
|
||||
"calculation": 0.25, # 25% 计算题
|
||||
"short_answer": 0.45, # 45% 简答题
|
||||
"true_false": 0.15, # 15% 判断题
|
||||
"multiple_choice": 0.15 # 15% 选择题
|
||||
},
|
||||
"knowledge_levels": {
|
||||
"basic_concepts": 0.20, # 20% 基础概念（但要求难度2+）
|
||||
"simple_application": 0.25, # 25% 简单应用
|
||||
"medium_application": 0.30, # 30% 中等应用
|
||||
"complex_analysis": 0.20, # 20% 复杂分析
|
||||
"advanced_synthesis": 0.05 # 5% 高级综合
|
||||
},
|
||||
"difficulty_levels": {
|
||||
1: 0.05, # 5% 难度1（仅保留最有价值的）
|
||||
2: 0.25, # 25% 难度2
|
||||
3: 0.35, # 35% 难度3
|
||||
4: 0.25, # 25% 难度4
|
||||
5: 0.10 # 10% 难度5
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
def filter_questions_by_quality(self, questions: List[Dict]) -> List[Dict]:
|
||||
"""第一步：按质量标准过滤题目"""
|
||||
filtered_questions = []
|
||||
|
||||
for q in questions:
|
||||
# 基础质量检查
|
||||
if not self._is_valid_question(q):
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
question_type = q.get('question_type', '')
|
||||
knowledge_level = q.get('knowledge_level', '')
|
||||
difficulty = q.get('difficulty', 0)
|
||||
|
||||
# 应用题型最低难度阈值
|
||||
min_type_difficulty = self.min_difficulty_thresholds.get(question_type, 1)
|
||||
if difficulty < min_type_difficulty:
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
# 应用知识层次最低难度要求
|
||||
min_level_difficulty = self.knowledge_level_min_difficulty.get(knowledge_level, 1)
|
||||
if difficulty < min_level_difficulty:
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
# 特殊过滤规则
|
||||
if self._should_exclude_question(q):
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
filtered_questions.append(q)
|
||||
|
||||
return filtered_questions
|
||||
|
||||
def _is_valid_question(self, q: Dict) -> bool:
|
||||
"""检查题目的基本有效性"""
|
||||
required_fields = ['question', 'answer', 'question_type', 'knowledge_level', 'difficulty']
|
||||
|
||||
for field in required_fields:
|
||||
if not q.get(field):
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
# 检查题目和答案长度（排除过短的）
|
||||
if len(q['question'].strip()) < 20: # 题目太短
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
if len(q['answer'].strip()) < 5: # 答案太短
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
return True
|
||||
|
||||
def _should_exclude_question(self, q: Dict) -> bool:
|
||||
"""特殊排除规则"""
|
||||
question_type = q.get('question_type', '')
|
||||
knowledge_level = q.get('knowledge_level', '')
|
||||
difficulty = q.get('difficulty', 0)
|
||||
|
||||
# 排除一些特定的低质量组合
|
||||
exclude_combinations = [
|
||||
# 基础概念+难度1的组合（纯记忆）
|
||||
(knowledge_level == 'basic_concepts' and difficulty == 1),
|
||||
|
||||
# 选择题+基础概念+低难度的组合
|
||||
(question_type == 'multiple_choice' and
|
||||
knowledge_level == 'basic_concepts' and difficulty <= 2),
|
||||
|
||||
# 判断题+基础概念+难度1的组合
|
||||
(question_type == 'true_false' and
|
||||
knowledge_level == 'basic_concepts' and difficulty == 1),
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
return any(exclude_combinations)
|
||||
|
||||
def smart_sample_questions(self, filtered_questions: List[Dict],
|
||||
target_count: int = 2000) -> List[Dict]:
|
||||
"""智能抽样，保持分布平衡"""
|
||||
|
||||
# 按类别分组
|
||||
grouped_questions = self._group_questions_by_categories(filtered_questions)
|
||||
|
||||
# 计算目标数量
|
||||
target_counts = self._calculate_target_counts(target_count)
|
||||
|
||||
# 分层抽样
|
||||
selected_questions = []
|
||||
|
||||
# 1. 按题型分层抽样
|
||||
selected_by_type = self._stratified_sample_by_type(
|
||||
grouped_questions, target_counts, target_count
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. 在每个题型内按知识层次和难度平衡抽样
|
||||
final_selected = self._balance_within_types(selected_by_type, target_count)
|
||||
|
||||
return final_selected
|
||||
|
||||
def _group_questions_by_categories(self, questions: List[Dict]) -> Dict:
|
||||
"""按多个维度对题目分组"""
|
||||
grouped = {
|
||||
'by_type': defaultdict(list),
|
||||
'by_level': defaultdict(list),
|
||||
'by_difficulty': defaultdict(list),
|
||||
'by_type_level': defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list)),
|
||||
'by_type_difficulty': defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for q in questions:
|
||||
qtype = q['question_type']
|
||||
level = q['knowledge_level']
|
||||
difficulty = q['difficulty']
|
||||
|
||||
grouped['by_type'][qtype].append(q)
|
||||
grouped['by_level'][level].append(q)
|
||||
grouped['by_difficulty'][difficulty].append(q)
|
||||
grouped['by_type_level'][qtype][level].append(q)
|
||||
grouped['by_type_difficulty'][qtype][difficulty].append(q)
|
||||
|
||||
return grouped
|
||||
|
||||
def _calculate_target_counts(self, total_target: int) -> Dict:
|
||||
"""计算各类别的目标数量"""
|
||||
return {
|
||||
'by_type': {
|
||||
qtype: int(total_target * ratio)
|
||||
for qtype, ratio in self.target_distribution['question_types'].items()
|
||||
},
|
||||
'by_level': {
|
||||
level: int(total_target * ratio)
|
||||
for level, ratio in self.target_distribution['knowledge_levels'].items()
|
||||
},
|
||||
'by_difficulty': {
|
||||
diff: int(total_target * ratio)
|
||||
for diff, ratio in self.target_distribution['difficulty_levels'].items()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
def _stratified_sample_by_type(self, grouped_questions: Dict,
|
||||
target_counts: Dict, total_target: int) -> Dict:
|
||||
"""按题型分层抽样"""
|
||||
selected_by_type = {}
|
||||
|
||||
for qtype, target_count in target_counts['by_type'].items():
|
||||
available_questions = grouped_questions['by_type'].get(qtype, [])
|
||||
|
||||
if len(available_questions) <= target_count:
|
||||
# 如果可用题目不足，全部选择
|
||||
selected_by_type[qtype] = available_questions
|
||||
else:
|
||||
# 在该题型内进行智能抽样
|
||||
selected_by_type[qtype] = self._smart_sample_within_type(
|
||||
available_questions, target_count
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
return selected_by_type
|
||||
|
||||
def _smart_sample_within_type(self, questions: List[Dict], target_count: int) -> List[Dict]:
|
||||
"""在单一题型内智能抽样"""
|
||||
# 按难度和知识层次分组
|
||||
by_difficulty = defaultdict(list)
|
||||
by_level = defaultdict(list)
|
||||
|
||||
for q in questions:
|
||||
by_difficulty[q['difficulty']].append(q)
|
||||
by_level[q['knowledge_level']].append(q)
|
||||
|
||||
selected = []
|
||||
|
||||
# 优先选择高难度题目
|
||||
difficulty_priorities = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
|
||||
|
||||
remaining_target = target_count
|
||||
|
||||
for difficulty in difficulty_priorities:
|
||||
if remaining_target <= 0:
|
||||
break
|
||||
|
||||
diff_questions = by_difficulty[difficulty]
|
||||
if not diff_questions:
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
# 在该难度级别内按知识层次平衡选择
|
||||
level_groups = defaultdict(list)
|
||||
for q in diff_questions:
|
||||
level_groups[q['knowledge_level']].append(q)
|
||||
|
||||
# 计算该难度级别应该选多少题
|
||||
target_for_this_diff = min(remaining_target,
|
||||
int(remaining_target * 0.4) if difficulty >= 4
|
||||
else int(remaining_target * 0.3))
|
||||
|
||||
# 在各知识层次间分配
|
||||
selected_from_diff = self._distribute_across_levels(
|
||||
level_groups, target_for_this_diff
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
selected.extend(selected_from_diff)
|
||||
remaining_target -= len(selected_from_diff)
|
||||
|
||||
# 如果还没达到目标数量，随机补充
|
||||
if len(selected) < target_count:
|
||||
remaining_questions = [q for q in questions if q not in selected]
|
||||
additional_needed = target_count - len(selected)
|
||||
|
||||
if remaining_questions:
|
||||
import random
|
||||
additional = random.sample(
|
||||
remaining_questions,
|
||||
min(additional_needed, len(remaining_questions))
|
||||
)
|
||||
selected.extend(additional)
|
||||
|
||||
return selected[:target_count]
|
||||
|
||||
def _distribute_across_levels(self, level_groups: Dict, target_count: int) -> List[Dict]:
|
||||
"""在知识层次间分配题目"""
|
||||
if not level_groups or target_count <= 0:
|
||||
return []
|
||||
|
||||
selected = []
|
||||
|
||||
# 知识层次优先级（优先选择更高层次的）
|
||||
level_priorities = [
|
||||
'advanced_synthesis',
|
||||
'complex_analysis',
|
||||
'medium_application',
|
||||
'simple_application',
|
||||
'basic_concepts'
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
# 为每个层次分配配额
|
||||
level_quotas = {}
|
||||
remaining_target = target_count
|
||||
|
||||
for level in level_priorities:
|
||||
if level not in level_groups or remaining_target <= 0:
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
available_count = len(level_groups[level])
|
||||
|
||||
if level in ['advanced_synthesis', 'complex_analysis']:
|
||||
quota = min(available_count, max(1, int(remaining_target * 0.4)))
|
||||
elif level == 'medium_application':
|
||||
quota = min(available_count, max(1, int(remaining_target * 0.3)))
|
||||
else:
|
||||
quota = min(available_count, max(1, int(remaining_target * 0.2)))
|
||||
|
||||
level_quotas[level] = quota
|
||||
remaining_target -= quota
|
||||
|
||||
# 按配额选择
|
||||
import random
|
||||
for level, quota in level_quotas.items():
|
||||
if quota > 0 and level in level_groups:
|
||||
sample_size = min(quota, len(level_groups[level]))
|
||||
selected.extend(random.sample(level_groups[level], sample_size))
|
||||
|
||||
return selected
|
||||
|
||||
def _balance_within_types(self, selected_by_type: Dict, target_count: int) -> List[Dict]:
|
||||
"""在题型选择结果间进行最终平衡"""
|
||||
all_selected = []
|
||||
for questions in selected_by_type.values():
|
||||
all_selected.extend(questions)
|
||||
|
||||
# 如果总数超过目标，需要进一步筛选
|
||||
if len(all_selected) > target_count:
|
||||
# 按综合质量评分排序
|
||||
scored_questions = [(q, self._calculate_quality_score(q)) for q in all_selected]
|
||||
scored_questions.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
|
||||
|
||||
all_selected = [q for q, score in scored_questions[:target_count]]
|
||||
|
||||
return all_selected
|
||||
|
||||
def _calculate_quality_score(self, question: Dict) -> float:
|
||||
"""计算题目质量评分"""
|
||||
score = 0.0
|
||||
|
||||
# 难度权重
|
||||
difficulty = question.get('difficulty', 1)
|
||||
score += difficulty * 2.0
|
||||
|
||||
# 知识层次权重
|
||||
level_weights = {
|
||||
'basic_concepts': 1.0,
|
||||
'simple_application': 2.0,
|
||||
'medium_application': 3.0,
|
||||
'complex_analysis': 4.0,
|
||||
'advanced_synthesis': 5.0
|
||||
}
|
||||
score += level_weights.get(question.get('knowledge_level', ''), 1.0)
|
||||
|
||||
# 题型权重（简答题和计算题更有价值）
|
||||
type_weights = {
|
||||
'short_answer': 2.0,
|
||||
'calculation': 2.0,
|
||||
'multiple_choice': 1.5,
|
||||
'true_false': 1.0
|
||||
}
|
||||
score += type_weights.get(question.get('question_type', ''), 1.0)
|
||||
|
||||
# 题目长度权重（更详细的题目更有价值）
|
||||
question_length = len(question.get('question', ''))
|
||||
if question_length > 100:
|
||||
score += 1.0
|
||||
elif question_length > 200:
|
||||
score += 2.0
|
||||
|
||||
return score
|
||||
|
||||
def analyze_selection_results(self, original_questions: List[Dict],
|
||||
selected_questions: List[Dict]) -> Dict:
|
||||
"""分析选择结果"""
|
||||
def get_distribution(questions):
|
||||
total = len(questions)
|
||||
if total == 0:
|
||||
return {}
|
||||
|
||||
dist = {
|
||||
'total': total,
|
||||
'by_type': Counter(q.get('question_type', '') for q in questions),
|
||||
'by_level': Counter(q.get('knowledge_level', '') for q in questions),
|
||||
'by_difficulty': Counter(q.get('difficulty', 0) for q in questions),
|
||||
'avg_difficulty': np.mean([q.get('difficulty', 0) for q in questions])
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# 转换为百分比
|
||||
for key in ['by_type', 'by_level', 'by_difficulty']:
|
||||
dist[key + '_pct'] = {
|
||||
k: v/total*100 for k, v in dist[key].items()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return dist
|
||||
|
||||
original_dist = get_distribution(original_questions)
|
||||
selected_dist = get_distribution(selected_questions)
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
'original': original_dist,
|
||||
'selected': selected_dist,
|
||||
'selection_ratio': len(selected_questions) / len(original_questions) if original_questions else 0,
|
||||
'difficulty_improvement': selected_dist['avg_difficulty'] - original_dist['avg_difficulty']
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
def print_selection_report(self, analysis_results: Dict):
|
||||
"""打印选择报告"""
|
||||
print("\n" + "="*60)
|
||||
print("题目筛选结果报告")
|
||||
print("="*60)
|
||||
|
||||
original = analysis_results['original']
|
||||
selected = analysis_results['selected']
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"\n📊 基本统计:")
|
||||
print(f"原始题目数: {original['total']}")
|
||||
print(f"筛选后题目数: {selected['total']}")
|
||||
print(f"筛选比例: {analysis_results['selection_ratio']:.1%}")
|
||||
print(f"平均难度提升: {analysis_results['difficulty_improvement']:.2f}")
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"\n📈 题型分布对比:")
|
||||
print(f"{'题型':<15} {'原始':<10} {'筛选后':<10} {'变化':<10}")
|
||||
print("-" * 50)
|
||||
|
||||
for qtype in ['calculation', 'short_answer', 'true_false', 'multiple_choice']:
|
||||
orig_pct = original['by_type_pct'].get(qtype, 0)
|
||||
sel_pct = selected['by_type_pct'].get(qtype, 0)
|
||||
change = sel_pct - orig_pct
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"{qtype:<15} {orig_pct:>7.1f}% {sel_pct:>8.1f}% {change:>+7.1f}%")
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"\n🎯 难度分布对比:")
|
||||
print(f"{'难度':<8} {'原始':<10} {'筛选后':<10} {'变化':<10}")
|
||||
print("-" * 40)
|
||||
|
||||
for diff in range(1, 6):
|
||||
orig_pct = original['by_difficulty_pct'].get(diff, 0)
|
||||
sel_pct = selected['by_difficulty_pct'].get(diff, 0)
|
||||
change = sel_pct - orig_pct
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"难度{diff:<3} {orig_pct:>7.1f}% {sel_pct:>8.1f}% {change:>+7.1f}%")
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def main_filter_questions():
|
||||
"""主函数：筛选高质量题目"""
|
||||
|
||||
# 文件路径
|
||||
INPUT_FILE = "/home/ubuntu/50T/LYT/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/step4_enhanced_classified_questions.json" # 分类后的题目文件
|
||||
OUTPUT_FILE = "/home/ubuntu/50T/LYT/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/step4_filtered_high_quality_questions.json" # 筛选后的输出文件
|
||||
ANALYSIS_FILE = "/home/ubuntu/50T/LYT/MatBench/layer2/PGEE/code/step4_selection_analysis.xlsx" # 分析报告
|
||||
|
||||
# 加载数据
|
||||
print("正在加载已分类的题目...")
|
||||
with open(INPUT_FILE, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
||||
all_questions = json.load(f)
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"加载了 {len(all_questions)} 道题目")
|
||||
|
||||
# 初始化筛选器
|
||||
selector = QuestionFilterAndSelector()
|
||||
|
||||
# 第一步：质量过滤
|
||||
print("\n第一步：按质量标准过滤题目...")
|
||||
filtered_questions = selector.filter_questions_by_quality(all_questions)
|
||||
print(f"质量过滤后剩余: {len(filtered_questions)} 道题目")
|
||||
|
||||
# 第二步：智能抽样
|
||||
print("\n第二步：智能抽样构建评测集...")
|
||||
target_count = 2000 # 目标题目数
|
||||
selected_questions = selector.smart_sample_questions(filtered_questions, target_count)
|
||||
print(f"最终选择: {len(selected_questions)} 道题目")
|
||||
|
||||
# 保存结果
|
||||
print(f"\n保存筛选结果到: {OUTPUT_FILE}")
|
||||
with open(OUTPUT_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
||||
json.dump(selected_questions, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
|
||||
|
||||
# 分析结果
|
||||
print("\n分析筛选结果...")
|
||||
analysis_results = selector.analyze_selection_results(all_questions, selected_questions)
|
||||
selector.print_selection_report(analysis_results)
|
||||
|
||||
# 导出详细分析
|
||||
try:
|
||||
df_original = pd.DataFrame(all_questions)
|
||||
df_selected = pd.DataFrame(selected_questions)
|
||||
|
||||
with pd.ExcelWriter(ANALYSIS_FILE, engine='openpyxl') as writer:
|
||||
df_selected.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='筛选结果', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
# 统计对比
|
||||
comparison_data = []
|
||||
for metric in ['question_type', 'knowledge_level', 'difficulty']:
|
||||
orig_dist = df_original[metric].value_counts(normalize=True) * 100
|
||||
sel_dist = df_selected[metric].value_counts(normalize=True) * 100
|
||||
|
||||
for category in set(orig_dist.index) | set(sel_dist.index):
|
||||
comparison_data.append({
|
||||
'维度': metric,
|
||||
'类别': category,
|
||||
'原始占比': orig_dist.get(category, 0),
|
||||
'筛选后占比': sel_dist.get(category, 0),
|
||||
'变化': sel_dist.get(category, 0) - orig_dist.get(category, 0)
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
pd.DataFrame(comparison_data).to_excel(writer, sheet_name='分布对比', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"详细分析已保存到: {ANALYSIS_FILE}")
|
||||
|
||||
except ImportError:
|
||||
print("提示: 安装pandas和openpyxl可生成详细分析报告")
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"\n✅ 筛选完成！")
|
||||
print(f"🎯 最终评测集: {len(selected_questions)} 道高质量题目")
|
||||
print(f"📈 平均难度提升: {analysis_results['difficulty_improvement']:.2f}")
|
||||
print(f"💾 结果文件: {OUTPUT_FILE}")
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
main_filter_questions()
|
||||
BIN
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_question_analysis.xlsx
Normal file
BIN
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_question_analysis.xlsx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_selection_analysis.xlsx
Normal file
BIN
layer2/PGEE/code/step4_selection_analysis.xlsx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
Reference in New Issue
Block a user