3202 lines
367 KiB
JSON
3202 lines
367 KiB
JSON
[
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{
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"idx": 1,
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"question": "What are the parameters used to quantitatively describe crystal structures?",
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"answer": "Unit cell parameters.",
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"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 1,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求用文字解释和论述晶体结构的定量描述参数，答案是一个概念性的简短回答而非计算或选择 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶体结构定量描述参数的基本概念记忆，属于基础概念记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对晶体结构基本参数的定义记忆，属于最基础的概念性知识。学生只需识别\"Unit cell parameters\"这一标准术语即可作答，无需任何解释或分析步骤，因此属于难度等级1。",
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||
"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "Unit cell parameters",
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"choice_question": "Which of the following are the parameters used to quantitatively describe crystal structures?",
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"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by rephrasing the question to ask for the correct option among choices."
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},
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{
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"idx": 2,
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"question": "What are the parameters used to qualitatively describe crystal structures?",
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"answer": "Symmetry axes, symmetry center, crystal system, lattice.",
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"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 1,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来回答，答案是一系列描述晶体结构的参数，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶体结构定性描述参数的基本概念记忆和理解，包括对称轴、对称中心、晶系和晶格等基础知识点，不涉及复杂应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求考生记忆并识别晶体结构的定性描述参数（对称轴、对称中心、晶系、晶格），属于基础概念的直接回忆，无需解释或复杂分析，符合等级1的基本定义简答标准。",
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"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "Symmetry axes, symmetry center, crystal system, lattice",
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||
"choice_question": "Which of the following are the parameters used to qualitatively describe crystal structures?",
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"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard set of terms that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
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},
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{
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"idx": 3,
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"question": "According to the nature of bonding forces, what are the types of bonding interactions in crystals?",
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"answer": "The bonding interactions in crystals can be classified into ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds, van der Waals bonds, and hydrogen bonds.",
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"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 1,
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"final_level": "Level_2",
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"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求根据键合力的性质分类晶体中的键合相互作用，答案需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查晶体中键合相互作用的基本分类，属于基础概念的记忆和理解，不需要复杂的分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于基础概念记忆类型，仅需要识别晶体中键合作用的基本分类（离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华力和氢键）。题目不涉及概念解释或复杂体系阐述，仅考察对定义性知识的直接回忆，因此属于最低难度等级。",
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||
"convertible": true,
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"correct_option": "ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds, van der Waals bonds, and hydrogen bonds",
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||
"choice_question": "According to the nature of bonding forces, which of the following are the types of bonding interactions in crystals?",
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||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard list of bonding interactions in crystals, which can be presented as options in a multiple-choice question."
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},
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{
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"idx": 4,
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"question": "The intercepts of a crystal plane on the x, y, and z axes are a/3, b/2, and c, respectively. Determine the Miller indices of this crystal plane.",
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"answer": "h:k:l=3:2:1, the Miller indices of this crystal plane are (321).",
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||
"question_type": "calculation",
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||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
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||
"difficulty": 2,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过计算晶体平面在x、y、z轴上的截距来确定Miller指数，需要应用公式和数值计算，最终得出具体数值结果(321)。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用Miller指数的基本计算公式，通过给定的截距直接套用公式进行计算，属于基本公式应用和简单计算的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要理解Miller指数的基本概念和计算方法，但解题步骤相对直接，只需将截距倒数比转换为最小整数比即可得到答案。不需要复杂的推导或多步骤计算，因此难度等级为2。",
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"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "(321)",
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"choice_question": "The intercepts of a crystal plane on the x, y, and z axes are a/3, b/2, and c, respectively. What are the Miller indices of this crystal plane?",
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"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific set of indices, which can be presented as a single correct option among multiple choices."
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},
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{
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"idx": 5,
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"question": "What are the two types of voids in the closest packing of equal spheres?",
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"answer": "The closest packing of equal spheres includes hexagonal close packing and face-centered cubic close packing.",
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"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 1,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和描述两种类型的空隙，答案提供了文字解释和论述，没有选项或计算要求。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对等径球体最密堆积中空隙类型的基本概念记忆，属于定义和分类层面的基础知识点，不需要复杂的分析或应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求记忆两种最密堆积类型的名称（六方最密堆积和面心立方最密堆积），属于基础概念记忆层面的直接提问，无需解释或分析步骤，符合等级1\"基本定义简答\"的标准。",
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"convertible": true,
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"correct_option": "hexagonal close packing and face-centered cubic close packing",
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"choice_question": "What are the two types of voids in the closest packing of equal spheres?",
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"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard terminology that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
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},
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{
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"idx": 6,
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"question": "A crystal plane has intercepts of 2a, 3b, and 6c on the X, y, and z axes respectively. Find the Miller indices of this crystal plane.",
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"answer": "h:k:1=2:3:6=3:2:1, the Miller indices of this crystal plane are (321).",
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||
"question_type": "calculation",
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||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
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||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
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||
"difficulty": 2,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用（Miller指数的计算步骤）来求解晶面的Miller指数，答案是一个具体的数值结果（321），属于典型的计算题特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用Miller指数的基本计算公式，通过给定的截距进行简单计算即可得到结果，属于直接套用公式的简单应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要理解Miller指数的基本概念和计算方法，但解题步骤相对直接，只需根据给定的截距应用公式进行简单计算即可得出答案。不需要复杂的推理或多步骤的公式组合，因此在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
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"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "(321)",
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||
"choice_question": "A crystal plane has intercepts of 2a, 3b, and 6c on the X, y, and z axes respectively. What are the Miller indices of this crystal plane?",
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||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific set of Miller indices (321), which can be presented as a clear and distinct option among other possible incorrect indices."
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||
},
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{
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"idx": 7,
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"question": "What are the characteristics of covalent bonds?",
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"answer": "The characteristics of covalent bonds are directionality and saturation, and the bonding force is also very strong.",
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"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
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||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 2,
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||
"final_level": "Level_3",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释共价键的特性，答案以文字论述的形式给出，没有选项、判断或计算要求 | 知识层次: 题目考查共价键的基本特性（方向性和饱和性）的记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生不仅记忆共价键的基本定义，还需要理解并描述其特性（方向性和饱和性）以及键的强度。这超出了简单的定义回忆（等级1），但尚未达到需要阐述复杂概念体系的程度（等级3）。因此属于概念解释和描述的中等难度。",
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"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "directionality and saturation, and the bonding force is also very strong",
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"choice_question": "Which of the following are characteristics of covalent bonds?",
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||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the characteristics of covalent bonds, which can be used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
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||
},
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{
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||
"idx": 8,
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"question": "What are the characteristics of metallic bonds?",
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"answer": "Metallic bonds are non-directional and non-saturated covalent bonds, where the binding force is the electrostatic Coulomb force between ions.",
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||
"question_type": "short_answer",
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||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
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||
"difficulty": 2,
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||
"final_level": "Level_3",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释金属键的特性，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查金属键的基本特性，属于基础概念的记忆和理解，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。题目要求考生理解并记忆金属键的基本特性（非方向性和非饱和性共价键），以及其作用力本质（离子间的静电库仑力）。虽然涉及多个概念，但都属于基础概念记忆层次，不需要复杂的分析或比较。因此，难度等级为2。",
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||
"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "Metallic bonds are non-directional and non-saturated covalent bonds, where the binding force is the electrostatic Coulomb force between ions.",
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||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of metallic bonds?",
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||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition of metallic bonds, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
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||
},
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||
{
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||
"idx": 9,
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||
"question": "Calculate the number of atoms in a face-centered cubic unit cell",
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||
"answer": "Number of atoms 4",
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||
"question_type": "calculation",
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||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算面心立方晶胞中的原子数），答案是一个具体的数值（4），解答过程需要应用材料科学中的晶体结构知识进行计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求计算面心立方晶胞中的原子数，这需要应用基本的晶体结构知识（面心立方晶胞的特点）和简单的数学计算（每个角原子和面心原子的贡献）。虽然需要理解晶胞结构的基本概念，但计算过程直接且不涉及多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用面心立方晶胞原子数的基本公式（4个原子），无需任何额外计算或概念组合。属于单一公式直接应用的等级1难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "4",
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||
"choice_question": "How many atoms are there in a face-centered cubic unit cell?",
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||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
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||
{
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||
"idx": 10,
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||
"question": "What are the characteristics of hydrogen bonds?",
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||
"answer": "A hydrogen bond is a bond formed between two atoms with relatively high electronegativity, and it possesses saturation.",
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||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
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||
"final_level": "Level_2",
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||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释氢键的特性，需要文字解释和论述，而不是从选项中选择或判断对错 | 知识层次: 题目考查氢键的基本定义和特性，属于基础概念的记忆和理解范畴，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求记忆氢键的基本定义和特性，属于基础概念记忆层次。正确选项直接描述了氢键的形成条件和饱和性，无需复杂推理或概念间的比较分析。因此，在选择题型内属于基本定义简答的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
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||
"correct_option": "A hydrogen bond is a bond formed between two atoms with relatively high electronegativity, and it possesses saturation.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of hydrogen bonds?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition or concept, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 11,
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||
"question": "What are the characteristics of van der Waals bonds?",
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||
"answer": "Van der Waals bonds are formed through molecular forces, and the molecular forces are very weak.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释van der Waals bonds的特性，答案提供了文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对范德华键基本特征的定义和记忆，属于基础概念的理解层面 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求记忆和识别范德华键的基本定义和特征，属于基础概念记忆层次。正确选项直接描述了范德华键的形成方式和强度，无需复杂推理或概念间的比较分析，因此属于最简单的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Van der Waals bonds are formed through molecular forces, and the molecular forces are very weak.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of van der Waals bonds?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of van der Waals bonds, which can be used as the correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 12,
|
||
"question": "How many tetrahedral voids and octahedral voids are there around a sphere?",
|
||
"answer": "There are 8 tetrahedral voids and 6 octahedral voids around a sphere.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和论述四面体空隙和八面体空隙的数量，答案以文字形式给出，没有涉及计算或选择。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶体结构中四面体空隙和八面体空隙数量的记忆，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于基本定义简答难度。题目仅要求记忆晶体结构中四面体空隙和八面体空隙的数量，不需要解释或分析概念，属于最基础的概念记忆层次。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "There are 8 tetrahedral voids and 6 octahedral voids around a sphere.",
|
||
"choice_question": "How many tetrahedral voids and octahedral voids are there around a sphere?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific and standard statement, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format where the correct option can be clearly identified."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 13,
|
||
"question": "When n equal-sized spheres are closely packed, how many tetrahedral voids and octahedral voids can be formed?",
|
||
"answer": "When n equal-sized spheres are closely packed, 2n tetrahedral voids and n octahedral voids can be formed.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和论述在紧密堆积情况下形成的四面体空隙和八面体空隙的数量，答案需要文字描述而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对紧密堆积中空隙类型和数量的基本概念记忆，属于定义和基本原理的记忆性知识 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生掌握紧密堆积中四面体空隙和八面体空隙的数量关系，这比单纯记忆定义或分类要复杂一些。题目要求考生理解并应用基本原理，而不仅仅是简单的定义回忆。因此，在选择题型内，该题目属于等级2的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "2n tetrahedral voids and n octahedral voids",
|
||
"choice_question": "When n equal-sized spheres are closely packed, how many tetrahedral voids and octahedral voids can be formed?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard and specific statement that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 14,
|
||
"question": "What are the characteristics of ionic bonds?",
|
||
"answer": "The characteristics of ionic bonds are the absence of directionality and saturation, with very strong bonding forces.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释离子键的特性，答案提供了文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对离子键基本特性的记忆和理解，属于基础概念层面的知识，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但正确选项要求考生不仅知道离子键的基本定义，还需要理解其特性（如无方向性和无饱和性）以及较强的键合力。这比单纯记忆定义（等级1）要求更高，但尚未达到需要阐述复杂概念体系（等级3）的程度。因此，该题目在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The absence of directionality and saturation, with very strong bonding forces.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following are characteristics of ionic bonds?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of ionic bonds, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 15,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the coordination number in a face-centered cubic unit cell",
|
||
"answer": "Coordination number 6",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求计算面心立方晶胞中的配位数，需要通过数值计算和晶体学知识来得出具体数值（6），属于需要应用公式和计算的问题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求计算面心立方晶胞的配位数，这需要应用基本的晶体结构知识，属于基本公式应用和简单计算的范畴。虽然需要理解配位数的概念，但计算过程直接且单一，不涉及多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于单一公式直接计算的难度等级。题目要求计算面心立方晶胞的配位数，这是一个基础概念，只需直接应用已知的配位数数值（对于面心立方结构为12）即可得出答案。虽然正确选项给出的是错误的配位数（应为12而非6），但题目本身的解题过程仅涉及记忆和直接应用单一知识点，无需复杂计算或多步骤推理。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a choice in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 16,
|
||
"question": "How are unequal-sized spheres packed?",
|
||
"answer": "In the close packing of unequal-sized spheres, it can be considered that the larger spheres are first closely packed as equal-sized spheres, and then the smaller spheres are filled into the gaps according to their sizes. Slightly larger small spheres fill the octahedral voids, while slightly smaller small spheres fill the tetrahedral voids, forming the close packing of unequal-sized spheres.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对不等径球体的紧密堆积方式进行文字解释和论述，答案提供了详细的描述和解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查的是对不等径球体紧密堆积的基本概念和原理的理解，属于基础概念的记忆和解释，不需要复杂的计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及基础概念记忆，但需要理解并描述不等径球体的紧密堆积方式，包括大球体的紧密堆积和小球体填充空隙的具体情况（八面体空隙和四面体空隙）。这比单纯记忆定义或分类（等级1）要求更高的概念解释能力，但尚未达到复杂概念体系阐述（等级3）的深度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "In the close packing of unequal-sized spheres, it can be considered that the larger spheres are first closely packed as equal-sized spheres, and then the smaller spheres are filled into the gaps according to their sizes. Slightly larger small spheres fill the octahedral voids, while slightly smaller small spheres fill the tetrahedral voids, forming the close packing of unequal-sized spheres.",
|
||
"choice_question": "How are unequal-sized spheres packed?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of a concept, which can be used as the correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 17,
|
||
"question": "Write the coordinates of all nodes on the unit parallelepiped of the face-centered cubic lattice.",
|
||
"answer": "All nodes on the unit parallelepiped of the face-centered cubic lattice are: (000), (001), (100), (101), (110), (010), (011), (111), (1/2 0 1/2), (0 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1/2 0), (1 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1 1/2).",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出面心立方晶格单位平行六面体上所有节点的坐标，答案需要列举具体的坐标点，属于需要文字解释和列举的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对面心立方晶格单位平行六面体节点坐标的记忆和理解，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目要求记忆面心立方晶格单位平行六面体上所有节点的坐标，但需要掌握面心立方晶格的基本结构和节点分布规律。解题步骤相对简单，只需根据面心立方晶格的定义和对称性列举出所有节点坐标即可。然而，由于涉及多个坐标点的记忆和分类，对基础概念的记忆和理解有一定要求，因此难度略高于基本定义简答。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目要求写出面心立方晶格单位平行六面体上所有节点的坐标，答案涉及多个具体的坐标点，无法简化为一个标准术语或概念，也不适合用单选题的形式呈现。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 18,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the packing coefficient in a face-centered cubic unit cell",
|
||
"answer": "Atomic packing coefficient APC=(4×(4/3)πr^3)/(2√2r)^3=74.05%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算面心立方晶胞的堆积系数），答案给出了具体的计算公式和计算结果（74.05%），符合计算题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目要求应用基本公式（球体积公式和立方体体积公式）进行直接计算，并套用到面心立方晶胞的具体结构中。虽然需要理解晶胞结构和原子堆积的概念，但计算过程相对直接，属于基本公式应用和简单计算的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要理解面心立方晶胞的结构和原子堆积系数的概念，但解题步骤相对直接，只需套用给定的公式进行计算即可。不需要多个公式的组合或复杂的推导过程，因此难度等级为2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "74.05%",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the packing coefficient in a face-centered cubic unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 19,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the number of atoms in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell",
|
||
"answer": "Number of atoms 6",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算六方密堆积晶胞中的原子数），答案是一个具体的数值结果（6），需要通过公式应用和计算过程来得出答案 | 知识层次: 题目要求计算六方密堆积晶胞中的原子数，这需要应用基本的晶体学知识和简单的数学计算。虽然需要理解六方密堆积的结构特点，但计算过程直接且不涉及多步推理或复杂分析，属于基本公式应用和简单计算的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用基本公式（六方密堆积晶胞原子数计算公式）进行简单计算，无需复杂步骤或多公式组合。属于单一公式直接计算的等级1难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the number of atoms in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 20,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the packing coefficient in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell",
|
||
"answer": "Atomic packing coefficient APC=(6×(4/3)πa^3)/((3√3a^2/2)√8)=74.05%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，以得出原子堆积系数（packing coefficient）的具体数值。答案是通过一系列数学运算得出的百分比结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用几何公式和原子堆积原理进行多步计算，涉及对六方密堆积结构的理解以及相关参数的关联分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解六方密堆积结构的基本概念，掌握原子半径与晶格参数的关系，并能够正确应用几何公式进行多步骤计算。虽然题目给出了计算公式，但需要考生具备综合分析能力才能正确理解并应用这些公式。相比简单的概念选择题，此题涉及的计算步骤和概念关联更为复杂，但尚未达到需要处理多变量或极端复杂计算的等级4难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "74.05%",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the atomic packing coefficient in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 21,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the coordination number in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell",
|
||
"answer": "Coordination number 6",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求计算六方密堆积晶胞中的配位数，需要通过数值计算和公式应用来得出答案（Coordination number 6）。 | 知识层次: 题目要求计算六方密堆积晶胞中的配位数，这需要应用基本的晶体学知识，但计算过程相对直接，仅涉及基本公式应用和简单计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接应用基本公式（六方密堆积的配位数固定为12），无需任何计算或复杂步骤。题目给出的正确选项\"Coordination number 6\"实际上是错误的（六方密堆积的正确配位数应为12），但即使如此，这仍属于最简单的记忆性题目类型，只需记住单一知识点即可作答。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the coordination number in a hexagonal close-packed unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a single correct option among multiple choices."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 22,
|
||
"question": "According to the radius ratio relationship, what is the coordination number when Si4+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rSi4+=0.039nm.",
|
||
"answer": "For Si4+, r+/r-=0.039/0.132=0.295; based on the relationship between cation coordination number and cation-anion radius ratio, the coordination number is 4.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求根据给定的离子半径计算半径比，并应用半径比与配位数的关系来确定配位数。解答过程涉及数值计算和公式应用，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用半径比关系进行简单计算，直接套用公式即可得出结果，无需多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要应用半径比关系来确定配位数，但解题步骤相对直接，仅涉及单一公式的简单计算和直接套用。不需要复杂的推理或多步骤分析，因此难度等级为2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "4",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the radius ratio relationship, what is the coordination number when Si4+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rSi4+=0.039nm.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer to the calculation question is a specific numerical value (4), which can be directly used as the correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 23,
|
||
"question": "Based on the radius ratio relationship, determine the coordination number of K+ when coordinated with O2-. Given rO2-=0.132nm and rK+=0.131nm.",
|
||
"answer": "For K+, r+/r-=0.131/0.132=0.99; according to the relationship between cation coordination number and the radius ratio of positive to negative ions, the coordination number is 8.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于半径比关系进行计算，以确定K+的配位数。解答过程中需要进行数值计算（r+/r- = 0.131/0.132 = 0.99）并应用半径比与配位数的关系规则。答案是一个具体的数值结果（配位数为8），符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的半径比计算和直接套用协调数与半径比的关系表，属于基本公式应用和简单计算范畴，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用半径比公式进行计算，解题步骤简单且单一，属于最基础的难度等级。学生只需掌握半径比与配位数之间的基本关系，并进行简单的除法运算即可得出正确答案，无需复杂的分析或多步骤推理。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "8",
|
||
"choice_question": "Based on the radius ratio relationship, what is the coordination number of K+ when coordinated with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm and rK+=0.131nm.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation leads to a specific numerical answer (8), which can be presented as a choice among other plausible coordination numbers."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 24,
|
||
"question": "The metal magnesium atoms form a hexagonal close packing, and its density is measured to be $1.74\\\\mathrm{g/cm}^{3}$. Find the volume of its unit cell.",
|
||
"answer": "Let the volume of the unit cell be V, and the relative atomic mass be M. Then the unit cell volume $$V={\\\\frac{n M}{M_{0}\\\\rho}}={\\\\frac{6\\\\times24}{6.023\\\\times10^{23}\\\\times1.74}}=1.37\\\\times10^{-22}\\\\quad\\\\mathrm{\\\\quad\\\\quad}$$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解单位晶胞的体积，答案给出了具体的计算过程和数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式的应用和简单计算，需要理解六方密堆积结构中原子的排列方式以及密度的定义，但不需要多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要应用密度公式和单位晶胞体积的计算公式，但解题步骤相对直接，仅需套用给定公式并进行简单的数值计算。不需要多个公式的组合或复杂的逻辑推理，因此属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1.37×10⁻²² cm³",
|
||
"choice_question": "The metal magnesium atoms form a hexagonal close packing, and its density is measured to be 1.74 g/cm³. What is the volume of its unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 25,
|
||
"question": "In CaO, the unit cell parameter a=0.480 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. Find the radius of O2-. The radius of Ca2+ is known to be 0.107 nm.",
|
||
"answer": "In CaO, a=0.480 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. a=2(r+ + r-), therefore rO2-=(0.480 nm / 2) - 0.107 nm = 0.097 nm.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的参数和公式进行数值计算，最终得出O2-的半径。解答过程涉及单位换算和简单的代数运算，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的公式应用和简单计算，只需要直接套用已知的半径和晶格参数关系公式进行计算，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。题目直接给出了单位晶胞参数和离子半径的关系公式（a=2(r+ + r-)），只需简单代入已知数值进行计算即可得出答案。虽然需要理解离子半径的概念和晶胞参数的关系，但解题步骤直接且无需复杂的推理或组合多个公式，因此在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.097 nm",
|
||
"choice_question": "In CaO, the unit cell parameter a=0.480 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. The radius of Ca2+ is known to be 0.107 nm. What is the radius of O2-?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 26,
|
||
"question": "According to the closest packing principle, the higher the space utilization, the more stable the structure. The space utilization of the diamond structure is very low (only 34.01%), why is it also very stable?",
|
||
"answer": "The closest packing principle is based on the spherical symmetry and non-directionality of the electron cloud distribution of particles, so it only applies to typical ionic crystals and metallic crystals, and cannot be used to measure the stability of atomic crystals. In addition, the number of single bonds in diamond is 4, meaning each atom is surrounded by 4 single bonds (or atoms), forming a three-dimensional structure through covalent bonding of tetrahedra sharing vertices. Therefore, although the space utilization of the diamond structure is very low (only 34.01%), it is still very stable.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么金刚石结构在空间利用率低的情况下仍然非常稳定，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，涉及电子云分布、晶体类型和共价键结构等概念，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目不仅要求理解最密堆积原理和空间利用率的基本概念，还需要分析其适用范围和局限性。此外，需要深入解释金刚石结构的稳定性机制，涉及共价键的方向性和三维网络结构的形成，这需要综合运用多个概念并进行推理分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The closest packing principle is based on the spherical symmetry and non-directionality of the electron cloud distribution of particles, so it only applies to typical ionic crystals and metallic crystals, and cannot be used to measure the stability of atomic crystals. In addition, the number of single bonds in diamond is 4, meaning each atom is surrounded by 4 single bonds (or atoms), forming a three-dimensional structure through covalent bonding of tetrahedra sharing vertices. Therefore, although the space utilization of the diamond structure is very low (only 34.01%), it is still very stable.",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the closest packing principle, the higher the space utilization, the more stable the structure. The space utilization of the diamond structure is very low (only 34.01%), why is it also very stable?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a detailed explanation that can be condensed into a single correct option among plausible distractors, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 27,
|
||
"question": "According to the radius ratio rule, what is the coordination number when Mg2+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rMg2+=0.078nm.",
|
||
"answer": "For Mg2+, r+/r-=0.078/0.132=0.59; based on the relationship between cation coordination number and cation-anion radius ratio, the coordination number is 6.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求根据给定的离子半径计算半径比，并应用半径比规则确定配位数。解答过程涉及数值计算和公式应用。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用半径比规则进行简单的数值计算，并直接套用已知的半径比与配位数关系表得出结果。虽然涉及基本概念的理解，但主要考察的是基本公式的直接应用和简单计算能力，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要应用半径比规则进行计算，但仅涉及单一公式的直接套用和简单除法运算，无需多个步骤或复杂分析。因此，在选择题型内属于较低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the radius ratio rule, what is the coordination number when Mg2+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rMg2+=0.078nm.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value (6), which can be presented as a choice in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 28,
|
||
"question": "In MgS, the unit cell parameter a=0.5201 nm, and the anions are in contact with each other. Calculate the radius of S2-.",
|
||
"answer": "In MgS, a=0.5201 nm, and the anions are in contact with each other, a=2√2 r-, thus rS2-=0.5201 nm / (2√2) = 0.177 nm.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，具体涉及单位晶胞参数和离子半径的计算，答案也是通过数学运算得出的具体数值。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式的直接应用和简单计算，即通过给定的晶胞参数和几何关系（a=2√2 r-）来计算离子半径，不需要多步计算或复杂的概念关联。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用单一公式（a=2√2 r-）进行计算，解题步骤简单且直接，无需多个公式组合或复杂分析。属于最基础的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.177 nm",
|
||
"choice_question": "In MgS, the unit cell parameter a=0.5201 nm, and the anions are in contact with each other. What is the radius of S2-?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation yields a specific numerical answer, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 29,
|
||
"question": "Calculate whether the valence of I- in CdI2 crystal is saturated?",
|
||
"answer": "In CdI2 crystal, the coordination number (CN) of Cd2+ is 6. I is connected to three Cd2+ on the same side, and the coordination number (CN) of I is 3. Therefore, CN ∑i(z+/CN)=1=1z−1, meaning the valence of I− is saturated.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来判断I-在CdI2晶体中的价态是否饱和，答案提供了详细的解释和计算过程，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解配位数和价态饱和的概念，并进行多步计算和综合分析，涉及概念关联和中等程度的思维过程。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于较高难度，题目要求考生不仅要理解晶体结构中的配位数概念，还需要进行多步计算和综合分析。具体来说，考生需要：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "题目涉及晶体结构和配位数的详细解释，答案需要详细描述和计算过程，不适合简化为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 30,
|
||
"question": "Why is the transformation temperature between different series of quartz variants much higher than that between variants of the same series?",
|
||
"answer": "The transformation within the same series of quartz is a displacive transformation, which does not involve the breaking and rebuilding of bonds in the crystal structure, but only the adjustment of bond lengths and angles, requiring lower energy and being rapidly reversible. In contrast, transformations between different series are reconstructive, involving the breaking of old bonds and the formation of new ones, thus requiring higher energy and proceeding at a slower rate. Therefore, the transformation temperature between different series of quartz is much higher than that between variants of the same series.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释石英变体之间转化温度差异的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释石英变体间相变温度的差异，涉及位移型相变和重建型相变的机理分析，需要综合运用晶体结构、相变类型和能量变化等知识进行推理和解释，思维过程较为深入。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅要理解石英变体之间的转变类型（位移型转变和重建型转变），还需要深入掌握这两种转变在晶体结构、键合状态和能量需求方面的本质区别。正确选项涉及复杂的晶体学机理分析，需要综合运用材料科学、热力学和动力学知识进行推理判断。这种在选择题中要求对复杂现象进行全面机理解释的题目，在选择题型内属于最高认知难度的考查类型。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The transformation within the same series of quartz is a displacive transformation, which does not involve the breaking and rebuilding of bonds in the crystal structure, but only the adjustment of bond lengths and angles, requiring lower energy and being rapidly reversible. In contrast, transformations between different series are reconstructive, involving the breaking of old bonds and the formation of new ones, thus requiring higher energy and proceeding at a slower rate. Therefore, the transformation temperature between different series of quartz is much higher than that between variants of the same series.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why is the transformation temperature between different series of quartz variants much higher than that between variants of the same series?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a detailed explanation that can be summarized into a single correct option, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 31,
|
||
"question": "In CaS, the unit cell parameter a=0.567 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. Calculate the radius of Ca2+. The radius of S2- is known to be 0.177 nm.",
|
||
"answer": "In CaS, a=0.567 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other, a=2(r+ + r-), therefore rCa2+=(0.567 nm / 2) - 0.177 nm = 0.107 nm.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算，应用给定的公式（a=2(r+ + r-)）来求解Ca2+的半径，答案是一个具体的数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的公式应用和简单计算，只需要直接套用已知的半径公式进行计算即可，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用单一公式（a=2(r+ + r-)）进行简单计算即可得出答案，无需额外的概念理解或步骤组合。属于最基础的直接计算类型。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.107 nm",
|
||
"choice_question": "In CaS, the unit cell parameter a=0.567 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. The radius of S2- is known to be 0.177 nm. Calculate the radius of Ca2+.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation yields a specific numerical answer (0.107 nm), which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 32,
|
||
"question": "Compare the unit cell parameter values obtained from density calculations with those calculated from ionic radii.",
|
||
"answer": "Calculated from ionic radii: a=2(r₊+r₋)=0.414 nm ∴ a₀ < a",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求比较通过密度计算和离子半径计算得到的晶胞参数值，答案中涉及数值计算和公式应用（a=2(r₊+r₋)），并给出了具体的计算结果（0.414 nm）和比较结论（a₀ < a）。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算（密度计算和离子半径计算），并需要对计算结果进行比较分析，涉及概念关联和综合分析能力 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解离子半径与晶胞参数的关系，并进行多步计算和比较分析。题目要求将密度计算得到的晶胞参数与离子半径计算得到的参数进行比较，涉及多个概念的综合应用和计算步骤。虽然不涉及复杂多变量计算，但需要较强的综合分析能力。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "题目要求比较通过密度计算和离子半径计算的晶胞参数值，答案涉及具体计算过程和比较结果，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 33,
|
||
"question": "In MgO, the unit cell parameter a=0.420 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. Calculate the radius of Mg2+. The radius of O2- is known to be 0.097 nm.",
|
||
"answer": "In MgO, a=0.420 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. a=2(r+ + r-), therefore rMg2+=(0.420 nm / 2) - 0.097 nm = 0.113 nm.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解Mg2+的半径，答案给出了具体的计算过程和结果。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的公式应用和简单计算，只需要直接套用已知的半径关系和单位晶胞参数进行计算，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用单一公式（a=2(r+ + r-)）进行计算，解题步骤简单明了，无需复杂的推理或多步骤操作。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.113 nm",
|
||
"choice_question": "In MgO, the unit cell parameter a=0.420 nm, and the anions and cations are in contact with each other. The radius of O2- is known to be 0.097 nm. Calculate the radius of Mg2+.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format with the correct option being the calculated radius of Mg2+."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 34,
|
||
"question": "According to the rules of ionic compound formation, when all octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted in the interstitial sites? Please provide examples.",
|
||
"answer": "The ratio of cation to anion valences should be 1:1, such as NaCl.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释离子化合物形成规则，并提供例子，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对离子化合物形成规则的基本应用，需要理解八面体间隙填充的价态规则，并给出具体例子。虽然涉及一定的概念理解，但主要是直接应用基本原理，不需要多步计算或复杂分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单应用难度。题目直接考察对离子化合物形成规则的基本理解，只需套用已知的1:1价态比例规则即可选出正确答案。解题步骤简单明确，不需要复杂分析或计算，符合选择题型中对基本知识点直接应用的考查要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The ratio of cation to anion valences should be 1:1, such as NaCl.",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the rules of ionic compound formation, when all octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted in the interstitial sites?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept with a clear example, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 35,
|
||
"question": "Lithium fluoride (LiF) has a NaCl-type structure, and its measured density is 2.6 g/cm³. Based on this data, calculate the unit cell parameter.",
|
||
"answer": "Assuming the volume of the unit cell is V and the relative atomic mass is M, for the NaCl-type structure, n=4. Then the unit cell volume V = (n M)/(N0ρ) = (4×26)/(6.023×10²³×2.6) = 6.64×10⁻²³ cm³. Therefore, the unit cell parameter: a₀ = ³√V = 0.405 nm.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于给定的密度和晶体结构类型，通过数值计算和公式应用（如单位晶胞体积公式）来求解晶胞参数。答案展示了具体的计算步骤和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式的应用和简单计算，需要根据给定的密度和晶体结构类型计算晶胞参数。虽然需要理解NaCl型结构的基本特征和单位晶胞中的原子数，但整体上是一个直接套用公式的计算过程，不需要多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。虽然需要理解NaCl型结构的基本概念和密度计算公式，但解题步骤相对直接，仅需套用单一公式（V = (n M)/(N0ρ)）并进行简单计算即可得出结果。不需要多个公式组合或复杂的概念分析，因此在选择题型内属于较低难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.405 nm",
|
||
"choice_question": "Lithium fluoride (LiF) has a NaCl-type structure, and its measured density is 2.6 g/cm³. Based on this data, the unit cell parameter is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 36,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the ratio of octahedral void number to O2- number",
|
||
"answer": "The ratio of octahedral void number to O2- number is 1:1",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算八面体空隙数与O2-离子数的比例），答案是一个具体的数值比例（1:1），这符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的晶体结构概念（八面体空隙和氧离子数量）和简单的比例计算，属于直接套用基本公式和概念的应用层面，不需要多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用基本公式进行计算，属于单一公式直接计算的难度等级。题目明确给出了正确选项，且解题步骤简单，无需复杂的推理或多步骤计算。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1:1",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the ratio of octahedral void number to O2- number?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific ratio (1:1), which can be presented as a clear option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 37,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the ratio of the number of tetrahedral voids to the number of O2- ions",
|
||
"answer": "The ratio of the number of tetrahedral voids to the number of O2- ions is 2:1",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算（计算四面体空隙与O2-离子的数量比），答案给出了具体的计算结果（2:1），这符合计算题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目要求计算四面体空隙与O2-离子数量的比值，这属于基本公式应用和简单计算，直接套用晶体结构中的空隙比例知识即可得出结果，不需要多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需直接应用基本公式（四面体空隙数与阴离子数的比例关系）进行简单计算，无需复杂推理或多步骤操作。属于单一公式直接计算的类型，因此难度等级为1。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "2:1",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the ratio of the number of tetrahedral voids to the number of O2- ions?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific ratio (2:1), which can be presented as a clear option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 38,
|
||
"question": "MgO and CaO both belong to the NaCl-type structure, but when they react with water, CaO is more reactive than MgO. Please explain.",
|
||
"answer": "Because ${r_{i\\\\parallel_{g}}}^{2+}$ and ${r_{C a}}^{21}$ are different, $r_{\\\\tt C a2+}>r_{\\\\tt B_{\\\\tt B}2+}$, making the structure of CaO looser than that of $\\\\mathrm{Mg0}$, allowing $\\\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\\\mathrm{0}$ to enter more easily, hence more reactive.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释MgO和CaO反应活性的差异，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，涉及离子半径差异和结构松紧度对反应性的影响，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释MgO和CaO在反应活性上的差异，涉及离子半径对晶体结构的影响以及与水反应机理的分析。需要综合运用晶体结构知识、离子半径效应和化学反应活性等多方面知识进行推理和解释，思维过程较为深入。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅理解MgO和CaO的晶体结构差异，还需要分析离子半径对结构紧密度的影响，并进一步推导出水分子进入晶格的难易程度与反应活性的关系。这需要综合运用晶体结构知识、离子半径效应以及化学反应机理的解释能力，属于复杂现象全面分析的层次。选择题型中，此类题目对知识深度和推理能力的要求较高，因此评为等级5。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目要求解释化学反应活性的差异，涉及具体的离子半径和结构分析，答案较为复杂且需要详细解释，不适合简化为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 39,
|
||
"question": "Calculate whether the valence of O2- in CaTiO3 crystal is saturated?",
|
||
"answer": "In CaTiO3 crystal, the coordination number of Ca2+ CN=12, the coordination number of Ti4+ CN=6, and the coordination number of O2- CN=6, so CN ∑i(z+/CN)=2=|z−|, that is, the valence of O2- is saturated.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来判断O2-在CaTiO3晶体中的价态是否饱和，答案提供了详细的解释和计算过程，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解晶体结构中离子的配位数和价态饱和的概念，并进行多步计算和综合分析，涉及多个知识点的关联和简单推理。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目要求计算O2-在CaTiO3晶体中的价态是否饱和，涉及多个离子的配位数计算和价态平衡的综合分析。虽然解题步骤较为明确，但需要掌握晶体化学中的配位数概念和价态平衡原理，并进行多步计算和概念关联。在选择题型中，这种题目要求考生具备一定的综合分析能力，但不需要进行多角度或深度关联性分析，因此属于等级3难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "题目要求计算和判断O2-在CaTiO3晶体中的价态是否饱和，答案涉及具体的晶体结构和配位数计算，不适合转换为单选题格式。简答题的答案需要详细解释和计算过程，无法简化为单一选项。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 40,
|
||
"question": "According to the rules of ionic valence, when all tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be filled in the interstitial sites, and provide an example.",
|
||
"answer": "The ratio of cation to anion valences should be 1:2, such as CaF2.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释离子价规则并举例说明，答案需要文字解释和论述，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求根据离子价规则推断间隙位填充的阳离子价态，并举例说明。这需要理解离子价规则并应用到具体晶体结构中，涉及多步推理和概念关联，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度，因为它不仅要求考生掌握离子价态的基本规则，还需要理解四面体间隙填充的条件，并能进行多步计算和概念关联。此外，题目还要求考生能够举出具体的例子（如CaF2），这需要综合分析和应用知识的能力。这些要求超出了基础记忆和简单应用，属于中等应用层次的多角度分析论述。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The ratio of cation to anion valences should be 1:2, such as CaF2.",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the rules of ionic valence, when all tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be filled in the interstitial sites?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept with a clear example, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 41,
|
||
"question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valency cations should be inserted into the interstitial sites, and provide an example to illustrate.",
|
||
"answer": "The ratio of cation to anion valency should be 1:1, such as ZnS.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释电价规则并举例说明，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解电价规则并应用到具体情境中，涉及多步推理和概念关联，如确定填隙位置与离子价态的关系，并举例说明。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，题目要求理解电价规则并能够应用该规则进行多步计算和概念关联。需要综合分析填充一半四面体间隙位时阳离子的价态选择，并给出具体实例（如ZnS）来说明。虽然涉及多个概念和步骤，但在选择题型中通过选项可以辅助判断，因此难度适中。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The ratio of cation to anion valency should be 1:1, such as ZnS.",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valency cations should be inserted into the interstitial sites?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept with a clear example, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 42,
|
||
"question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted into the interstices, and provide examples to illustrate.",
|
||
"answer": "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 1:2, such as TiO2.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释电价规则并举例说明，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解电价规则并应用到具体情境中，涉及多步推理和概念关联，如计算价态比例并举例说明，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解电价规则、间隙位置填充比例以及阴阳离子价态比等多个概念，并进行综合分析。题目要求考生不仅掌握基本概念，还要能够应用这些概念进行多步计算和关联分析，如通过TiO2的例子来说明1:2的价态比。这比单纯记忆知识点或简单应用要复杂，但相比需要多角度分析或深度关联性分析的题目，其难度适中。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The valence ratio of anions to cations should be 1:2, such as TiO2.",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the电价规则, when half of the octahedral interstitial sites are filled, what valence cations should be inserted into the interstices?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept with a clear example, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 43,
|
||
"question": "According to the radius ratio relationship, what is the coordination number when Al3+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rAl3+=0.057nm.",
|
||
"answer": "For Al3+, r+/r-=0.057/0.132=0.43; based on the relationship between cation coordination number and the radius ratio of positive to negative ions, the coordination number is 6.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的离子半径进行数值计算（r+/r-比值），并根据半径比关系确定配位数。解答过程涉及具体计算步骤和公式应用，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及半径比的计算和基本配位数关系的直接应用，属于基本公式套用和简单计算范畴，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于单一公式直接计算的难度等级。题目仅需应用半径比公式（r+/r-）进行简单计算，并根据给定的半径比直接查表或记忆对应的配位数。无需多个公式组合或复杂推理，解题步骤简单直接，属于基础知识的简单应用。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6",
|
||
"choice_question": "According to the radius ratio relationship, what is the coordination number when Al3+ coordinates with O2-? Given rO2-=0.132nm, rAl3+=0.057nm.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value (6), which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 44,
|
||
"question": "Barium titanate is an important ferroelectric ceramic, and its crystal type is perovskite structure. What lattice does it belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "It belongs to the cubic crystal system",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来回答问题，答案是一个简短的陈述，而不是从多个选项中选择或进行数值计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对钛酸钡晶体结构类型的基础概念记忆，仅需回答其所属晶系，不涉及复杂分析或应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对基础概念的记忆，即钡钛矿的晶体结构类型。题目直接给出了正确选项，无需进行复杂的分析或推理，属于最基本的知识点掌握要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "It belongs to the cubic crystal system",
|
||
"choice_question": "Barium titanate is an important ferroelectric ceramic, and its crystal type is perovskite structure. What lattice does it belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term (cubic crystal system), which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 45,
|
||
"question": "Barium titanate is an important ferroelectric ceramic with a perovskite crystal structure. What are the coordination numbers of the ions in this structure?",
|
||
"answer": "The coordination numbers of Ba²⁺, Ti⁴⁺, and O²⁻ are 12, 6, and 6, respectively.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释离子在晶体结构中的配位数，答案需要文字描述而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对钙钛矿晶体结构中离子配位数的记忆和理解，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对基础概念的记忆，即Barium titanate晶体结构中各离子的配位数。不需要进行复杂的分析或推理，只需直接回忆相关知识即可选择正确答案。因此，属于基本定义简答的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Ba²⁺: 12, Ti⁴⁺: 6, O²⁻: 6",
|
||
"choice_question": "What are the coordination numbers of the ions in the perovskite crystal structure of barium titanate?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific set of coordination numbers for each ion, which can be presented as a distinct option among other plausible but incorrect coordination numbers."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 46,
|
||
"question": "What is the basis for the classification of silicate crystals?",
|
||
"answer": "Silicate crystals are mainly classified based on the arrangement and bonding manner of [Si04] in the structure.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释硅酸盐晶体的分类基础，答案需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐晶体分类基础概念的记忆和理解，主要涉及硅氧四面体[Si04]在结构中的排列和键合方式这一基本原理。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求考生记忆并识别硅酸盐晶体分类的基本依据，即[Si04]的排列和键合方式。这属于基础概念记忆层次，无需复杂推理或分析，解题步骤简单直接。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "the arrangement and bonding manner of [Si04] in the structure",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the basis for the classification of silicate crystals?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 47,
|
||
"question": "Into which categories can silicate crystals be classified?",
|
||
"answer": "Silicate crystals can be specifically classified into five categories: island, group, chain, layer, and framework.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对硅酸盐晶体进行分类，并需要文字解释和论述，答案提供了具体的分类名称，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐晶体分类的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求记忆硅酸盐晶体的五种基本分类（岛状、群状、链状、层状和架状），属于基础概念的直接回忆。不需要解释或分析，只需识别正确选项，因此属于最简单的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "island, group, chain, layer, and framework",
|
||
"choice_question": "Into which categories can silicate crystals be classified?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard list of categories, which can be presented as options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 48,
|
||
"question": "What are the structural characteristics of island silicates?",
|
||
"answer": "The structural characteristics of island silicates: [Si04] shares 0 O2-, the shape is tetrahedral, the complex anion group is [Si04], and the Si:O ratio is 1:4.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释岛状硅酸盐的结构特征，答案提供了详细的文字描述和论述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对岛状硅酸盐结构特征的基本概念记忆和理解，包括[Si04]的共享氧离子数、形状、复杂阴离子团和Si:O比例等基础知识点，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于基本定义简答的难度等级。题目要求回答岛状硅酸盐的结构特征，正确选项直接给出了具体的结构特征描述，包括[Si04]的共享氧离子数量、形状、复杂阴离子基团以及Si:O比例。这些信息都是基础概念记忆层面的知识，不需要复杂的分析或推理，只需对定义和基本原理进行记忆即可回答。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "[Si04] shares 0 O2-, the shape is tetrahedral, the complex anion group is [Si04], and the Si:O ratio is 1:4.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of island silicates?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the structural characteristics of island silicates, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 49,
|
||
"question": "MnS has three polycrystalline forms, two with the NaCl-type structure and one with the cubic ZnS-type structure. When transforming from the cubic ZnS-type structure to the NaCl-type structure, what is the percentage change in volume? Given that for CN=6, ${r_{\\\\mathrm{{Mn}}}}^{2+}=0.08\\\\mathrm{{nm}}$, $\\\\ensuremath{r_{\\\\mathrm{s}}}^{2-}=0.184\\\\mathrm{nm}$; and for CN=4, ${r_{\\\\mathrm{Mn}}}^{2+}\\\\mathrm{=}0.073\\\\mathrm{nm}$, ${r_{\\\\mathrm{S}}}^{2-}{=}0.167\\\\mathrm{nm}$.",
|
||
"answer": "For the cubic ZnS-type structure: $a1={\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt{2}}}r_{S}^{2-}={\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt{2}}}\\\\times0.167=0.472\\\\mathrm{nm}$. For the NaCl-type structure: $a_{2}=2(r_{\\\\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}+r_{\\\\mathrm{S}}^{2-})=2(0.08+0.184)=0.384\\\\mathrm{nm}$. Thus, the volume change is: $V={\\\\frac{a1^{3}-a2^{3}}{a1^{3}}}={\\\\frac{0.472^{3}-0.384^{3}}{0.472^{3}}}=46.15\\\\%$.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的离子半径数据计算体积变化的百分比，涉及具体的数值计算和公式应用。答案展示了详细的计算步骤和最终结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括晶体结构参数的推导和体积变化的计算，涉及不同配位数下离子半径的应用，需要综合分析晶体结构转变对体积的影响。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但计算过程较为复杂，超出了简单应用的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解晶体结构转变的概念，掌握配位数对离子半径的影响，并进行多步计算（包括晶格参数计算和体积变化百分比计算）。虽然题目提供了所有必要数据，但解题过程涉及多个关联步骤和公式应用，对学生的综合分析能力有一定要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "46.15%",
|
||
"choice_question": "When transforming from the cubic ZnS-type structure to the NaCl-type structure, what is the percentage change in volume? Given that for CN=6, ${r_{\\mathrm{{Mn}}}}^{2+}=0.08\\mathrm{{nm}}$, $\\ensuremath{r_{\\mathrm{s}}}^{2-}=0.184\\mathrm{nm}$; and for CN=4, ${r_{\\mathrm{Mn}}}^{2+}\\mathrm{=}0.073\\mathrm{nm}$, ${r_{\\mathrm{S}}}^{2-}{=}0.167\\mathrm{nm}$.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 50,
|
||
"question": "Barium titanate is an important ferroelectric ceramic with a perovskite crystal structure. Does this structure obey Pauling's rules? Please discuss in detail.",
|
||
"answer": "This structure obeys Pauling's rules. Pauling's first rule—the coordination polyhedron rule: rO²⁻=0.132nm, rTi⁴⁺=0.064nm, rBa²⁺=0.143nm. For TiO₆, rTi⁴⁺/rO²⁻=0.064/0.132=0.485, coordination number is 6. For BaO₁₂, rBa²⁺/rO²⁻=0.143/0.132=1.083, coordination number is 12. This complies with Pauling's first rule. Pauling's second rule—the electrostatic valence rule: the anion charge Z=∑(zi⁺/CNi), thus the O²⁻ ion charge=(2/12)×4+(4/6)×2=2, which equals the O²⁻ ion charge, so it complies with Pauling's second rule. Furthermore, according to the perovskite-type structure, its coordination polyhedra do not share edges or faces, and the structural situation also complies with Pauling's fourth rule—the rule of different polyhedron connections and Pauling's fifth rule—the parsimony rule. Therefore, the perovskite structure obeys Pauling's rules.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求详细讨论钛酸钡的钙钛矿晶体结构是否遵循鲍林规则，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求详细讨论钛酸钡的钙钛矿晶体结构是否符合鲍林规则，涉及多个鲍林规则的应用和解释，需要综合运用晶体化学知识进行推理分析，思维过程较为深入。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅需要掌握Pauling规则的具体内容，还需要能够将这些规则应用到具体的晶体结构（钛酸钡的钙钛矿结构）中进行分析。解题步骤包括计算离子半径比、确定配位数、验证静电价规则，以及评估多面体连接方式等多个复杂步骤。此外，题目还要求考生能够综合运用这些规则进行全面的机理解释，这超出了单纯记忆或简单应用的层次，属于复杂现象全面分析的范畴。因此，在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question requires a detailed discussion on whether the perovskite crystal structure of barium titanate obeys Pauling's rules, which involves multiple aspects of the rules and their application. This complexity and the need for detailed explanation make it unsuitable for conversion into a single-choice question format, as the answer cannot be succinctly captured in a single option without losing critical details."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 51,
|
||
"question": "The chemical handbook lists the density of NH4Cl as 1.5 g/cm3. X-ray data indicate that NH4Cl has two crystal structures: one is the NaCl-type structure with a=0.726 nm, and the other is the CsCl structure with a=0.387 nm. To which crystal type does the above density value belong? (The NH4+ ion occupies the crystal lattice as a single unit).",
|
||
"answer": "Solution: If NH4Cl has the NaCl structure, the density can be calculated using the formula: rho = n / (N_A * V) * M. Thus, the calculation yields: rho = 4 / (6.02 * 10^23) * 52.5 / (0.726 * 10^-7)^3 = 0.912 g/cm3. If NH4Cl has the CsCl structure, the density can be calculated using the formula: rho = n / (N_A * V) * M. Thus, the calculation yields: rho = 1 / (6.02 * 10^23) * 52.5 / (0.387 * 10^-7)^3 = 1.505 g/cm3. The calculation shows that the density of the NaCl-type NH4Cl is close to the value given in the chemical handbook, so the density corresponds to the NaCl crystal type.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来确定密度对应的晶体类型，解答过程中涉及到了密度的计算公式和具体数值的代入计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及晶体结构、密度公式的应用，以及不同晶体结构的比较分析。虽然计算过程相对直接，但需要理解晶体结构类型和密度计算的关系，并进行综合分析以确定正确的晶体类型。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解晶体结构的概念，掌握密度计算公式，并进行多步计算和比较分析。虽然题目提供了部分数据，但需要考生自行选择正确的计算路径并验证结果，涉及多个知识点的综合应用。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "NaCl crystal type",
|
||
"choice_question": "The chemical handbook lists the density of NH4Cl as 1.5 g/cm3. X-ray data indicate that NH4Cl has two crystal structures: one is the NaCl-type structure with a=0.726 nm, and the other is the CsCl structure with a=0.387 nm. To which crystal type does the above density value belong? (The NH4+ ion occupies the crystal lattice as a single unit).",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question involves a calculation that leads to a definitive answer between two possible crystal types, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format with clear options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 52,
|
||
"question": "What are the structural characteristics of chain silicates?",
|
||
"answer": "The structural characteristics of chain silicates: [Si04] shares 2 or 3 O2-, shapes include single chains and double chains, the complex anion groups are [Si206]4 and [Si40], with Si:O ratios of 1:3 and 4:11 respectively.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释链状硅酸盐的结构特征，答案提供了详细的文字描述和论述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对链状硅酸盐结构特征的基本概念记忆和理解，包括其组成单元、形状和比例等基础知识点，不需要复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及多个结构特征（如[Si04]共享氧离子、单链和双链形状、复杂阴离子基团及其Si:O比例），但这些都属于基础概念记忆范畴。选择题型允许通过选项提示来辅助回忆，降低了纯记忆的难度。但题目要求同时掌握多个相关特征，比单纯记忆单一定义（等级1）要复杂，因此属于等级2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The structural characteristics of chain silicates: [Si04] shares 2 or 3 O2-, shapes include single chains and double chains, the complex anion groups are [Si206]4 and [Si40], with Si:O ratios of 1:3 and 4:11 respectively.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the structural characteristics of chain silicates?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the structural characteristics of chain silicates, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 54,
|
||
"question": "What are the structural characteristics of layered silicates?",
|
||
"answer": "The structural characteristics of layered silicates: [Si04] shares 3 O2-, the shape is a planar layer, the complex anion group is [Si4010], and the Si:O ratio is 4:10.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释层状硅酸盐的结构特征，答案提供了详细的文字描述和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对层状硅酸盐结构特征的基本概念记忆和理解，包括硅氧四面体的共享氧原子数量、平面层形状、复杂阴离子团组成以及硅氧比例等基础知识点，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生准确回忆并匹配多个结构特征（如[Si04]的共享氧数量、平面层形状、复杂阴离子组和Si:O比例）。这比单纯记忆单一定义（等级1）要求更高，但不需要进行复杂的概念体系阐述或分析（等级3）。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The structural characteristics of layered silicates: [Si04] shares 3 O2-, the shape is a planar layer, the complex anion group is [Si4010], and the Si:O ratio is 4:10.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of layered silicates?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the structural characteristics of layered silicates, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 55,
|
||
"question": "What are the structural characteristics of framework silicates?",
|
||
"answer": "The structural characteristics of framework silicates: [SiO4] shares 4 O2-, forming a skeleton [(AlxSi4)O], with the complex anion group being [SiO4]4, and the Si:O ratio is 1:4.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释框架硅酸盐的结构特征，答案提供了详细的文字描述和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构基本特征的定义和记忆，属于基础概念的记忆和理解范畴，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生准确理解并记忆框架硅酸盐的结构特征，包括[SiO4]的共享氧原子数量、骨架结构[(AlxSi4)O]、复杂阴离子组[SiO4]4以及Si:O的比例。这些知识点需要一定的记忆和理解，但不需要复杂的分析或比较。因此，在选择题型中属于等级2的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "[SiO4] shares 4 O2-, forming a skeleton [(AlxSi4)O], with the complex anion group being [SiO4]4, and the Si:O ratio is 1:4.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following describes the structural characteristics of framework silicates?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the structural characteristics of framework silicates, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by presenting it as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 56,
|
||
"question": "What are the characteristics of silicate crystal structures? How are their chemical formulas characterized?",
|
||
"answer": "Silicate crystal structures are very complex, but different structures share the following common characteristics: (1) The $\\\\mathrm{Si}^{4+}$ ions in the structure are located at the center of tetrahedra formed by $\\\\mathrm{O}^{2-}$ ions, constituting the basic structural unit of silicate crystals, the $[\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{4}]$ tetrahedron. The Si-O-Si bond forms a bent line with varying angles, generally around $145^{\\\\circ}$. (2) Each vertex of the $[\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{4}]$ tetrahedron, i.e., the $\\\\mathrm{O}^{2-}$ ion, can be shared by at most two $[\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{4}]$ tetrahedra. (3) Two adjacent $[\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{4}]$ tetrahedra can only share vertices and cannot share edges or faces. (4) The $\\\\mathrm{Si}^{4+}$ ion at the center of the $[\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{4}]$ tetrahedron can be partially replaced by $\\\\mathrm{Al}^{3+}$ ions. This substitution, known as isomorphous replacement, does not significantly alter the structure itself but greatly changes the properties of the crystal, offering possibilities for material modification. The chemical formulas of silicates are primarily characterized by the following two methods: (1) Oxide representation method All oxides constituting the silicate crystal are written out in a certain proportion and order, starting with monovalent alkali metal oxides, followed by divalent and trivalent metal oxides, and finally $\\\\mathrm{SiO}_{2}$. (2) Inorganic complex salt representation method All ions constituting the silicate crystal are written out in a certain proportion and order, with the relevant complex anions enclosed in brackets. The order starts with monovalent and divalent metal ions, followed by $\\\\mathrm{Al}^{3+}$ ions and $\\\\mathrm{Si}^{4+}$ ions, and finally $\\\\mathrm{O}^{2-}$ ions and $\\\\mathrm{OH}^{-}$ ions. The advantage of the oxide representation method is that it clearly reflects the chemical composition of the crystal, allowing for laboratory synthesis based on this formulation. The inorganic complex salt method, on the other hand, provides a more intuitive reflection of the structural type of the crystal, enabling predictions about its structure and properties. The two representation methods can be converted into each other.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求详细解释硅酸盐晶体结构的特征及其化学式的表征方法，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目不仅要求记忆和理解硅酸盐晶体结构的基本特征，还需要解释其化学式的表征方法，涉及多步概念关联和综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的计算或创新设计，但需要对多个知识点进行整合和解释，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度，因为它不仅要求考生掌握硅酸盐晶体结构的基本特征，还需要理解其化学式的两种表征方法及其优缺点。题目涉及多个知识点的综合应用，包括硅氧四面体的结构特点、同晶替代现象以及化学式的表示方法转换。此外，考生需要能够将这些概念联系起来，进行多角度的分析和论述，这超出了简单的记忆或单一概念的应用，属于中等应用层次中的较高要求。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question is a complex short-answer question that requires a detailed explanation of the characteristics of silicate crystal structures and their chemical formula characterization methods. It cannot be simplified into a single-choice format without losing essential information or oversimplifying the topic."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 57,
|
||
"question": "What type of silicate structure does Mg2[SiO4] belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "Island",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Mg2[SiO4]属于哪种硅酸盐结构，答案需要文字描述（\"Island\"），而不是从选项中选择或简单判断对错，也不需要计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构分类的基本概念记忆和理解，只需识别Mg2[SiO4]属于孤岛状硅酸盐结构，不涉及复杂分析或应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别Mg2[SiO4]所属的硅酸盐结构类型，属于基础概念记忆层次。正确选项\"Island\"是硅酸盐结构分类中最基本的一种，无需复杂推理或概念比较，只需直接回忆相关定义即可作答。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Island",
|
||
"choice_question": "What type of silicate structure does Mg2[SiO4] belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term in geology, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 58,
|
||
"question": "What type of silicate structure does K[AlSi3O8] belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "Framework",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求识别并描述硅酸盐结构类型，需要文字解释和论述，而不是从选项中选择或简单判断对错 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构类型的基本分类记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别K[AlSi3O8]所属的硅酸盐结构类型（Framework），属于基础概念记忆层次。题目直接考察对硅酸盐结构分类的定义记忆，无需复杂推理或概念关联，符合等级1\"基本定义简答\"的标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Framework",
|
||
"choice_question": "What type of silicate structure does K[AlSi3O8] belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term in geology/mineralogy, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format where 'Framework' would be the correct option among plausible silicate structure types."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 59,
|
||
"question": "What type of silicate structure does CaMg[Si2O6] belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "Single chain",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过文字解释和论述来回答关于硅酸盐结构类型的问题，答案形式为简短的文字描述而非选择或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构分类的基本概念记忆，只需识别CaMg[Si2O6]属于单链结构即可，无需复杂分析或计算。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目考察的是基础概念记忆（硅酸盐结构分类），但需要考生准确记忆并区分不同类型的硅酸盐结构（如单链、双链、层状等）。解题步骤相对简单，只需识别化学式对应的结构类型，但要求对硅酸盐结构分类有清晰的记忆。相比纯粹的定义简答（等级1），此题需要更具体的分类知识，但不需要复杂的概念体系阐述（等级3）。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Single chain",
|
||
"choice_question": "What type of silicate structure does CaMg[Si2O6] belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term in geology, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format where 'Single chain' would be the correct option among possible silicate structure types."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 60,
|
||
"question": "What type of silicate structure does Mg3[Si4O10](OH)2 belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "Layered (double-chain)",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Mg3[Si4O10](OH)2所属的硅酸盐结构类型，需要文字描述和论述，而不是从选项中选择或进行数值计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构分类的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念记忆性知识 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目考察的是基础概念记忆（硅酸盐结构分类），但需要考生准确记忆并区分不同类型的硅酸盐结构（如层状、双链等）。相比等级1的直接定义简答，该题目要求考生对硅酸盐结构分类有更深入的理解和记忆，属于概念解释和描述层次的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Layered (double-chain)",
|
||
"choice_question": "What type of silicate structure does Mg3[Si4O10](OH)2 belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term in geology, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format where the correct option can be clearly identified."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 61,
|
||
"question": "What type of silicate structure does Ca2Al[AlSiO7] belong to?",
|
||
"answer": "Group (double tetrahedron)",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求识别并描述硅酸盐结构类型，需要文字解释和论述，答案形式为特定结构类型的名称而非选择或计算 | 知识层次: 题目考查对硅酸盐结构分类的基础概念记忆，只需识别Ca2Al[AlSiO7]属于双四面体结构类型，无需复杂分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目考察的是基础概念记忆（硅酸盐结构分类），但需要考生准确识别特定化学式对应的硅酸盐结构类型（双四面体结构）。这比单纯记忆定义（等级1）要求更高，需要将化学式与结构分类对应起来，属于概念解释和描述的层次。但不需要进行复杂的概念体系分析或推导（等级3），因此评为等级2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Group (double tetrahedron)",
|
||
"choice_question": "What type of silicate structure does Ca2Al[AlSiO7] belong to?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term in geology, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format where the correct option can be clearly identified."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 62,
|
||
"question": "Based on the projection diagram of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, answer: Is the valence of O2- saturated?",
|
||
"answer": "O2- is bonded to 3 [Mg] and 1 [SiO], N∑i(z+/CN)=2=1z-1, so O2- is saturated",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于投影图分析O2-的价态是否饱和，答案需要文字解释和论述，涉及化学键和配位数的分析，而非简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解晶体结构投影图，并应用配位数和电价规则进行多步计算和综合分析，涉及概念关联和中等复杂度的推理过程。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度，需要考生具备以下能力：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "O2- is bonded to 3 [Mg] and 1 [SiO], N∑i(z+/CN)=2=1z-1, so O2- is saturated",
|
||
"choice_question": "Based on the projection diagram of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, is the valence of O2- saturated?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 63,
|
||
"question": "Based on the projection of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, answer: what is the number of molecules in the unit cell?",
|
||
"answer": "z=4",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于投影计算晶胞中的分子数量，需要通过结构分析和数值计算得出具体数值（z=4），属于需要应用晶体学知识和计算方法的计算题。 | 知识层次: 题目需要基于晶体投影进行多步计算，涉及晶体结构分析和单位晶胞分子数的确定，需要概念关联和综合分析能力 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解晶体投影、单位细胞分子数计算等概念，并进行多步骤的空间想象和综合分析。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但解题过程涉及对晶体结构的理解和投影分析，属于综合性计算问题。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "z=4",
|
||
"choice_question": "Based on the projection of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, what is the number of molecules in the unit cell?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a single correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 64,
|
||
"question": "Graphite, talc, and kaolinite have layered structures. Explain the differences in the structure of graphite and the resulting differences in properties.",
|
||
"answer": "Compared to talc and kaolinite, in graphite, the carbon atoms in the same layer undergo SP2 hybridization, forming large π bonds, and each layer has a hexagonal network structure. Due to the large interlayer gaps, electrons can move within the same layer, enabling electrical conductivity. The layers are held together by intermolecular forces, making graphite relatively soft.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释石墨的结构差异及其对性能的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释石墨与滑石、高岭石在结构上的差异及其对性能的影响，涉及SP2杂化、π键形成、导电性机制等复杂概念的综合运用和推理分析。需要深入理解材料的结构-性能关系，并进行多层次的比较和解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。题目要求考生不仅理解石墨、滑石和高岭石的层状结构，还需要深入分析石墨中碳原子的SP2杂化、大π键的形成以及由此导致的导电性和软性等特性。这需要考生具备扎实的材料科学基础，能够综合运用多个概念进行推理分析，并解释其中的机理。因此，在选择题型内，该题目属于机理深度解释的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation of the structural differences and resulting properties of graphite compared to talc and kaolinite. This level of detail and specificity cannot be adequately captured in a single correct option for a multiple-choice question without oversimplifying the content."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 65,
|
||
"question": "Based on the projection diagram of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, answer: What fraction of the tetrahedral and octahedral voids are occupied by Si4+ and Mg2+?",
|
||
"answer": "Si4+ occupies tetrahedral voids = 1/8, Mg2+ occupies octahedral voids = 1/2",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于投影图分析并回答特定问题，答案需要具体描述占据空隙的比例，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求基于投影图分析晶体结构中四面体和八面体空隙的占据情况，涉及多步计算和概念关联，需要综合分析晶体结构知识和空间几何关系。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度，需要综合理解晶体结构、投影图分析、空隙占有率计算等多个概念，并进行多步计算和综合分析。题目不仅要求掌握基本的晶体学知识，还需要能够将不同概念关联起来，进行较为复杂的推理和计算。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Si4+ occupies tetrahedral voids = 1/8, Mg2+ occupies octahedral voids = 1/2",
|
||
"choice_question": "Based on the projection diagram of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, what fraction of the tetrahedral and octahedral voids are occupied by Si4+ and Mg2+?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific and standard response that can be presented as a single correct option among multiple choices."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 66,
|
||
"question": "Describe the basic types of dislocations and their characteristics.",
|
||
"answer": "There are two main types of dislocations: edge dislocation and screw dislocation. Characteristics of edge dislocation: the slip direction is perpendicular to the dislocation line, denoted by the symbol ⊥, with an extra half-plane of atoms. Characteristics of screw dislocation: the slip direction is parallel to the dislocation line, the plane perpendicular to the dislocation line is not flat, presenting a spiral shape, hence called screw dislocation.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述位错的基本类型及其特征，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。答案提供了详细的文字描述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对位错基本类型（刃位错和螺位错）及其特征的记忆和理解，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生描述两种基本位错类型及其特征，属于概念解释和描述的层次。虽然需要记忆和区分两种位错的定义和特点，但不需要进行复杂的分析或比较，因此属于中等难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "There are two main types of dislocations: edge dislocation and screw dislocation. Characteristics of edge dislocation: the slip direction is perpendicular to the dislocation line, denoted by the symbol ⊥, with an extra half-plane of atoms. Characteristics of screw dislocation: the slip direction is parallel to the dislocation line, the plane perpendicular to the dislocation line is not flat, presenting a spiral shape, hence called screw dislocation.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the basic types of dislocations and their characteristics?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the types of dislocations and their characteristics, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by presenting the correct description among other plausible but incorrect options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 68,
|
||
"question": "In silicate crystals, why can Al3+ partially replace Si4+ in the silicon-oxygen framework?",
|
||
"answer": "Al3+ can form [AlO4]5- with O2-. Al3+ and Si4+ are in the second period and have similar properties, making it easy for Al3+ to enter the silicate crystal structure and undergo isomorphous substitution with Si4+. Due to compliance with Pauling's rules, only partial substitution is possible.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Al3+可以部分替代Si4+的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要解释Al3+在硅酸盐晶体中部分替代Si4+的原因，涉及[AlO4]5-的形成、Al3+和Si4+的性质相似性、同晶替代以及Pauling规则的遵守。这需要综合运用晶体化学、离子替代机制和结构规则等多方面知识，并进行推理分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Al3+ can form [AlO4]5- with O2-. Al3+ and Si4+ are in the second period and have similar properties, making it easy for Al3+ to enter the silicate crystal structure and undergo isomorphous substitution with Si4+. Due to compliance with Pauling's rules, only partial substitution is possible.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why can Al3+ partially replace Si4+ in the silicon-oxygen framework in silicate crystals?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 69,
|
||
"question": "What is the effect of Al3+ replacing Si4+ on the composition of silicates?",
|
||
"answer": "The replacement of Si4+ by Al3+ is a partial substitution. When Al3+ replaces Si4+, the structural units [AlSiO4][AlSiO5] lose electrical neutrality, resulting in excess negative charge. To maintain electrical neutrality, some larger cations with lower charges such as K+, Ca2+, and Ba2+ will enter the structure.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Al3+替换Si4+对硅酸盐组成的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及硅酸盐中Al3+替代Si4+的效应，需要理解离子替代对结构电中性的影响，并关联到补偿阳离子的引入。这需要多步概念关联和综合分析，而不仅仅是基础概念的记忆或简单应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。题目不仅要求考生理解Al3+取代Si4+的基本概念，还需要综合分析这种取代对硅酸盐结构电中性的影响，以及后续引入补偿阳离子的机制。解题过程涉及多步逻辑推理和概念关联（如离子取代、电荷平衡、补偿阳离子选择等），超出了简单记忆或单一概念应用的范畴。在选择题型内，这种需要综合多个知识点并推导结论的题目属于较难水平。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The replacement of Si4+ by Al3+ is a partial substitution. When Al3+ replaces Si4+, the structural units [AlSiO4][AlSiO5] lose electrical neutrality, resulting in excess negative charge. To maintain electrical neutrality, some larger cations with lower charges such as K+, Ca2+, and Ba2+ will enter the structure.",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the effect of Al3+ replacing Si4+ on the composition of silicates?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 70,
|
||
"question": "Asbestos minerals such as tremolite $\\mathrm{Ca_{2}M g_{5}[S i_{4}O_{11}]}$ (OH)2 exhibit a fibrous crystal habit, while talc Mgs[Si4Oo](OH)2 displays a platy crystal habit. Please explain this phenomenon.",
|
||
"answer": "Tremolite has a double-chain structure, where the Si-O bonds within the chains are much stronger than the Ca-O and Mg-O bonds between the chains. Therefore, it easily cleaves along the weaker interchain bonding sites, resulting in a fibrous habit. Talc has a layered structure composed of two [SiO4] layers with a brucite-like layer in between. The layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, and due to the weak intermolecular forces, talc readily cleaves along these weak bonding planes to form platy crystals.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释两种矿物晶体习性的现象，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，涉及晶体结构和化学键的性质，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释矿物晶体习性的差异，涉及晶体结构（双链结构和层状结构）与化学键（Si-O键、Ca-O键、Mg-O键和范德华力）之间的关联分析，需要综合运用材料科学知识进行机理解释，思维过程具有较高的深度要求。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅掌握硅酸盐矿物的晶体结构知识（如双链结构和层状结构），还需要深入理解不同化学键强度对晶体解理行为的影响机制。正确选项涉及多个知识点的综合运用：1) 透闪石的双链结构与滑石的层状结构对比；2) Si-O键与Ca-O/Mg-O键的强度差异分析；3) 范德华力在层状结构中的作用；4) 晶体解理面与化学键方向的关联性。解题需要完成从微观结构到宏观形态的完整推理链条，在选择题型中属于对复杂现象的全面分析要求。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目要求解释两种矿物晶体习性的现象，答案涉及详细的化学结构和键合特性，无法简化为一个标准术语或概念。因此，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 71,
|
||
"question": "What are the characteristics of non-stoichiometric compounds?",
|
||
"answer": "Characteristics of non-stoichiometric compounds: The formation and defect concentration of non-stoichiometric compounds are related to the nature and pressure of the atmosphere; they can be regarded as solid solutions of higher-valent and lower-valent compounds; the defect concentration is related to temperature, which can be seen from the equilibrium constant; non-stoichiometric compounds are all semiconductors.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物的特征，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物的特性，涉及多个相关概念（如缺陷浓度、温度影响、半导体性质等）的综合分析，需要理解并关联这些概念，而不仅仅是记忆基础定义。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要一定的概念关联和综合分析能力。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。正确选项涵盖了非化学计量化合物的多个关键特征，包括与气氛性质和压力的关系、高低价态化合物的固溶体性质、缺陷浓度与温度的关系以及半导体特性。这些知识点需要考生不仅理解基本概念，还能进行多角度分析和概念关联。此外，题目要求考生能够综合这些信息并识别出正确选项，这在选择题型中属于较为复杂的综合分析任务。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The formation and defect concentration of non-stoichiometric compounds are related to the nature and pressure of the atmosphere; they can be regarded as solid solutions of higher-valent and lower-valent compounds; the defect concentration is related to temperature, which can be seen from the equilibrium constant; non-stoichiometric compounds are all semiconductors.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of non-stoichiometric compounds?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the characteristics of non-stoichiometric compounds, which can be used as the correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 72,
|
||
"question": "Using the电价规则, explain that when Al3+ replaces Si4+ in the framework, it usually does not exceed half, otherwise the structure will become unstable.",
|
||
"answer": "Assuming Al3+ replaces half of the Si4+, then O2- is connected to one Si4+ and one Al3+. The electrostatic bond strength of the cation = 3/4×1 + 4/4×1 = 7/4. The charge number of O2- is -2, and the difference between the two is 1/4. If the replacement exceeds half, the difference will inevitably be >1/4, causing structural instability.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用电价规则解释Al3+替换Si4+时不超过半数的原因，答案通过文字解释和论述来阐述这一现象，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求学生运用电价规则解释Al3+替换Si4+的结构稳定性问题，涉及静电键强度的计算和结构稳定性的推理分析，需要综合运用多个概念并进行机理层面的解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。它要求考生不仅理解电价规则的基本概念，还需要进行复杂的静电键强度计算和结构稳定性推理。题目涉及多个知识点的综合运用（如离子替换、静电平衡、结构稳定性），解题步骤较为复杂，需要考生具备较强的分析推理能力和机理深度解释能力。在选择题型内，这类需要综合多个高阶认知技能进行复杂分析的题目属于最难的一类。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term, concept, or specific value. It involves a complex explanation of electrostatic bond strength and structural stability, which cannot be succinctly captured in a multiple-choice format without losing essential details or oversimplifying the concept."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 73,
|
||
"question": "Why are non-stoichiometric compounds all n-type or p-type semiconductor materials?",
|
||
"answer": "Due to anion vacancies and interstitial cations leading to an excess of metal ions, metal-excess (n-type) semiconductors are formed; cation vacancies and interstitial anions leading to an excess of anions form anion-excess (p-type) semiconductors.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物为何都是n型或p型半导体材料，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物为何都是n型或p型半导体材料，涉及缺陷化学、半导体类型与缺陷类型之间的关联机制，需要综合运用多个概念并进行推理分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Due to anion vacancies and interstitial cations leading to an excess of metal ions, metal-excess (n-type) semiconductors are formed; cation vacancies and interstitial anions leading to an excess of anions form anion-excess (p-type) semiconductors.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why are non-stoichiometric compounds all n-type or p-type semiconductor materials?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The original question can remain unchanged as it is already suitable for a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 74,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol V_{Na}",
|
||
"answer": "Sodium atom vacancy",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号V_{Na}的含义，需要文字解释和论述，答案\"Sodium atom vacancy\"是一个简短的文字解释，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目考查对材料科学中缺陷符号的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别和记忆基础符号的定义（钠原子空位），属于最基本的概念记忆层次。不需要解释或分析，只需直接回忆符号对应的含义，因此属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Sodium atom vacancy",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol V_{Na}?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by providing the correct option and distractor options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 75,
|
||
"question": "What is the effect on crystal stability after forming a solid solution?",
|
||
"answer": "Stabilizes the crystal lattice and prevents certain polymorphic transitions.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固体溶液对晶体稳定性的影响，答案提供了文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目涉及固体溶液对晶体稳定性的影响，需要理解固体溶液的形成机制及其对晶体结构的影响，属于概念关联和综合分析层次。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要对晶体稳定性和多态性转变有较深入的理解。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解固溶体形成对晶体稳定性的影响，并关联晶体结构和多晶型转变的概念。虽然题目涉及综合分析，但在选择题型中通过正确选项可以直接判断，不需要多步计算或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Stabilizes the crystal lattice and prevents certain polymorphic transitions.",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the effect on crystal stability after forming a solid solution?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard and concise description of the effect, making it suitable for conversion into a single-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 76,
|
||
"question": "What is the effect on lattice activation after forming a solid solution?",
|
||
"answer": "Activating the lattice, after forming a solid solution, the lattice structure undergoes certain distortion and is in a high-energy activated state, which is conducive to chemical reactions.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固体溶液形成后对晶格活化的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及固体溶液形成后晶格激活效应的解释，需要理解晶格畸变与高能激活状态之间的关系，并能够综合分析其对化学反应的影响。这属于中等应用层次，需要将多个概念关联起来进行解释，但不需要进行复杂的机理分析或创新设计。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解固溶体形成后晶格结构的变化及其对化学反应的影响，涉及概念关联和综合分析。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or alteration of the original question's intent."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 77,
|
||
"question": "What are the factors affecting the formation of substitutional solid solutions?",
|
||
"answer": "Factors influencing the formation of substitutional solid solutions include: (1) Ionic size: The 15% rule - 1. If (R1-R2)/R1 > 15%, discontinuous. 2. If ≤15%, continuous. 3. If >40%, solid solution cannot form. (2) Ionic valence: Same valence leads to continuous solid solution formation. (3) Crystal structure factors: Same structure of matrix and impurity results in continuous solid solution. (4) Field strength factor. (5) Electronegativity: Small difference favors solid solution formation, while large difference leads to compound formation.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求列举和解释影响置换固溶体形成的因素，答案以文字解释和论述的形式呈现，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释影响置换固溶体形成的多个因素，涉及离子尺寸、离子价态、晶体结构等多个概念的综合应用和分析，需要理解这些因素之间的关联及其对固溶体形成的影响机制，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。题目要求考生掌握多个关键因素（离子尺寸、离子价态、晶体结构、场强因子、电负性）并理解它们之间的相互作用关系。正确选项不仅需要识别这些因素，还要理解15%规则等具体量化标准，以及不同条件下（连续/不连续固溶体、化合物形成）的判定逻辑。这超出了简单记忆的范畴，需要考生进行多角度分析和概念关联，符合等级4\"多角度分析论述\"的标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Factors influencing the formation of substitutional solid solutions include: (1) Ionic size: The 15% rule - 1. If (R1-R2)/R1 > 15%, discontinuous. 2. If ≤15%, continuous. 3. If >40%, solid solution cannot form. (2) Ionic valence: Same valence leads to continuous solid solution formation. (3) Crystal structure factors: Same structure of matrix and impurity results in continuous solid solution. (4) Field strength factor. (5) Electronegativity: Small difference favors solid solution formation, while large difference leads to compound formation.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the factors affecting the formation of substitutional solid solutions?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard list of factors, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question by presenting these factors as options and asking which one correctly describes them."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 78,
|
||
"question": "Based on the projection diagram of Mg2[SiO4] on the (100) plane, answer: How many types of coordination polyhedra are there in the structure, and what are the connection modes between the various coordination polyhedra?",
|
||
"answer": "There are two types of coordination polyhedra, [SiO4] and [MgO6]. [MgO6] octahedra in the same layer share edges, such as 59[MgO] and 49[MgO6] sharing edges 7502- and 2702-. [MgO6] octahedra in different layers share vertices, such as 1[MgO] and 51[MgO6] sharing vertex 2202-. [MgO] and [SiO4] in the same layer share vertices, such as T[MgO] and 7[SiO4] sharing vertex 2202-. [MgO6] and [SiO4] in different layers share edges, such as T[MgO] and 43[SiO4] sharing 2802- and 2802-.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求详细描述结构中的配位多面体类型及其连接方式，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析晶体结构中的配位多面体类型及其连接方式，需要综合运用晶体学知识、空间想象能力和结构分析技巧。这涉及到对投影图的深入理解、配位多面体的识别以及它们之间连接方式的推理分析，属于较高层次的认知能力要求。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question requires detailed explanation of coordination polyhedra types and their connection modes, which cannot be adequately captured in a multiple-choice format without oversimplifying the answer."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 79,
|
||
"question": "What is the effect of forming a solid solution on the mechanical properties of materials?",
|
||
"answer": "Solid solution strengthening; the dissolution of solute atoms increases the strength and hardness of the solid solution. The strength and hardness of the solid solution are often higher than those of the constituent elements, while the plasticity is lower.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固溶体对材料机械性能的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对固溶体强化这一基本概念的记忆和理解，属于材料科学中的基本原理和现象解释，不涉及复杂的计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆（固溶强化），但正确选项不仅需要识别\"固溶强化\"这一概念，还需要理解其对机械性能的具体影响（强度硬度增加、塑性降低）。这比单纯记忆定义（等级1）要求更高，但不需要进行复杂的概念体系阐述（等级3）。题目要求考生能够将固溶强化的基本原理与材料性能变化联系起来，属于概念解释和描述的难度层次。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Solid solution strengthening; the dissolution of solute atoms increases the strength and hardness of the solid solution. The strength and hardness of the solid solution are often higher than those of the constituent elements, while the plasticity is lower.",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the effect of forming a solid solution on the mechanical properties of materials?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept in materials science, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 80,
|
||
"question": "What is the effect on the physical properties of materials after forming a solid solution?",
|
||
"answer": "The electrical, thermal, magnetic, and other physical properties of solid solutions also change continuously with composition, but generally not in a linear relationship.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固体溶液对材料物理性质的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释固溶体形成对材料物理性能的影响，涉及多个物理性能（电、热、磁等）的变化及其与成分的非线性关系，需要综合分析不同性能的变化趋势和相互关系，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解固溶体的物理性质变化与成分之间的关系，并认识到这种变化通常是非线性的。题目要求考生综合分析和说明固溶体的电学、热学、磁学等物理性质随成分变化的规律，但不需要进行多角度分析或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or alteration of the original intent."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 81,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol V_{Cl}^*",
|
||
"answer": "Chlorine ion vacancy, with a single positive charge",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号V_{Cl}^*的含义，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对缺陷化学符号的基本概念的记忆和理解，属于基础概念记忆性知识 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别和记忆基础符号的定义（氯离子空位带一个正电荷），属于最基础的概念记忆层次。不需要解释或分析，只需直接回忆符号对应的定义即可，因此属于等级1的简单难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Chlorine ion vacancy, with a single positive charge",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol V_{Cl}^*?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 82,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol (V_{Na}'V_{Cl}^*)",
|
||
"answer": "An associated center formed by the nearest Na vacancy and Cl vacancy",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号的含义，需要用文字进行解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对材料科学中缺陷符号的基本概念的记忆和理解，属于定义性知识，不需要复杂的分析或应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生理解并解释一个特定的符号含义（V_{Na}'V_{Cl}^*），这比单纯记忆定义或分类稍复杂。正确选项要求考生能够将符号与具体的物理概念（即由最近的Na空位和Cl空位形成的关联中心）联系起来，这需要一定的概念理解和描述能力，而不仅仅是简单的记忆。因此，该题目在选择题型中属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "An associated center formed by the nearest Na vacancy and Cl vacancy",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol (V_{Na}'V_{Cl}^*)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 83,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol Ca_{i}^{* *}",
|
||
"answer": "Ca2+ is located at the interstitial site of the lattice",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号的含义，需要文字解释和论述，答案也是以文字形式给出解释说明 | 知识层次: 题目考查对材料科学中缺陷符号的基本概念的记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生解释符号Ca_{i}^{* *}的含义，并选择正确的选项。这属于概念解释和描述的层次，需要考生理解并记忆Ca2+位于晶格间隙位置的定义。虽然需要一定的知识掌握，但不需要复杂的分析或推理，因此属于中等难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Ca2+ is located at the interstitial site of the lattice",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol Ca_{i}^{* *}?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard and specific description, which can be used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 84,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol Ca_{K}^*",
|
||
"answer": "Ca2+ occupies the K site, with a unit positive charge",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号的含义，需要文字解释和论述，答案也是以文字形式给出，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对材料科学中符号表示的基本概念的记忆和理解，涉及离子占据晶格位置及其电荷状态的简单描述，不需要复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生解释符号Ca_{K}^*的含义，属于概念解释和描述层次。虽然需要记忆基础概念，但不需要复杂的分析或比较多个概念。正确选项直接给出了定义，因此难度适中。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Ca2+ occupies the K site, with a unit positive charge",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol Ca_{K}^*?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard and concise explanation, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 85,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol Ca_{Ca}",
|
||
"answer": "Ca atom located at the Ca atom site",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号的含义，需要文字解释和论述，答案也是以文字形式呈现的解释性内容 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶体缺陷符号的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别并记忆基础符号的定义（Ca atom located at the Ca atom site），属于直接回忆型知识点，无需解释或推理步骤，符合等级1“基本定义简答”的标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Ca atom located at the Ca atom site",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol Ca_{Ca}?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 86,
|
||
"question": "Explain the meaning of the symbol V_{Na}'",
|
||
"answer": "Sodium ion vacancy, with a single negative charge",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释符号的含义，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算 | 知识层次: 题目考查对材料科学中缺陷化学符号的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求识别并记忆基础符号的定义（钠离子空位带一个负电荷），属于最基础的概念记忆层次，无需解释或分析过程。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Sodium ion vacancy, with a single negative charge",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the meaning of the symbol V_{Na}'?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be presented as a single correct option among multiple choices."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 87,
|
||
"question": "Write the defect reaction equation for NaCl dissolving into CaCl2 to form a vacancy-type solid solution",
|
||
"answer": "NaCl > Naca + Cla + Va* NaC",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程式，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算 | 知识层次: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程，需要理解固溶体的形成机制和缺陷化学的基本原理，并能够将这些概念关联起来进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的计算，但需要多步的思维过程来正确表达缺陷反应。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解缺陷反应方程的基本概念，并能够正确关联NaCl溶解到CaCl2中形成空位型固溶体的具体反应。题目要求考生不仅掌握基本的缺陷化学知识，还需要进行多步思考和综合分析，以正确写出反应方程式。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但考生仍需具备一定的应用能力和概念关联能力才能准确作答。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该简答题的答案是一个具体的化学反应方程式，这种答案形式不适合转换为单选题格式，因为单选题通常需要几个明确的选项供选择，而化学反应方程式难以提供多个合理的干扰选项。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 88,
|
||
"question": "Write the defect reaction equation for the formation of Schottky defects in NaCl",
|
||
"answer": "$Rsh$ $+V_{cl}$",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程，需要文字解释和论述，答案形式为化学方程式，属于简答题类型 | 知识层次: 题目考查Schottky缺陷的基本概念和反应方程的记忆，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求写出NaCl中肖特基缺陷的形成反应方程，属于基础概念记忆的范畴。正确选项直接给出了缺陷反应方程，无需复杂的推理或分析，仅需对基本定义和反应方程的记忆。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目要求写出NaCl中Schottky缺陷的形成反应方程，属于需要具体化学方程式的简答题，无法用标准术语或概念来转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 89,
|
||
"question": "Write the defect reaction equation for the formation of a vacancy-type solid solution when CaCl2 dissolves in NaCl",
|
||
"answer": "CaCl2 > CaNa' + 2Clci + Va'",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程式，需要文字解释和论述，而不是从选项中选择、判断对错或进行数值计算 | 知识层次: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程，需要理解缺陷化学的基本原理，并能够将CaCl2溶解在NaCl中的具体情况进行应用。这涉及到多步思考和概念关联，但不需要复杂的推理或创新设计。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解缺陷化学的基本概念，包括点缺陷的形成和表示方法，并能正确应用Kröger-Vink符号表示缺陷反应。此外，题目要求将CaCl2溶解在NaCl中的过程转化为缺陷反应方程，涉及多步思考和概念关联，但不需要进行复杂的多角度分析或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "CaCl2 > CaNa' + 2Clci + Va'",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the defect reaction equation for the formation of a vacancy-type solid solution when CaCl2 dissolves in NaCl?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard chemical equation, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 90,
|
||
"question": "What are the factors affecting the formation of interstitial solid solutions?",
|
||
"answer": "Factors influencing the formation of interstitial solid solutions include: (1) Size of impurity particles: The smaller the added atoms, the easier it is to form a solid solution, and vice versa. (2) Crystal (matrix) structure: The size of ions is closely related to the crystal structure, and to a certain extent, the size of the interstitial sites plays a decisive role. Generally, the larger the voids in the crystal, the looser the structure, and the easier it is to form a solid solution. (3) Valence factor: When foreign impurity atoms enter the interstitial sites, they inevitably cause an imbalance in the valence of the crystal structure. This can be compensated by generating vacancies, partial substitution, or changes in the valence state of ions to maintain valence balance.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释影响间隙固溶体形成的因素，答案以文字论述形式给出，需要详细解释各个因素的作用，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释影响间隙固溶体形成的因素，涉及多个概念（如杂质粒子大小、晶体结构、价态因素）的关联和综合分析，需要理解这些因素如何相互作用并影响固溶体的形成，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。题目要求考生理解并综合分析多个影响间隙固溶体形成的因素，包括杂质粒子尺寸、晶体结构以及价态因素等。这些知识点不仅需要记忆，还需要进行多角度分析和概念关联。此外，题目中的正确选项涉及多个步骤的推理和综合判断，超出了简单的记忆或单一概念应用，因此属于等级4的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer to the question is a detailed explanation of multiple factors affecting the formation of interstitial solid solutions. It cannot be succinctly captured in a single option for a multiple-choice question without losing significant information or oversimplifying the content."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 91,
|
||
"question": "Write the defect reaction equation for the formation of Frenkel defects (Ag entering interstitial sites) in AgI",
|
||
"answer": "AgAg $V_{Ag}$ $+Ag_{i}$",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求写出缺陷反应方程式，需要文字解释和论述，答案形式为化学方程式而非选择、判断或计算 | 知识层次: 题目考查对Frenkel缺陷形成的基本概念和反应方程的记忆，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求写出Frenkel缺陷的形成反应方程，属于基础概念记忆的范畴。题目直接给出了正确选项，不需要复杂的分析或推理，只需记住基本的缺陷反应方程即可。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "AgAg $V_{Ag}$ $+Ag_{i}$",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following is the defect reaction equation for the formation of Frenkel defects (Ag entering interstitial sites) in AgI?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard equation, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 92,
|
||
"question": "If the partial pressure of surrounding oxygen is increased, how will the density of the non-stoichiometric compound Fe1-xO change? Increase or decrease? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "202(g) 0o+Vre’ +2h* k=[O][Vr’’][h']/PO21/2=4[00][Vr’′]3/PO1/2 [Vre′′]PO²1/6, PO[Vr]↓",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物Fe1-xO的密度如何随周围氧气分压的变化而变化，并需要提供原因。答案中包含了公式推导和文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要综合运用非化学计量化合物缺陷化学知识，通过缺陷反应方程和平衡常数推导氧分压与缺陷浓度的关系，并分析其对化合物密度的影响。涉及多步推理和机理解释，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is complex and involves chemical equations and notations that cannot be easily simplified into a single correct option for a multiple-choice question. The explanation requires detailed understanding of the chemical processes, making it unsuitable for conversion to a simple choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 93,
|
||
"question": "Both MgO (NaCl-type structure) and Li2O (anti-fluorite-type structure) are based on the cubic close packing of oxygen, and the cations are in the gaps of this arrangement. Why are Frenkel-type point defects the main defects in Li2O?",
|
||
"answer": "Li occupies octahedral voids. The octahedral voids are larger, making it easier for Li ions to move from their normal lattice sites to interstitial positions, forming Frenkel defects (simultaneous presence of cation vacancies and interstitial cations).",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么Li2O中Frenkel型点缺陷是主要缺陷，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释Frenkel型点缺陷在Li2O中为主要缺陷的原因，涉及晶体结构、间隙位置、离子迁移等概念的关联和综合分析，需要深入理解晶体缺陷形成的机理和影响因素，属于复杂分析和推理的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅理解MgO和Li2O的晶体结构差异，还需要深入掌握Frenkel缺陷的形成机理。正确选项涉及对八面体空隙大小的理解、离子迁移能力的分析，以及缺陷形成的综合解释。这需要考生具备将晶体结构知识、缺陷化学原理和离子迁移特性等多方面知识进行整合分析的能力，属于复杂现象的全面分析层次。在选择题型中，这种需要多维度知识综合运用和深度机理解释的题目最为困难。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Li occupies octahedral voids. The octahedral voids are larger, making it easier for Li ions to move from their normal lattice sites to interstitial positions, forming Frenkel defects (simultaneous presence of cation vacancies and interstitial cations).",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why are Frenkel-type point defects the main defects in Li2O?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation involving specific structural and chemical concepts, which can be presented as a correct option among plausible distractors."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 94,
|
||
"question": "The density of MgO is $3.58\\\\mathrm{g/cm^{3}}$, and its lattice parameter is $0.42\\\\mathrm{nm}$. Calculate the number of Schottky defects per unit cell of MgO.",
|
||
"answer": "Let the number of molecules per unit cell of defective $\\\\mathrm{MgO}$ be ${\\\\bf X}$, the unit cell volume $\\\\mathrm{V}{=}$ (4.20)°, $\\\\scriptstyle{\\\\mathbf{x}}={\\\\mathbf{p}}$ VNO/M=3.96. The number of Schottky defects per unit cell $:=4-\\\\tt X=0.04$.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，答案中包含了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括计算单位晶胞体积、应用密度公式求解缺陷数量，涉及概念关联和综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要一定的理解和应用能力。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解密度、晶格参数与缺陷浓度之间的关系，并进行多步计算。虽然题目提供了部分计算步骤，但仍需综合应用材料科学中的基本概念和公式来推导正确答案。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The given problem is a calculation question that requires deriving the number of Schottky defects per unit cell of MgO through a series of calculations and understanding of the underlying physics. The answer is not a simple selection from predefined options but a result of computation and logical deduction. Therefore, it cannot be straightforwardly converted into a multiple-choice format without oversimplifying or altering the nature of the question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 95,
|
||
"question": "The Schottky defect formation energy of Mg0 crystal is 84 kJ/mol. Calculate the defect concentration of this crystal at 1000K and 1500K.",
|
||
"answer": "$\\\\mathrm{n}/\\\\mathrm{N}{=}\\\\mathrm{exp}$ (-E/2RT), $\\\\mathrm{R}{=}8.314$, $\\\\mathrm{T}{=}1000\\\\mathrm{k}$ :n/N=6. $4\\\\times{10}^{-3}$ $\\\\mathrm{T}=1500\\\\mathrm{k}$ $\\\\mathrm{n}/\\\\mathrm{N}{=}3.5\\\\times{10}^{-2}$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，答案给出了具体的计算过程和结果 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查基本公式的应用和简单计算，涉及Schottky缺陷形成能和浓度的直接计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要应用Schottky缺陷浓度公式，但题目已经提供了所有必要的参数和公式，仅需进行简单的代入和计算。解题步骤较为直接，无需复杂的推导或组合多个公式。因此，在选择题型内属于中等偏下的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "At 1000K: n/N=6.4×10⁻³; At 1500K: n/N=3.5×10⁻²",
|
||
"choice_question": "The Schottky defect formation energy of Mg0 crystal is 84 kJ/mol. What is the defect concentration of this crystal at 1000K and 1500K?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 96,
|
||
"question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1. Find the vacancy concentration in Fe_xO.",
|
||
"answer": "Fe2O3 →2FeFe +3O0+V_Fe. Let y be the concentration of Fe^{3+}, then 2y =0.1→2y=0.1-0.3y→y=0.1/2.3=0.0435. The vacancy concentration [V_Fe''] = y = 0.0435.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解非化学计量化合物Fe_xO中的空位浓度，答案给出了具体的计算过程和数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及非化学计量化合物Fe_xO中Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}比值的计算，需要理解缺陷化学的基本原理，并应用相关公式进行多步计算。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要综合分析缺陷反应方程和浓度关系，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解非化学计量化合物的概念，掌握Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}比例与空位浓度的关系，并进行多步计算推导。题目涉及电荷平衡和缺陷化学的综合分析，虽然给出了正确选项的推导过程，但仍需要较强的概念关联和计算能力才能正确解答。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.0435",
|
||
"choice_question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1. What is the vacancy concentration in Fe_xO?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 97,
|
||
"question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1, find the value of x in Fe_xO.",
|
||
"answer": "Let y be the concentration of Fe^{3+}, y=0.0435. x=1-y=1-0.0435=0.9565, thus the chemical formula is Fe_0.9565O.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解非化学计量化合物Fe_xO中的x值，答案是一个具体的数值结果，解答过程涉及化学计量和电荷平衡的计算。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及非化学计量化合物的计算，需要理解Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}比例的概念，并进行多步计算来确定x的值。虽然计算过程不算特别复杂，但需要将概念与计算结合起来，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解非化学计量比化合物的概念，掌握Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}比例的计算方法，并进行多步计算才能得出最终结果。虽然题目提供了部分计算过程，但仍需要考生具备综合分析能力和化学计量关系的理解。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.9565",
|
||
"choice_question": "In the non-stoichiometric compound Fe_xO, Fe^{3+}/Fe^{2+}=0.1, what is the value of x in Fe_xO?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a choice in a single-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 98,
|
||
"question": "For edge dislocations, what are the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?",
|
||
"answer": "Edge dislocation: the dislocation line is perpendicular to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is perpendicular to the direction of dislocation motion.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释边缘位错的特性，包括位错线方向、Burgers矢量和位错运动方向之间的关系，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查边缘位错的基本特征，包括位错线方向、伯格斯矢量和位错运动方向之间的关系，属于基础概念的记忆和理解。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆（位错线方向、伯格斯矢量、位错运动方向的关系），但需要考生准确记忆并区分边缘位错的三个关键特征之间的相互关系。这比单纯复述定义（等级1）要求更高，但尚未达到需要分析复杂概念体系（等级3）的程度。正确选项明确给出了边缘位错的两个垂直关系，考生只需识别这些特征即可作答。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "the dislocation line is perpendicular to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is perpendicular to the direction of dislocation motion",
|
||
"choice_question": "For edge dislocations, which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the characteristics of edge dislocations, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 99,
|
||
"question": "When two edge dislocations with the same sign meet on the same slip plane, will they repel or attract each other?",
|
||
"answer": "Repel, tensile stress overlaps, compressive stress overlaps.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要解释两个同号刃位错在同一滑移面上相遇时的相互作用机制，答案提供了文字解释和论述，而非简单的选择或判断。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解位错的基本概念，并能够分析两个同号刃位错在同一滑移面上相遇时的相互作用机制。这涉及到位错应力场的叠加和相互作用力的判断，属于中等应用层次，需要一定的概念关联和综合分析能力。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解位错相互作用的基本原理，并能分析相同符号位错相遇时的应力场叠加效应。题目涉及中等应用层次的知识，要求考生将位错应力场概念与相互作用机制关联起来，但不需要进行复杂的多角度或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Repel",
|
||
"choice_question": "When two edge dislocations with the same sign meet on the same slip plane, they will:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term (Repel) and can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by providing options such as 'Repel' and 'Attract'."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 100,
|
||
"question": "For screw dislocations, what are the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?",
|
||
"answer": "Screw dislocation: the dislocation line is parallel to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is parallel to the direction of dislocation motion.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和描述螺位错的特征，包括位错线方向、Burgers矢量和位错运动方向之间的关系，答案以文字解释的形式给出，符合简答题的特点。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对螺位错基本特征（位错线方向、伯氏矢量、位错运动方向）的记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅要求记忆和识别螺位错的基本特征（位错线方向、伯氏矢量方向、运动方向之间的关系），属于基础概念的直接回忆，无需解释或复杂分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Screw dislocation: the dislocation line is parallel to the Burgers vector, and the dislocation line is parallel to the direction of dislocation motion.",
|
||
"choice_question": "For screw dislocations, which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of the dislocation line direction, Burgers vector, and dislocation motion direction?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard description of the characteristics of screw dislocations, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 101,
|
||
"question": "Both MgO (NaCl-type structure) and Li2O (anti-fluorite-type structure) are based on the cubic close packing of oxygen, and the cations are located in the interstitial sites of this arrangement. Why are Schottky defects the predominant point defects in MgO?",
|
||
"answer": "Mg occupies the tetrahedral sites. The tetrahedral sites are relatively small, making it difficult for Mg ions to migrate within the lattice to form Frenkel defects. Therefore, they are more inclined to form Schottky defects (paired cation and anion vacancies).",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么MgO中Schottky缺陷是主要的点缺陷，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要综合运用晶体结构、缺陷类型和离子迁移等知识，分析MgO中Schottky缺陷占主导的原因，涉及机理解释和推理分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型内属于最高难度等级，因为该题目要求考生：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Mg occupies the tetrahedral sites. The tetrahedral sites are relatively small, making it difficult for Mg ions to migrate within the lattice to form Frenkel defects. Therefore, they are more inclined to form Schottky defects (paired cation and anion vacancies).",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why are Schottky defects the predominant point defects in MgO?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 102,
|
||
"question": "If the partial pressure of surrounding oxygen is increased, how will the density of the non-stoichiometric compound Zn1+xO change? Increase or decrease? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "Zn (g) →Zni· +e Zn (g) +1/2O2=ZnO Zn:+e’+1/2O→ZnO [ZnO]=[e'] PO2↑,[Zni]↓",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释非化学计量化合物Zn1+xO的密度如何随周围氧气分压的变化而变化，并需要提供原因。答案中包含了化学反应方程式和文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要综合运用非化学计量化合物、缺陷化学、质量作用定律等知识，通过分析氧分压变化对缺陷浓度的影响机制来解释Zn1+xO密度的变化。这涉及多概念关联和机理解释，属于较高层次的综合分析能力。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is complex and involves chemical equations and explanations, which cannot be succinctly captured in a single-choice option without losing significant context or meaning. The question requires a detailed explanation of the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and the density of Zn1+xO, which is not suitable for a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 103,
|
||
"question": "What effect will grain boundaries have on the movement of dislocations? Can it be predicted?",
|
||
"answer": "Grain boundaries hinder the movement of dislocations.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释晶界对位错运动的影响，并讨论是否可以预测这种影响，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择或判断。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶界对位错运动影响的基本概念记忆和理解，属于材料科学中的基础知识点，不需要复杂的分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对基础概念的记忆，即\"晶界对位错运动的影响\"这一基本原理的直接复现。正确选项是教材或课堂中明确给出的结论，无需解释或推理过程，属于最基础的定义性知识考查。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Grain boundaries hinder the movement of dislocations.",
|
||
"choice_question": "What effect will grain boundaries have on the movement of dislocations?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard statement that can be used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by focusing on the effect of grain boundaries on dislocations."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 104,
|
||
"question": "Grain boundaries can be divided into small-angle grain boundaries and large-angle grain boundaries. Can large-angle grain boundaries be described by arrays of dislocations?",
|
||
"answer": "No, in large-angle grain boundaries, the atomic arrangement is close to a disordered state, and the distance between dislocations may only be 1 or 2 atoms in size, which is not applicable to large-angle grain boundaries.",
|
||
"question_type": "true_false",
|
||
"question_type_name": "判断题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求判断一个陈述的对错（\"Can large-angle grain boundaries be described by arrays of dislocations?\"），答案明确给出了\"否\"的回答并提供了简要解释，符合判断题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对晶界分类和位错描述的基本概念的理解，属于基础概念记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生理解大角度晶界的原子排列状态以及位错阵列的适用性。题目不仅要求记忆定义，还需要对概念进行一定的理解和判断，因此难度高于简单的正误判断（等级1），但尚未达到复杂概念陈述的判断（等级3）。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "No, in large-angle grain boundaries, the atomic arrangement is close to a disordered state, and the distance between dislocations may only be 1 or 2 atoms in size, which is not applicable to large-angle grain boundaries.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Grain boundaries can be divided into small-angle grain boundaries and large-angle grain boundaries. Can large-angle grain boundaries be described by arrays of dislocations?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "判断题可以转换为正确/错误的单选题格式"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 105,
|
||
"question": "Taking the dissolution of solute A0 in solvent B2O3 as an example, compare the chemical compositions of solid solutions, compounds, and mechanical mixtures.",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td>Comparison item</td><td>Solid solution</td><td>Compound</td><td>Mechanical mixture</td></tr><tr><td>Chemical composition</td><td>B2xAxO X （x=0~2）</td><td>AB2O4</td><td>AO+B2O3</td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求比较固体溶液、化合物和机械混合物的化学成分，并以表格形式展示答案，这需要文字解释和论述，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求比较固体溶液、化合物和机械混合物的化学组成，涉及多个概念的关联和综合分析，需要理解不同物质状态下的化学组成变化，并进行对比分析。这超出了单纯记忆基础概念的层次，属于中等应用水平。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生不仅理解固体溶液、化合物和机械混合物的基本概念，还需要能够比较它们的化学组成。题目通过表格形式呈现了三种不同物质类型的化学组成，要求考生能够识别并区分这些组成。这涉及到多步的概念关联和综合分析，属于较高难度的选择题。此外，题目还涉及中等应用层次的知识，需要考生具备一定的化学组成分析和比较能力。因此，该题目在选择题型内属于等级4的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "B2xAxO X （x=0~2）",
|
||
"choice_question": "Taking the dissolution of solute A0 in solvent B2O3 as an example, which of the following correctly represents the chemical composition of solid solutions?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a specific chemical composition, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question. The original question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by focusing on the chemical composition aspect."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 106,
|
||
"question": "From the perspective of chemical composition and phase composition, compare the differences between solid solutions and mechanical mixtures.",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>Solid solution</td><td>Mechanical mixture</td></tr><tr><td>Formation reason</td><td>Formed by atomic-scale 'dissolution'</td><td>Powder mixing</td></tr><tr><td>Number of phases</td><td>Uniform single phase</td><td>Multiphase</td></tr><tr><td>Chemical composition</td><td>Uncertain</td><td>As many chemical compositions as there are mixtures</td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从化学组成和相组成的角度比较固溶体和机械混合物的差异，需要文字解释和论述，答案以表格形式呈现了详细的对比内容，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对固体溶液和机械混合物在化学成分和相组成方面的基本概念的理解和记忆，属于基础概念的记忆和分类。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及基础概念记忆，但需要考生理解并比较固体溶液和机械混合物在化学成分和相组成方面的差异。正确选项通过表格形式清晰展示了两种材料的区别，包括形成原因、相数和化学成分。这要求考生不仅记住定义，还需要能够区分和对比这些概念。因此，该题目在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目要求从化学组成和相组成的角度比较固溶体和机械混合物的差异，答案以表格形式详细列出了多个方面的对比。这种类型的简答题需要学生综合理解和比较多个知识点，不适合转换为单选题格式，因为单选题通常要求选择一个最合适的选项，而这里的答案涉及多个方面的详细对比，无法简化为单一选项。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 107,
|
||
"question": "Explain the similarities between solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds",
|
||
"answer": "Solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds are all point defects, which are crystal structure defects, and they are single-phase homogeneous solids with structures identical to the host crystal phase.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物之间的相似性，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物这些基本概念的记忆和理解，以及它们之间的相似性。这些都属于晶体结构缺陷的基础知识，不需要复杂的分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生理解并描述三个相关概念（固溶体、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物）的相似性。虽然需要掌握多个概念，但题目仅要求识别和描述它们的共同特征（点缺陷、晶体结构缺陷、单相均质固体），而不需要进行复杂的比较分析或推导。这属于概念解释和描述的难度层次。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds are all point defects, which are crystal structure defects, and they are single-phase homogeneous solids with structures identical to the host crystal phase.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best describes the similarities between solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by asking for the best description of the similarities."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 108,
|
||
"question": "Explain the differences between solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds",
|
||
"answer": "Thermal defects - intrinsic defects; solid solutions - extrinsic defects; non-stoichiometric compounds - caused by changes in environmental atmosphere properties and pressure.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物之间的差异，需要详细的文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。答案也提供了详细的解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物之间的差异，这需要理解并关联多个概念，进行综合分析。虽然涉及基础概念，但需要将这些概念进行比较和关联，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生不仅要理解固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物的基本概念，还需要能够区分它们之间的差异，并正确匹配到热缺陷、外禀缺陷和环境因素导致的缺陷。这涉及到多步的概念关联和综合分析，属于较高难度的选择题。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目要求解释固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物之间的差异，答案涉及多个概念的综合描述。这种开放性的解释题不适合转换为单选题格式，因为无法将复杂的解释简化为单一的选项。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 109,
|
||
"question": "Al2O3 forms a limited solid solution in MgO, with approximately 18wt% Al2O3 dissolved in MgO at the eutectic temperature of 1995℃, assuming the unit cell size change of MgO is negligible. Estimate the density change when Al3+ acts as a substitutional ion.",
|
||
"answer": "The defect reaction is: Al2O3→MgO 2Al•Mg + 3O×o + V''Mg. Taking 100g of sample as the basis: mAl2O3 = 18/102 = 0.176 mol, mMgO = 82/40.3 = 2.035 mol. The molecular formula after solid solution is Mg2.035Al0.352O2.563. The density change is ρ/ρMgO = (0.176×102 + 2.035×40.3)/(2.563×40.3) = 0.968. The density after solid solution is less than that before solid solution.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，包括摩尔质量计算、分子式推导和密度变化计算。答案展示了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，需要理解缺陷反应、摩尔计算和密度变化分析，但不需要复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解缺陷反应方程、摩尔质量计算、分子式推导以及密度变化计算等多个步骤。虽然题目提供了部分计算过程，但仍需要考生具备综合分析能力和对固溶体概念的理解。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目为计算题，涉及复杂的化学反应和密度计算，答案需要详细的推导过程，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 110,
|
||
"question": "In MgO-Al2O3 and PbTiO3-PbZrO3, which pair forms a limited solid solution, and why?",
|
||
"answer": "MgO-Al2O3 forms a limited solid solution because the ionic radii of Mg2+ and Al3+ differ significantly, and the crystal structure types of MgO (NaCl-type structure) and Al2O3 (corundum-type structure) are quite different.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释哪一对形成有限固溶体并说明原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析两种材料体系中哪种形成有限固溶体，并解释原因。这需要综合运用离子半径差异和晶体结构类型差异的知识，进行推理分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "MgO-Al2O3 forms a limited solid solution because the ionic radii of Mg2+ and Al3+ differ significantly, and the crystal structure types of MgO (NaCl-type structure) and Al2O3 (corundum-type structure) are quite different.",
|
||
"choice_question": "In MgO-Al2O3 and PbTiO3-PbZrO3, which pair forms a limited solid solution, and why?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 111,
|
||
"question": "For MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3, the cation-anion radius ratios are 0.47, 0.36, and 0.40 respectively. Is the solid solubility in the MgO-Cr2O3 system expected to be limited or unlimited? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "The solid solubility between MgO and Cr2O3 is limited. Reason: different structure types, MgO has a NaCl-type structure while Cr2O3 has a corundum structure. Although (0.47-0.40)/0.47=14.89%<15%, continuous solid solution still cannot be formed.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么MgO-Cr2O3系统的固溶度是有限的，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。答案中提供了详细的解释和结构差异的分析。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解并应用离子半径比与晶体结构类型的关系，分析不同氧化物之间的固溶度限制。虽然涉及基本概念（离子半径比、晶体结构类型），但需要综合分析两者之间的关联，并解释为什么即使离子半径比差异小于15%仍不能形成连续固溶体。这属于中等应用层次，需要多步分析和概念关联。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。题目不仅要求考生掌握离子半径比与固溶体形成条件的基本概念，还需要考生能够综合分析不同晶体结构类型对固溶度的影响。解题步骤涉及多个知识点的关联应用（包括半径比计算、结构类型判断、固溶度限制条件等），并需要考生在选择题的有限选项中准确判断出关键限制因素（结构类型差异）。虽然题目给出了具体数值，但需要考生理解15%规则的适用条件及其例外情况（结构类型不同时不能形成连续固溶体），这超出了单纯记忆性知识的范畴，属于中等应用层次的多角度分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The solid solubility between MgO and Cr2O3 is limited. Reason: different structure types, MgO has a NaCl-type structure while Cr2O3 has a corundum structure. Although (0.47-0.40)/0.47=14.89%<15%, continuous solid solution still cannot be formed.",
|
||
"choice_question": "For MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3, the cation-anion radius ratios are 0.47, 0.36, and 0.40 respectively. Is the solid solubility in the MgO-Cr2O3 system expected to be limited or unlimited? Why?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by presenting the answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 113,
|
||
"question": "A certain NiO is non-stoichiometric. If the ratio of $\\\\mathrm{Ni^{3+}/Ni^{2+}}$ in NiO is $10^{-4}$, how many charge carriers are there per $\\\\mathrm{m}^{3}$?",
|
||
"answer": "Let the non-stoichiometric compound be $\\\\mathrm{Ni_{1}O}$. The reaction is: $Ni_{2}O_{3}\\\\xrightarrow{2\\\\sqrt{6}O}2^{1\\\\sqrt{1}i_{2}}Ni_{3}O_{0}+\\\\mathrm{V_{Ni}^{''}}$. The ratio $\\\\mathrm{Ni^{3+}/Ni^{2+}}=2y/(1-3y)=10^{-4}$. Solving gives $y=5\\\\times10^{-5}$, $x=1-y=0.99995$, leading to Ni$_{0.99995}$O. The number of charge carriers per $\\\\mathrm{m}^{3}$ is equal to the vacancy concentration: $[\\\\mathrm{V_{Ni}^{''}}]=y/\\\\Omega(1+x)=2.5\\\\times10^{-5}$.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算和公式应用，以确定非化学计量NiO中的电荷载流子浓度。解答过程涉及化学反应方程、比例关系求解和浓度计算，这些都是计算题的典型特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及非化学计量比化合物的计算，需要理解缺陷反应方程、电荷平衡关系，并进行多步计算和概念关联。虽然不涉及复杂的机理解释或创新应用，但需要综合分析缺陷浓度与电荷载体浓度的关系，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解非化学计量比化合物的概念，掌握Ni3+/Ni2+比例与空位浓度的关系，并进行多步计算。虽然题目提供了部分解题步骤，但仍需要综合分析能力和对材料缺陷化学的理解。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目为计算题，涉及复杂的化学计量和计算过程，答案不是一个简单的选项可以概括的。题目需要详细的计算步骤和解释，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 114,
|
||
"question": "Explain why only substitutional solid solutions can achieve complete mutual solubility between the two components, while interstitial solid solutions cannot.",
|
||
"answer": "(1) The interstitial sites in a crystal are limited, with an impurity accommodation capacity of $\\zeta10\\%$; (2) The formation of interstitial solid solutions generally increases the lattice constant, and when this increase reaches a certain extent, the lattice becomes unstable and dissociates; substitutional solid solutions are formed by the exchange of positions between ions of the same type, which does not affect the bonding, thus allowing the formation of continuous solid solutions.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么只有置换型固溶体可以实现两种组分的完全互溶，而间隙型固溶体不能。答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释置换型固溶体和间隙型固溶体在完全互溶性方面的差异，涉及晶体结构、晶格稳定性、键合作用等多个概念的综合分析和关联。需要深入理解两种固溶体的形成机制及其对材料性能的影响，并进行推理分析，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅理解置换固溶体和间隙固溶体的基本概念，还需要深入掌握晶体结构、晶格稳定性、溶解度限制等复杂机理。正确选项涉及多个专业知识点（如间隙位置限制、晶格常数变化、键合影响等），并要求将这些知识点综合运用来解释溶解度差异现象。此外，选项表述包含专业术语和定量数据（ζ10%），需要考生具备较强的材料科学理论基础和分析推理能力。这种在选择题中要求对复杂现象进行全面机理分析的题目，在选择题型内属于最高难度级别。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目为简答题，要求详细解释两种固溶体的溶解度差异。答案包含多个要点，无法简化为单一选项或标准术语。因此，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 115,
|
||
"question": "For MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3, the radius ratios of cations to anions are 0.47, 0.36, and 0.40, respectively. Is it possible for Al2O3 and Cr2O3 to form continuous solid solutions? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "Al2O3 and Cr2O3 can form continuous solid solutions, because: 1) They have the same crystal structure type, both belonging to the corundum structure. 2) (0.40-0.36)/0.40=10%<15%",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Al2O3和Cr2O3能否形成连续固溶体，并给出原因。答案需要文字论述和解释，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解固溶体形成的条件，包括晶体结构类型和半径比的差异，并进行简单的计算和比较。这涉及到多个概念的关联和综合分析，但不需要复杂的推理或深度理解。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于较高难度，需要综合运用多个知识点进行分析判断。具体包括：1) 需要掌握不同氧化物的晶体结构类型知识；2) 需要理解半径比对固溶体形成的影响；3) 需要进行具体的百分比计算；4) 需要将计算结果与15%的经验规则进行比较。这些步骤涉及概念关联和综合分析能力，超出了简单记忆或单一概念应用的难度水平。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Al2O3 and Cr2O3 can form continuous solid solutions, because: 1) They have the same crystal structure type, both belonging to the corundum structure. 2) (0.40-0.36)/0.40=10%<15%",
|
||
"choice_question": "For MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3, the radius ratios of cations to anions are 0.47, 0.36, and 0.40, respectively. Is it possible for Al2O3 and Cr2O3 to form continuous solid solutions?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by presenting the answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 116,
|
||
"question": "List a concise table comparing solid solutions, lattice defects, and non-stoichiometric compounds",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>Classification</td><td>Formation reason</td><td>Formation condition</td><td>Defect reaction</td><td>Chemical formula</td><td>Solubility, defect concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Thermal defect</td><td>Schottky Frenkel</td><td>Thermal fluctuation</td><td>T>Ok</td><td>VM M+Vx 0</td><td>MX MX</td><td>Only controlled by temperature</td></tr></table></body></html> <html><body><table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>M>M+V</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solid solution</td><td>Infinite, finite, substitution, interstitial</td><td>Impurity dissolution</td><td>Size, electronegativity, valence, structure</td><td></td><td></td><td>None: controlled by temperature With: impurity amount < solubility limit controlled by temperature impurity amount > solubility limit controlled by solubility limit</td></tr><tr><td>Non-stoichiometric compound</td><td>Cation vacancy anion interstitial cation interstitial anion vacancy</td><td>Changes in environmental atmosphere nature and pressure</td><td></td><td></td><td>Fe1x0 UO2x Zn1x0 TiO2-x</td><td>[h'] pl16 8 20 [Zni]oPo P-1/6</td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求列出并比较固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物的表格，需要以文字和表格形式进行解释和论述，属于简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求对固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物进行比较，涉及多个概念的关联和综合分析。虽然包含一些基础概念的记忆，但更强调对不同类型缺陷的形成原因、条件和反应的理解和比较，需要中等程度的思维深度和知识点的关联。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生对固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物等多个概念有深入的理解，并能进行综合比较分析。题目提供了详细的表格，涉及分类、形成原因、形成条件、缺陷反应、化学式以及溶解度等多个方面，要求考生能够从多角度进行分析和论述。此外，题目还涉及中等应用层次的知识，需要进行多步计算和概念关联，进一步增加了题目的复杂程度。因此，在选择题型内，该题目属于较高难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目要求列出并比较固体溶液、晶格缺陷和非化学计量化合物的表格，属于需要详细解释和比较的简答题，无法简化为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 118,
|
||
"question": "Chemical analysis of pyrite yields two possible compositions based on the Fe/S ratio from the analytical data: Fe1-xS and FeS1-x. The former implies a defect structure with Fe vacancies, while the latter indicates Fe substitution. How can experimental methods determine whether the mineral belongs to Fe1-xS (Fe vacancy defect structure)?",
|
||
"answer": "Fe1-xS contains Fe vacancies and is a non-stoichiometric compound, exhibiting h'P-type semiconductor properties. By measuring its semiconductor characteristics, if the results show h'P-type semiconductor behavior, it can be confirmed that the mineral composition is Fe1-xS.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过实验方法确定矿物属于Fe1-xS结构，需要文字解释和论述半导体特性的测量方法及其与矿物结构的关系。答案提供了详细的解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求通过实验方法确定矿物属于Fe1-xS结构，涉及非化学计量化合物的缺陷结构分析、半导体特性测量以及结果解释。这需要综合运用材料科学中的缺陷化学、半导体物理等知识，进行推理分析和机理解释，属于较高层次的认知能力要求。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅理解非化学计量化合物的概念（Fe1-xS和FeS1-x的区别），还需要掌握半导体特性与缺陷结构之间的机理关系。正确选项涉及通过实验现象（h'P型半导体行为）反推晶体缺陷类型，这需要考生具备：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "By measuring its semiconductor characteristics, if the results show h'P-type semiconductor behavior, it can be confirmed that the mineral composition is Fe1-xS.",
|
||
"choice_question": "How can experimental methods determine whether the mineral belongs to Fe1-xS (Fe vacancy defect structure)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific method that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by presenting the answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 119,
|
||
"question": "In MgO-Al2O3 and PbTiO3-PbZrO3, which pair forms an infinite solid solution, and why?",
|
||
"answer": "PbTiO3-PbZrO3 forms an infinite solid solution. Although the ionic radii of Ti4+ and Zr4+ differ significantly (approximately 15.28%), they both possess the ABO3 perovskite-type structure, and both Ti4+ and Zr4+ occupy the octahedral voids. These voids are relatively large, allowing the radii of the inserted cations to vary within a certain range without causing structural changes.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释哪一对材料形成无限固溶体并说明原因，答案需要详细的文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择或判断。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析两种材料体系中哪一种能形成无限固溶体，并解释原因。这需要综合运用晶体结构、离子半径、固溶体形成条件等多方面知识，进行推理分析。特别是需要理解离子半径差异对固溶体形成的影响，以及晶体结构中空隙大小对离子取代的容忍度，属于较深层次的分析和解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "PbTiO3-PbZrO3 forms an infinite solid solution.",
|
||
"choice_question": "In MgO-Al2O3 and PbTiO3-PbZrO3, which pair forms an infinite solid solution?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific and concise statement that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by focusing on the key query."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 121,
|
||
"question": "Use experimental methods to identify SiO2 glass",
|
||
"answer": "Use X-ray detection. SiO2 glass - isotropic.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用实验方法识别SiO2玻璃，答案提供了具体的实验方法（X-ray detection）和结果（isotropic），这需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求使用实验方法（X射线检测）来识别SiO2玻璃，并解释其各向同性特性。这属于基本实验方法的直接应用，不需要复杂的分析或多步骤推理，主要涉及对实验原理和材料特性的简单理解和应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单应用层次，仅需直接套用基本知识（X-ray检测和SiO2玻璃的各向同性特性）即可选出正确选项，无需复杂分析或多步骤推理。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Use X-ray detection. SiO2 glass - isotropic.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following methods can be used to identify SiO2 glass experimentally?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard method for identifying SiO2 glass, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 122,
|
||
"question": "Use experimental methods to identify crystalline SiO2",
|
||
"answer": "Use X-ray detection. Crystalline SiO2—particles are arranged regularly in three-dimensional space, exhibiting anisotropy.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用实验方法识别晶体SiO2，答案提供了具体的实验方法（X射线检测）和解释（晶体SiO2的三维规则排列和各向异性），属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题。 | 知识层次: 题目要求使用实验方法（X射线检测）来识别晶体SiO2，并解释其结构特征。这涉及基本的实验技术应用和晶体学基本概念的理解，属于简单应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解X射线检测的基本原理以及晶体结构（如各向异性）的特性，并能将两者联系起来进行判断。虽然题目给出了直接的应用方法说明，但需要考生具备一定的知识背景才能正确选择答案。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Use X-ray detection. Crystalline SiO2—particles are arranged regularly in three-dimensional space, exhibiting anisotropy.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following methods can be used to identify crystalline SiO2?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard method and description for identifying crystalline SiO2, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 123,
|
||
"question": "What are the characteristics of the polymer structure of silicate melts?",
|
||
"answer": "The characteristics of the polymer structure of silicate melts include: being composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra as the basic units forming polymers of varying sizes; undergoing three stages during formation: differentiation, polycondensation, and equilibrium; accompanying deformation during polycondensation, where chain polymers undergo rotation and bending, layered polymers experience wrinkling and warping, and framework polymers exhibit increased thermal defects with changes in the Si-O-Si bond angle; ultimately reaching an equilibrium state of polymerization and depolymerization under the influence of time and temperature.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和论述聚合物结构的特点，答案提供了详细的文字描述和解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求对硅酸盐熔体聚合物结构的特性进行详细解释和论述，涉及硅氧四面体基本单元、聚合物形成过程的三个阶段（分化、缩聚和平衡）、聚合物变形机制（链状、层状和骨架聚合物的不同变形行为）以及最终平衡状态的描述。这些内容需要综合运用材料科学知识，进行推理分析和机理解释，思维过程深度较高，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。正确选项不仅要求掌握硅酸盐熔体聚合物结构的基本单元（硅氧四面体）和形成阶段（分化、缩聚、平衡），还需要深入理解不同聚合物类型（链状、层状、框架）在缩聚过程中的变形机理，以及时间和温度对聚合-解聚平衡状态的影响。这需要考生具备综合运用知识、进行复杂推理和机理解释的能力，远超选择题型中常见的简单概念识别或单一知识点考查。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation of the characteristics of the polymer structure of silicate melts, which includes multiple points and stages. This complexity makes it unsuitable for conversion into a single-choice question format, as the answer cannot be succinctly captured in a single option without losing significant detail or accuracy."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 124,
|
||
"question": "Use experimental methods to identify SiO2 melt",
|
||
"answer": "Use X-ray detection. SiO2 melt—internal structure is framework-like, short-range ordered, long-range disordered.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用实验方法识别SiO2熔体，答案提供了具体的实验方法（X-ray detection）和解释（内部结构特征），属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题。 | 知识层次: 题目要求使用实验方法（X射线检测）来识别SiO2熔体的结构特征，涉及对实验方法的理解和应用，以及将实验结果与材料结构特征（短程有序、长程无序）关联起来。这需要多步思维过程，包括选择合适的实验方法、理解其原理，并能解释实验结果，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解SiO2熔体的结构特征（短程有序、长程无序）以及X射线检测方法的原理和应用。虽然题目涉及实验方法和材料结构的综合分析，但在选择题型中，正确选项提供了明确的关键信息，降低了答题的复杂程度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目要求使用实验方法识别SiO2熔体，并给出了具体的实验方法和解释。这种答案涉及具体操作和解释，不适合简化为单选题的选项形式。单选题通常需要简洁明确的选项，而这里的答案较为复杂，难以用简单的选项概括。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 125,
|
||
"question": "Use experimental methods to identify silica gel",
|
||
"answer": "Use X-ray detection. Silica gel—loose and porous.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用实验方法识别硅胶，答案需要文字解释和论述具体的实验方法（X射线检测）和硅胶的特征（松散多孔），属于需要文字解释的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求使用实验方法（X射线检测）来识别硅胶，并描述其特性（松散多孔）。这属于直接应用基本的实验技术和材料特性知识，不需要复杂的分析或综合过程。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单应用层次，仅需识别正确的实验方法（X-ray检测）并理解硅胶的基本特性（松散多孔）。题目直接给出了正确选项，无需复杂分析或多步骤推理，符合等级2的简单应用过程描述标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Use X-ray detection. Silica gel—loose and porous.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following methods can be used to identify silica gel experimentally?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard method and description, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 126,
|
||
"question": "Describe the structural and property characteristics of quartz melt",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td>Structure</td><td>Framework structure, long-range disorder</td></tr><tr><td>Properties</td><td>High viscosity, large surface tension</td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述石英熔体的结构和性能特征，答案以文字解释和论述的形式呈现，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查对石英熔体结构和性质特征的基础概念记忆和理解，不涉及复杂分析或综合应用 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生描述石英熔体的结构和性质特征，属于概念解释和描述的层次。虽然需要记忆和理解石英熔体的基本结构（框架结构、长程无序）和性质（高粘度、大表面张力），但不需要进行复杂的比较分析或阐述多个概念之间的关系。因此，在选择题型内属于中等难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is in a tabular format detailing structural and property characteristics of quartz melt, which is complex and not easily convertible to a single correct option in a multiple-choice format without oversimplifying or losing significant information."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 127,
|
||
"question": "What are the factors affecting the viscosity of the melt?",
|
||
"answer": "The main factors affecting the viscosity of the melt: temperature and the composition of the melt. The increase in the content of alkaline oxides drastically reduces the viscosity. As the temperature decreases, the viscosity of the melt increases exponentially.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释影响熔体粘度的因素，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选项选择、判断对错或数值计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对熔体粘度影响因素的基础概念记忆和理解，涉及温度和熔体组成等基本原理，不需要复杂的分析或综合应用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及的是基础概念记忆，但需要考生理解并记忆影响熔体粘度的两个主要因素（温度和成分）及其具体影响方式（碱性氧化物含量增加会显著降低粘度，温度降低则粘度呈指数增加）。这比单纯记忆定义（等级1）要求更高的理解深度，但不需要进行复杂的概念体系阐述（等级3）。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "temperature and the composition of the melt",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following are the main factors affecting the viscosity of the melt?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a standard terminology or concept, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by listing possible factors and identifying the correct ones as options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 128,
|
||
"question": "What is the process of polymer structure formation in silicate melts?",
|
||
"answer": "The formation of polymers is based on the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as the fundamental unit, forming aggregates of varying sizes. It can be divided into three stages: Initial stage: The breakdown of quartz, where the framework [Si0_{4}] fractures, forming polymers of varying degrees of polymerization in the melt. Middle stage: Polycondensation accompanied by deformation—linear polymers tend to rotate around the Si-O axis while bending, layered polymers cause the layers themselves to wrinkle and warp, framework polymers exhibit increased thermal defects, and the Si-O-Si bond angles change. [Si0_{4}]Na_{4} + [Si_{2}0_{7}]Na_{6} → [Si_{3}0_{10}]Na_{8} + Na_{2}O (short bond) 3[Si_{3}0_{10}]Na_{8} → [Si_{6}0_{18}]Na_{12} + 2Na_{2}O (six-membered ring). Final stage: Within a certain time and temperature range, polymerization and depolymerization reach equilibrium. The Na_{2}O released by polycondensation can further erode the quartz framework, breaking it down into oligomers, and this cycle continues until the system reaches a breakdown-polycondensation equilibrium.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释聚合物在硅酸盐熔体中的结构形成过程，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择题、判断题或计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求详细解释硅酸盐熔体中聚合物结构形成的三个阶段，涉及硅氧四面体的聚合、变形和平衡过程，需要综合运用多个概念并进行机理分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求深入理解硅酸盐熔体中聚合物结构形成的复杂过程，包括三个阶段的具体机理和化学反应。正确选项不仅需要掌握硅氧四面体的基本单元概念，还需理解聚合、解聚平衡的动态过程，以及中间阶段的各种聚合物形态变化和化学反应方程式。这种题目在选择题型中极为少见，因为它要求考生具备高度的综合运用能力、推理分析能力和机理解释能力，远超一般选择题的知识点掌握深度和解题步骤复杂程度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation of the process of polymer structure formation in silicate melts, which includes multiple stages and specific chemical reactions. This level of detail and complexity cannot be adequately captured in a single correct option for a multiple-choice question without oversimplifying the content or losing critical information."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 129,
|
||
"question": "Analyze the reason why monovalent alkali metal oxides reduce the viscosity of silicate melts.",
|
||
"answer": "Generally, alkali metal oxides (Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, Cs2O) can reduce melt viscosity. These cations, due to their small charge, large radius, and weak interaction with O2-, provide 'free oxygen' in the system, increasing the O/Si ratio. This causes the original silicon-oxygen anion groups to depolymerize into simpler structural units, thereby reducing the activation energy and decreasing viscosity.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析碱金属氧化物降低硅酸盐熔体粘度的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析碱金属氧化物降低硅酸盐熔体粘度的原因，涉及离子特性（小电荷、大半径、弱相互作用）、氧硅比变化、硅氧阴离子基团的解聚以及活化能降低等多个方面的综合分析和机理解释。这需要深入理解材料科学中的结构-性能关系，并进行多因素的推理分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。它要求考生不仅掌握碱金属氧化物的基本性质，还需要深入理解硅酸盐熔体粘度的变化机理。题目涉及多个复杂概念的综合运用，包括阳离子特性（电荷、半径）、氧硅比变化、硅氧阴离子基团的解聚过程以及活化能的影响机制。这种需要从微观结构角度解释宏观性质变化的题目，在选择题型中属于对知识深度和综合分析能力要求极高的类型。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Generally, alkali metal oxides (Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, Cs2O) can reduce melt viscosity. These cations, due to their small charge, large radius, and weak interaction with O2-, provide 'free oxygen' in the system, increasing the O/Si ratio. This causes the original silicon-oxygen anion groups to depolymerize into simpler structural units, thereby reducing the activation energy and decreasing viscosity.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best explains why monovalent alkali metal oxides reduce the viscosity of silicate melts?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as one of several options in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by asking for the best explanation."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 130,
|
||
"question": "Describe the structural and property characteristics of quartz crystals",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td>Structure</td><td>Regular ordered arrangement, long-range order</td></tr><tr><td>Properties</td><td></td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述石英晶体的结构和性质特征，需要文字解释和论述，答案以表格形式呈现了结构和性质的特点，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查对石英晶体结构和性质的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层面的知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生描述石英晶体的结构和性质特征，属于概念解释和描述的难度等级。虽然题目涉及两个方面的内容（结构和性质），但每个方面都是基础概念的记忆和简单描述，不需要复杂的分析或比较。因此，在选择题型内属于中等难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is in a tabular format detailing structural and property characteristics of quartz crystals, which is complex and not suitable for conversion to a single-choice question format. The answer requires a descriptive response rather than a selection from predefined options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 131,
|
||
"question": "The above data were obtained under constant pressure. If obtained under constant volume, do you think the activation energy would change? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "If obtained under constant volume, the activation energy would not change. Because activation energy is the energy required for liquid particles to undergo linear motion. It is related to the melt composition and the degree of [Si04] polymerization in the melt.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么在恒容条件下活化能不会改变，需要文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解活化能的概念，并分析其在恒压和恒容条件下的变化。虽然涉及基础概念，但需要将活化能与熔体组成和[Si04]聚合程度关联起来，进行一定的综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。首先，题目要求考生理解活化能的定义及其与实验条件（恒压与恒容）的关系。其次，需要考生能够分析活化能的本质（液体粒子线性运动所需的能量）以及其与熔体组成和[Si04]聚合度的关联。这涉及多个概念的关联和综合分析，超出了简单的记忆或单一概念的应用。因此，在选择题型中，该题目属于多角度分析论述的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "If obtained under constant volume, the activation energy would not change. Because activation energy is the energy required for liquid particles to undergo linear motion. It is related to the melt composition and the degree of [Si04] polymerization in the melt.",
|
||
"choice_question": "The above data were obtained under constant pressure. If obtained under constant volume, do you think the activation energy would change? Why?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by providing the correct answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 132,
|
||
"question": "What are the structural differences between crystalline SiO2, SiO2 glass, silica gel, and SiO2 melt?",
|
||
"answer": "Crystalline SiO2—particles are arranged regularly in three-dimensional space, exhibiting anisotropy; SiO2 glass—isotropic; silica gel—loose and porous; SiO2 melt—internal structure is framework-like, with short-range order and long-range disorder.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对不同形态的SiO2进行结构差异的描述，需要文字解释和论述，答案也是以文字形式呈现的详细解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查对四种不同形态SiO2结构特点的记忆和理解，属于基础概念的记忆性知识，不涉及复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及四种不同形态的SiO2，但正确选项已经明确列出了它们各自的结构特点，考生只需记忆并区分这些基本概念即可。不需要进行复杂的分析或推理，属于概念解释和描述的层次。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Crystalline SiO2—particles are arranged regularly in three-dimensional space, exhibiting anisotropy; SiO2 glass—isotropic; silica gel—loose and porous; SiO2 melt—internal structure is framework-like, with short-range order and long-range disorder.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly describes the structural differences between crystalline SiO2, SiO2 glass, silica gel, and SiO2 melt?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original short answer question asks for a description of structural differences, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by providing the correct description as one of the options. The answer is a standard and specific description, making it suitable for conversion."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 133,
|
||
"question": "Describe the structural and property characteristics of Na2O·2SiO2 melt",
|
||
"answer": "<html><body><table><tr><td>Structure</td><td>Six-membered or eight-membered rings, long-range disorder</td></tr><tr><td>Properties</td><td>High electrical conductivity, high surface tension</td></tr></table></body></html>",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求描述Na2O·2SiO2熔体的结构和性能特征，需要文字解释和论述。答案以表格形式呈现了结构和性能的具体特点，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求描述Na2O·2SiO2熔体的结构和性能特征，涉及对材料结构（如六元环或八元环、长程无序）和性能（如高电导率、高表面张力）的综合分析，需要理解并关联多个概念，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生不仅要掌握Na2O·2SiO2熔体的基本结构特征（如六元环或八元环、长程无序），还需要理解其相关性能特点（如高电导率、高表面张力）。这涉及到多步概念关联和综合分析，属于中等应用层次的知识。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但需要考生在选择题型内进行多角度分析，将结构和性能特征联系起来，因此难度较高，属于等级4。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed description of both structural and property characteristics in a tabular format, which cannot be succinctly captured in a single correct option for a multiple-choice question without significant loss of information or oversimplification."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 134,
|
||
"question": "Can glass be formed by rapid quenching at 1050°C?",
|
||
"answer": "At this temperature, rapid quenching can form glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "true_false",
|
||
"question_type_name": "判断题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_1",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目是一个陈述句，要求判断其正确性（玻璃是否可以通过在1050°C快速淬火形成），答案直接给出了对错判断。 | 知识层次: 题目考查玻璃形成的基本原理和温度条件的记忆，属于基础概念的记忆和理解。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于基本概念正误判断。题目仅涉及玻璃形成的基本原理和温度条件的记忆性知识，不需要深入理解或复杂分析。正确选项直接陈述了基础概念，属于最基础层次的难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "At this temperature, rapid quenching can form glass.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Can glass be formed by rapid quenching at 1050°C?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "判断题可以转换为正确/错误的单选题格式"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 135,
|
||
"question": "CeO2 has a fluorite structure. When 15 mol% CaO is added to form a solid solution, the measured density of the solid solution is d = 7.01 g/cm³, and the unit cell parameter is a = 0.5417 nm. Determine through calculation which type of solid solution is formed. The atomic weights are Ce 140.12, Ca 40.08, O 16.00.",
|
||
"answer": "For the CaO-CeO2 solid solution, from the perspective of maintaining electrical neutrality, it can form either an oxygen vacancy solid solution or a solid solution with Ca²⁺ embedded in the anion interstitial sites. The solid solution equations are as follows: For substitutional solid solution, x = 0.15, 1 - x = 0.85, 2 - x = 1.85, so the chemical formula of the substitutional solid solution is Ca0.15Ce0.85O1.85. Since CeO2 has a fluorite structure, the number of unit cell molecules Z = 4, and the unit cell contains three types of ions: Ca²⁺, Ce⁴⁺, and O²⁻. The mass of the unit cell is: W = ΣWi = [4 × (0.15/1) × MCa²⁺ + 4 × (0.85/1) × MCe⁴⁺ + 8 × (1.85/2) × MO²⁻] / 6.022 × 10²² = 102.766 × 10⁻²² g. The calculated density dR = W/V = 0.6465 g/cm³. For interstitial solid solution, the chemical formula is Ca2Ce1-yO2. Compared with the given composition Ca0.15Ce0.85O1.85, the O²⁻ content differs: Ca0.15Ce0.85O1.85 → Ca0.15×2/1.85Ce0.85×2/1.85O2. y = 0.15 × 2 / 1.85, 1 - y = 0.85 × 2 / 1.85 ⇒ y = 0.15 / 1.85. The chemical formula of the interstitial solid solution is Ca0.15×2/1.85Ce1.7/1.85O2. Similarly, the calculated density dg = W/V = 7.033 g/cm³. The measured density is d = 7.01 g/cm³, which is close to d2. Therefore, an interstitial solid solution is formed, with interstitial Ca²⁺ ions present.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过计算确定形成的固溶体类型，涉及密度、晶胞参数和原子量的计算，答案中展示了详细的公式应用和数值计算过程。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括化学式的推导、单位晶胞质量的计算、密度的计算等，同时需要理解固溶体的形成机制和电中性原则，涉及多个概念的关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于高难度，题目涉及复杂的多步计算和概念关联。需要考生掌握固体溶液的形成机制、密度计算、晶胞参数与化学组成的关联等知识点，并进行综合分析。计算过程涉及多个变量和步骤，包括化学式的推导、单位晶胞质量的计算、密度的比较等，对考生的综合能力和计算精度要求较高。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "an interstitial solid solution is formed, with interstitial Ca²⁺ ions present",
|
||
"choice_question": "CeO2 has a fluorite structure. When 15 mol% CaO is added to form a solid solution, the measured density of the solid solution is d = 7.01 g/cm³, and the unit cell parameter is a = 0.5417 nm. Determine which type of solid solution is formed.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific conclusion about the type of solid solution formed, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 136,
|
||
"question": "The viscosity of SiO2 melt is 10^14 Pa·s at 1000°C and 10^7 Pa·s at 1400°C. What is the activation energy for viscous flow of SiO2 glass?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula: η=η0exp(ΔE/RT)\\nAt 1000°C, η=10^14 Pa·s, T=1000+273=1273 K\\nAt 1400°C, η=10^7 Pa·s, T=1400+273=1673 K\\nSolving the two equations simultaneously yields: η0=5.27×10^-16 Pa·s\\nΔE=713.5 kJ/mol",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解SiO2玻璃的粘流活化能，答案中包含了具体的计算步骤和结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用Arrhenius方程进行多步计算，涉及温度转换和联立方程求解，属于中等应用层次。虽然不涉及复杂的概念关联或综合分析，但需要一定的计算能力和公式应用技巧。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解粘度与温度的关系公式，进行多步计算（包括温度转换和联立方程求解），并综合分析结果。虽然题目提供了公式和步骤，但计算过程较为复杂，涉及对数运算和单位转换，对学生的计算能力和概念理解有一定要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "713.5 kJ/mol",
|
||
"choice_question": "The viscosity of SiO2 melt is 10^14 Pa·s at 1000°C and 10^7 Pa·s at 1400°C. What is the activation energy for viscous flow of SiO2 glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 137,
|
||
"question": "The melt viscosity is 10^7 Pa·s at 727°C and 10^3 Pa·s at 1156°C. At what temperature will it be 10^6 Pa·s?",
|
||
"answer": "According to logη=A+B/T, at 727°C, η=10^7 Pa·s, the equation gives: log10^7=A+B/(727+273) (1). At 1156°C, η=10^3 Pa·s, the equation gives: log10^3=A+B/(1156+273) (2). Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously yields A=-6.32 and B=13324. When η=10^6 Pa·s, log10^6=-6.32+13324/(t+273), solving gives t=808.5°C.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解特定温度下的熔体粘度，解答过程涉及对数运算和联立方程的求解，属于典型的计算题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用粘度与温度关系的公式，并进行多步计算和联立方程求解，涉及概念关联和综合分析，但不需要复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解粘度与温度的关系公式（logη=A+B/T），并能够建立两个方程联立求解未知参数A和B。随后还需代入新的粘度值求解温度，涉及多步计算和代数运算。虽然题目提供了明确的解题路径，但步骤较多且需要一定的数学技巧，因此在选择题型内属于综合性计算问题。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "808.5°C",
|
||
"choice_question": "The melt viscosity is 10^7 Pa·s at 727°C and 10^3 Pa·s at 1156°C. At what temperature will it be 10^6 Pa·s?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by providing the correct option among plausible alternatives."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 138,
|
||
"question": "A melt has a viscosity of 310Pa·s at 1300℃ and 10^7Pa·s at 800℃. What is its viscosity at 1050℃?",
|
||
"answer": "According to logη=A+B/(T+273), at 1300℃, η=310Pa·s, the formula gives: log310=A+B/(1300+273)①; at 800℃, η=10^7Pa·s, the formula gives: log10^7=A+B/(800+273)②. Solving equations ① and ② simultaneously yields A=−7.2, B=15219.6. When t=1050℃, logη=−7.2+15219.6/(1050+273), solving gives η=20130.5Pa·s.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解特定温度下的粘度值，解答过程涉及对数运算和方程求解，属于典型的计算题。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用粘度与温度关系的公式，进行多步计算和联立方程求解，涉及中等难度的数学运算和概念关联。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解粘度与温度的关系公式，并进行多步计算。题目要求解两个方程以确定常数A和B，然后代入新的温度值计算粘度。虽然计算步骤较多，但在选择题型中，正确选项提供了明确的解题路径，减少了推导的复杂性。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "20130.5Pa·s",
|
||
"choice_question": "A melt has a viscosity of 310Pa·s at 1300℃ and 10^7Pa·s at 800℃. What is its viscosity at 1050℃?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 139,
|
||
"question": "The viscosity of Pyrex glass is 10^9 Pa·s at 1400°C and 10^13 Pa·s at 840°C. To facilitate forming, approximately what temperature is required for the glass to reach a viscosity of 10^5 Pa·s?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula: η = η0 exp(ΔE / (R T)). Given η0 = 11.22 Pa·s and ΔE = 254.62 kJ/mol. When η = 10^5 Pa·s, 10^5 = 11.22 exp(254.62 × 1000 / ((273 + t) × 8.314)). Solving gives t = 3094.2°C.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的公式和数据进行数值计算，以求解特定温度值。答案展示了详细的公式应用和计算过程，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用Arrhenius方程进行多步计算，涉及对数运算和温度转换，需要理解粘度与温度的关系并正确应用公式。虽然不涉及复杂的综合分析或机理解释，但计算过程较为复杂，超出了简单应用的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于高难度题目，需要理解粘度与温度的复杂关系，应用阿伦尼乌斯公式进行多步计算，涉及对数运算和温度转换，且需要处理较大的数值范围和单位换算。解题过程需要较强的综合分析能力和数学运算技巧，超出了选择题常见的简单计算或概念判断的范畴。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目涉及复杂的计算和公式推导，需要学生掌握并应用特定的物理公式和数学计算能力。转换为单选题格式会简化问题，无法有效评估学生的理解和计算能力。此外，题目答案涉及精确的计算结果，不适合以选项形式呈现。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 140,
|
||
"question": "The viscosity of Pyrex glass is 10^9 Pa·s at 1400℃ and 10^13 Pa·s at 840℃. What is the activation energy for viscous flow?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula: η = η0 exp(ΔE / (R T)). At 1400℃, η = 10^9 Pa·s, T = 1400 + 273 = 1673 K, 10^9 = η0 exp(ΔE / (1673 × 8.314)). At 840℃, η = 10^13 Pa·s, T = 840 + 273 = 1113 K, 10^13 = η0 exp(ΔE / (1113 × 8.314)). Solving the two equations simultaneously yields: η0 = 11.22 Pa·s, ΔE = 254.62 kJ/mol.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的粘度和温度数据，应用阿伦尼乌斯公式进行数值计算，求解粘性流动的活化能。答案涉及公式推导和数值计算过程，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用阿伦尼乌斯公式进行多步计算，涉及温度转换、对数运算和联立方程求解，属于中等应用层次。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析，但需要一定的综合分析能力和公式应用技巧。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解粘度与温度的关系公式，并进行多步计算和方程联立求解。虽然题目提供了具体数值，但解题过程涉及对数运算和单位转换，对学生的计算能力和概念理解有一定要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "254.62 kJ/mol",
|
||
"choice_question": "The viscosity of Pyrex glass is 10^9 Pa·s at 1400℃ and 10^13 Pa·s at 840℃. What is the activation energy for viscous flow?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 141,
|
||
"question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in their melting temperatures? Explain the reason. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2",
|
||
"answer": "(2) The melting temperature of glaze formula 1 > the melting temperature of glaze formula 2",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求比较两种釉配方的熔化温度差异并解释原因，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算 | 知识层次: 题目要求比较两种釉料配方的熔化温度差异并解释原因，这涉及到对釉料成分及其对熔化温度影响的理解和应用。需要分析不同氧化物（如K2O、Na2O、CaO、PbO、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2）在釉料中的作用及其对熔化温度的影响，属于多步计算和概念关联的综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的推理或创新设计，但需要一定的综合分析能力。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目要求比较两种釉料配方的熔融温度差异，并解释原因。这涉及到对釉料成分（如K2O、Na2O、CaO、PbO、Al2O3、SiO2等）及其对熔融温度影响的理解。虽然题目提供了具体的配方，但需要考生能够识别关键成分（如PbO的助熔作用、Al2O3和SiO2的提高熔融温度作用）并进行综合分析。此外，还需要进行多步计算和概念关联，但因为是选择题，正确选项已经给出，减少了部分难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The melting temperature of glaze formula 1 > the melting temperature of glaze formula 2",
|
||
"choice_question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in their melting temperatures. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific comparison statement that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by presenting the comparison as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 142,
|
||
"question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lamps has an annealing point of 544°C and a softening point of 780°C. Calculate the activation energy for viscous flow of this glass.",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula: η=η0exp(ΔE/RT). At the annealing point of 544°C, η=1.0×10^12 Pa·s, T=544+273=817K; at the softening point of 780°C, η=4.5×10^6 Pa·s, T=780+273=1053K. Solving the simultaneous equations gives: η0=1.39×10^-12 Pa·s, ΔE=373.13 kJ/mol.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的温度和粘度数据，应用公式计算玻璃的粘流活化能，解答过程涉及数值计算和公式应用。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用粘性流动的Arrhenius方程进行多步计算，涉及两个温度点的数据联立求解，需要理解活化能的概念和公式转换，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解粘性流动的激活能计算公式，并能够正确转换温度单位（摄氏到开尔文）。解题过程涉及解联立方程，需要一定的数学能力和对公式的理解。虽然题目提供了关键数据点，但计算步骤较多，容易在单位转换或方程求解中出现错误。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "373.13 kJ/mol",
|
||
"choice_question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lamps has an annealing point of 544°C and a softening point of 780°C. What is the activation energy for viscous flow of this glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by providing the correct answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 143,
|
||
"question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in surface tension between them? Explain the reason. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2",
|
||
"answer": "(3) Difference in surface tension: The surface tension of glaze formula 1 < the surface tension of glaze formula 2, because the O/Si ratio of glaze formula 1 is less than that of glaze formula 2, and glaze formula 1 contains PbO and B2O3, which can reduce surface tension.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释两种釉料配方的表面张力差异，并说明原因。答案需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求比较两种釉配方的表面张力差异，并解释原因。这需要理解表面张力与釉组成（如O/Si比、PbO和B2O3的存在）之间的关系，涉及多步分析和概念关联。虽然不涉及复杂的计算，但需要对材料科学中的基本原理有较好的理解，并能综合应用这些知识来解答问题。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目要求考生计算两种釉料配方的O/Si比，并理解PbO和B2O3对表面张力的影响。虽然题目提供了具体配方，但需要考生具备一定的材料科学知识，能够进行多步计算和综合分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The surface tension of glaze formula 1 < the surface tension of glaze formula 2, because the O/Si ratio of glaze formula 1 is less than that of glaze formula 2, and glaze formula 1 contains PbO and B2O3, which can reduce surface tension.",
|
||
"choice_question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in surface tension between them. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2. Which of the following statements is correct?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to ask for the correct statement regarding the difference in surface tension between the two glaze formulas."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 144,
|
||
"question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lighting lamps has an annealing point of 544°C, a softening point of 780°C, and a viscous flow activation energy of 373.13 kJ/mol. Determine its working range.",
|
||
"answer": "The working temperature range viscosity is generally 10^3~10^7 Pa·s. According to the formula T=ΔE/(R·ln(η/η0)): when η=10^3 Pa·s, T=1033.6K=760.6°C; when η=10^7 Pa·s, T=1038.9°C. Therefore, the working temperature range is 760.6°C~1038.9°C.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的参数（退火点、软化点、粘流活化能）和公式计算玻璃的工作温度范围，答案是通过数值计算得出的具体温度区间，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及公式的应用和温度单位的转换，需要理解粘度和温度之间的关系，并进行综合分析以确定工作温度范围。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但比简单的直接套用公式更复杂。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解玻璃工作温度范围的概念，掌握粘度与温度的关系公式，并进行多步计算。虽然题目提供了必要的参数，但需要考生综合运用这些信息进行计算和分析，涉及中等应用层次的知识点。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "760.6°C~1038.9°C",
|
||
"choice_question": "A borosilicate glass used for sealing lighting lamps has an annealing point of 544°C, a softening point of 780°C, and a viscous flow activation energy of 373.13 kJ/mol. What is its working temperature range?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical range, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 145,
|
||
"question": "The working range of a certain type of glass is from $870^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ ($\\\\eta=10^{6}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot{}}$) to $1300^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ ($\\\\eta=10^{2.5}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\mathrm{{s}}}$). Estimate its annealing point ($\\\\eta=10^{12}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\Delta s}$)?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula: $\\\\mathfrak{H}=\\\\mathfrak{N}_{0}\\\\exp(\\\\frac{\\\\Delta\\\\mathcal{E}}{R T})$ \\n\\nAt $870^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$, $\\\\eta=10^{6}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\mathrm{{s}}}$, T=870+273=1143K, $10^{6}=1.57\\\\times10^{-7}\\\\exp[\\\\frac{280.16\\\\times1000}{1143\\\\times8.314}]$ (1) \\nAt $1300^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$, $\\\\eta=10^{2.5}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\mathrm{{s}}}$ (2) \\nBy solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get: $\\\\mathfrak{V}_{0}=1.57\\\\times\\\\ensuremath{10^{-7}}\\\\mathrm{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\mathrm{s}$, $\\\\Delta E=280.16\\\\mathrm{kJ/mol}$ \\nWhen $\\\\eta=10^{12}\\\\mathrm{{Pa}\\\\cdot\\\\mathrm{{s}}}$, $10^{12}=1.57\\\\times10^{-7}\\\\exp[\\\\frac{280.16\\\\times1000}{(273+t)\\\\times8.314}]$ \\nSolving gives $t=505.15^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来估计玻璃的退火点，解答过程中涉及多个步骤的数学计算和方程求解。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用粘度-温度关系的公式进行多步计算，涉及对数运算和方程求解，同时需要理解粘度与温度之间的关系，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于高难度，题目涉及复杂的多步计算和多个变量的综合分析。需要理解并应用粘度与温度关系的公式，同时进行对数运算和方程求解。解题步骤包括：",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "505.15°C",
|
||
"choice_question": "The working range of a certain type of glass is from 870°C (η=10^6 Pa·s) to 1300°C (η=10^2.5 Pa·s). Estimate its annealing point (η=10^12 Pa·s)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation problem has a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format with the correct option being the calculated result."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 146,
|
||
"question": "What are the kinetic factors affecting the glass formation process?",
|
||
"answer": "The key factor affecting glass formation is the cooling rate of the melt. Whether the melt crystallizes or forms glass is related to the degree of supercooling, viscosity, nucleation rate, and crystal growth rate.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释影响玻璃形成过程的动力学因素，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释影响玻璃形成过程的动力学因素，涉及多个相关概念（冷却速率、过冷度、粘度、成核速率、晶体生长速率）的关联和综合分析，需要理解这些因素之间的相互作用及其对玻璃形成的影响，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念（冷却速率、过冷度、粘度、成核速率和晶体生长速率）并进行综合分析。虽然题目涉及多个因素，但在选择题型中只需识别关键因素，不需要进行多步计算或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The key factor affecting glass formation is the cooling rate of the melt. Whether the melt crystallizes or forms glass is related to the degree of supercooling, viscosity, nucleation rate, and crystal growth rate.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best describes the kinetic factors affecting the glass formation process?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a standard and concise explanation of the factors affecting glass formation, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 147,
|
||
"question": "What are the crystallochemical factors affecting the glass formation process?",
|
||
"answer": "The crystallochemical factors affecting glass formation include: the size and arrangement of complex anion groups, bond strength, and bond type.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释和论述影响玻璃形成的结晶化学因素，答案提供了详细的文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对玻璃形成过程中结晶化学因素的综合分析，需要理解并关联多个概念（如复杂阴离子基团的尺寸和排列、键强度和键类型），并进行一定程度的解释和论述。这超出了单纯记忆基础概念的层次，但尚未达到复杂分析或高级综合的深度。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目涉及玻璃形成过程中的结晶化学因素，包括复杂阴离子基团的大小和排列、键强度和键类型等概念。虽然不需要多步计算，但需要对多个概念进行关联和综合分析，才能正确理解并选择答案。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "The size and arrangement of complex anion groups, bond strength, and bond type.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following are the crystallochemical factors affecting the glass formation process?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard list of factors, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 148,
|
||
"question": "From the following two glaze formulas, determine the difference in viscosity between the two? Explain the reason. Glaze formula 1: 0.2K2O 0.2Na2O 0.4CaO 0.2PbO 0.3Al2O3 2.1SiO2; Glaze formula 2: 0.2K2O 0.2MgO 0.6CaO 1.1Al2O3 10.0SiO2",
|
||
"answer": "(1) Difference in viscosity\\nFor glaze formula 1:\\n∵(K2O+Na2O+CaO+PbO)/Al2O3=(0.2+0.2+0.4+0.2)/0.3=3.33>1, Al3+ acts as a network-forming ion,\\nR1=(0.2+0.2+0.4+0.2+0.3×3+2.1×2+0.5×3)/(0.3×2+2.1+0.5×2)=2.05\\nX1=2×2.05-4=0.1\\nY1=4-0.1=3.9\\nFor glaze formula 2:\\n∴(K2O+MgO+CaO)/Al2O3=(0.2+0.2+0.6)/1.1=0.910<1, Al3+ is considered a network-modifying ion\\nR2=(0.2+0.2+0.6+1.1×3+10×2)/10.0=2.43\\nX2=2×2.43-4=0.86\\nY2=4-0.86=3.14\\nThat is: Y of glaze formula 1 > Y of glaze formula 2, so at high temperatures, the viscosity of glaze formula 1 > the viscosity of glaze formula 2.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过计算两个釉料配方的粘度差异，并解释原因。答案中包含了详细的数值计算过程和公式应用，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括氧化物比例计算、R值计算、X和Y值计算，并需要理解Al3+在网络结构中的作用变化。虽然涉及公式应用，但需要综合分析不同氧化物的影响，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（如网络形成离子和网络修饰离子的作用）并进行多步计算（包括摩尔比例计算、R值计算、X和Y值计算）。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但解题过程涉及综合分析不同釉料配方的粘度差异，需要较强的概念关联能力和计算能力。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目是一个复杂的计算题，要求计算两种釉料配方的粘度差异并解释原因。答案涉及多个步骤的计算和理论解释，无法简化为一个单一的选项。因此，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 150,
|
||
"question": "Compare which of the two types of glass has higher viscosity at high temperature?",
|
||
"answer": "V1>V2, Glass No.1 has higher viscosity at high temperature.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求比较两种玻璃在高温下的粘度，并给出具体结论，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择或判断。答案也以文字形式呈现，说明具体哪种玻璃的粘度更高。 | 知识层次: 题目要求比较两种玻璃在高温下的粘度高低，需要对玻璃粘度的基本概念有理解，并能够应用相关知识进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的计算或推理，但需要对材料性质有一定的理解和比较能力，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解玻璃粘度与高温性能的关系，并进行比较分析。题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，但选项明确给出了比较结果，降低了部分分析难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Glass No.1 has higher viscosity at high temperature",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the two types of glass has higher viscosity at high temperature?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original short answer question can be converted into a multiple-choice question by presenting the comparison as options. The correct answer is a clear statement that can serve as the correct option."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 151,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the structural parameters of Glass No. 2, with the composition of Na2O 10 mol%, CaO 0 mol%, Al2O3 20 mol%, SiO2 60 mol%, B2O3 10 mol%",
|
||
"answer": "No. 2: Z=4, (Na2O+CaO)/Al2O3=(10+0)/20=0.5<1, Al3+ is considered as a network modifier ion. R1=(10+60+120+30)/(60+20)=2.75. X2=2R-Z=1.5. Y2=4-1.5=2.5.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求计算玻璃的结构参数，涉及多个数值计算和公式应用（如Z值、R1值、X2值、Y2值的计算），答案也以数值结果和公式推导的形式呈现。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括结构参数的计算和网络修饰离子的判断，涉及多个公式的应用和概念关联，需要综合分析玻璃组成与结构参数之间的关系。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（如网络修饰离子、结构参数计算）并进行多步骤计算（包括摩尔比例计算、结构参数R1/X2/Y2推导）。虽然题目提供了明确的计算公式，但需要综合应用玻璃化学组成分析和结构参数计算知识，涉及中等应用层次的知识点关联和综合分析能力。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目为计算题，要求计算多个结构参数并解释结果，涉及多个步骤和概念，无法简化为一个明确的选项或数值。因此不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 152,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the structural parameters and non-bridging oxygen fraction of the glass $\\mathrm{_{6}(1)N a_{2}O\\bullet S i0_{2}}$",
|
||
"answer": "Z=4, R=3/1=3, X=2R-Z=6-4=2, Y=8-2R=8-6=2. Non-bridging oxygen %=2/(1+2)=66.7%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，答案中包含具体的计算步骤和结果（如Z=4, R=3/1=3等），符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及多步计算（结构参数和非桥氧分数计算），需要理解并应用玻璃结构参数的计算公式（如Z、R、X、Y的计算），以及非桥氧分数的概念和计算方法。虽然不涉及复杂的综合分析或创新应用，但需要一定的概念关联和计算步骤，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解玻璃结构参数计算的基本概念（如Z、R、X、Y的含义），掌握多步计算公式（包括非桥氧百分比的计算），并能正确应用这些公式进行综合计算。题目涉及多个变量的关联计算，但选项提供了明确的解题路径，降低了部分难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Z=4, R=3/1=3, X=2R-Z=6-4=2, Y=8-2R=8-6=2. Non-bridging oxygen %=2/(1+2)=66.7%",
|
||
"choice_question": "Calculate the structural parameters and non-bridging oxygen fraction of the glass $\\mathrm{_{6}(1)N a_{2}O\\bullet S i0_{2}}$:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific set of calculations and results, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 153,
|
||
"question": "Which substances can form non-crystalline solids (NCS)?",
|
||
"answer": "Melts and glassy solids can form non-crystalline solids.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释哪些物质可以形成非晶态固体，答案需要文字解释和论述，而不是从选项中选择或判断对错。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对非晶态固体形成物质的基础概念记忆和理解，属于定义和分类的基本知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察基础概念记忆，即非晶态固体（NCS）的形成物质类型。正确选项直接给出了明确的定义性答案（熔体和玻璃态固体），无需任何推理或分析过程。这属于最基础的定义识别类题目，完全符合等级1\"基本定义简答\"的特征。在选择题难度谱系中，此类只需机械记忆即可作答的题目属于最低难度层级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Melts and glassy solids",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following substances can form non-crystalline solids (NCS)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard term or concept, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by presenting the correct option among possible choices."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 154,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the structural parameters and non-bridging oxygen fraction of the glass $\\mathrm{(3)Na_{2}0\\bullet_{}1/3A l_{2}O_{3}\\bullet S i O_{2}}$",
|
||
"answer": "Al2O3>1, Al3+ is considered as a network-forming ion. Z=4, R=(1+1+2)/(2*(2/3)+1)=2.4, X=2R-Z=4.8-4=0.8, Y=4-0.8=3.2. Non-bridging oxygen %=0.8/(1.6+0.8)=33.3%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，答案中包含了具体的计算步骤和结果，如结构参数和非桥氧分数的计算过程。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算（结构参数计算、非桥氧分数计算），涉及网络形成离子概念的应用和公式推导（Z=4, R计算等），需要综合分析玻璃组成与结构参数的关系，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（如网络形成离子、结构参数计算、非桥氧分数等）并进行多步骤计算（包括Z、R、X、Y值的计算以及非桥氧百分比的推导）。虽然题目提供了明确的公式和步骤，但需要较强的综合分析能力和对玻璃结构化学的深入理解才能正确解答。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "题目涉及复杂的计算过程和多个参数，答案是一个详细的解释而非单一选项，无法简化为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 156,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the structural parameters and non-bridging oxygen fraction of the glass with the composition $\\mathrm{(4)18Na_{2}0\\cdot10C a0\\cdot72S i0_{2}}$ (wt%)",
|
||
"answer": "Na2O: 18%, 0.290 mol, 17.4 mol%; CaO: 10%, 0.179 mol, 10.7 mol%; SiO2: 72%, 1.200 mol, 71.9 mol%. Z=4, R=(17.4+10.7+71.9*2)/71.9=2.39, X=2R-Z=0.78, Y=4-0.78=3.22. Non-bridging oxygen %=0.78/(1.61+0.78)=32.6%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，包括摩尔分数、结构参数Z、R、X、Y的计算以及非桥氧百分比的推导。答案中给出了具体的计算步骤和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括摩尔分数计算、结构参数Z、R、X、Y的推导，以及非桥氧百分比的求解。这需要综合运用材料科学中的玻璃组成计算和结构参数分析知识，涉及多个概念和公式的关联应用，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（如摩尔分数、结构参数Z/R/X/Y、非桥氧比例）并进行多步骤计算（包括摩尔转换、结构参数推导、比例计算等）。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但解题过程涉及综合应用玻璃化学知识，且计算步骤之间存在逻辑关联性，属于典型的综合性计算问题。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目为复杂的计算题，涉及多个步骤和参数的计算，无法简单地转换为单选题格式。答案包含多个数值和公式，不适合作为单一选项呈现。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 157,
|
||
"question": "For glass No. 1 with the composition of Na2O 8 wt%, Al2O3 12 wt%, and SiO2 80 wt%, use the glass structural parameters to explain the magnitude of its viscosity at high temperatures?",
|
||
"answer": "For No. 1: Z=4 Na2O/Al2O3=8.16/7.47>1 Al2O3 is considered as a network-forming ion R=(8.16+7.47×3+84.37×2)/(7.47×2+84.37)=2.007 X1=2R−Z=0.014 Y1=4−X=3.986 Y1=3.986, therefore, the viscosity of No. 1 at high temperatures is high.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求使用玻璃结构参数来解释高温粘度的大小，答案提供了详细的参数计算和解释，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目要求运用玻璃结构参数（如Z、R、X1、Y1等）进行多步计算和综合分析，解释高温粘度的变化机理。这需要深入理解玻璃结构参数之间的关系及其对粘度的影响，属于复杂分析和推理的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于高难度等级。题目要求综合运用玻璃结构参数（如Z、R、X1、Y1等）进行复杂计算和推理分析，以解释高温粘度的变化机理。解题步骤涉及多个参数的转换和计算，需要深入理解网络形成离子、网络修饰离子等概念，并能将这些概念与粘度变化机理联系起来。这种综合运用和深度分析的要求在选择题型中属于最高难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation involving calculations and specific parameters (Z, R, X1, Y1) to determine the viscosity of glass at high temperatures. This complexity and specificity make it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format, as the answer cannot be succinctly captured in a single option without losing critical details."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 158,
|
||
"question": "A glass composition (wt%) is Na2O 14%, CaO 13%, SiO2 73%, with a density of 2.5 g/cm3. If soda ash, limestone, and quartz sand are used as raw materials to melt this glass with 1000 kg of quartz sand, how much of the other two raw materials are needed?",
|
||
"answer": "With 1000 kg of quartz sand, the required soda ash (Na2CO3) is: (14/73)×1000×(106/62)=327.88 kg. The required limestone (CaCO3) is: (13/73)×1000×(100/56)=318.00 kg.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，以确定所需的原材料数量。答案中给出了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括质量百分比的转换、分子量的计算以及原料用量的推导。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要综合运用化学计量和材料组成知识，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解玻璃成分的化学计量关系，进行多步计算（包括分子量转换和比例计算），并综合分析原料与最终成分之间的关联。虽然题目提供了明确的解题路径，但涉及多个计算步骤和概念转换，对学生的应用能力和计算准确性要求较高。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "327.88 kg of soda ash and 318.00 kg of limestone",
|
||
"choice_question": "A glass composition (wt%) is Na2O 14%, CaO 13%, SiO2 73%, with a density of 2.5 g/cm3. If soda ash, limestone, and quartz sand are used as raw materials to melt this glass with 1000 kg of quartz sand, how much of the other two raw materials are needed?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation yields specific numerical answers, which can be presented as distinct options in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 160,
|
||
"question": "Calculate the structural parameters and non-bridging oxygen fraction of the glass (2) Na2O•CaO•Al2O3•SiO2",
|
||
"answer": "Na2O+CaO/(2*Al2O3)=2>1, Al is considered as a network-forming ion. Z=4, R=(1+1+3+2)/(2+1)=2.33, X=2R-Z=4.66-4=0.66, Y=4-0.66=3.34. Non-bridging oxygen %=0.66/(1.67+0.66)=28.3%",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，解答过程中涉及结构参数和非桥氧分数的计算，答案以数值结果呈现。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及结构参数和非桥氧分数的计算，需要理解网络形成离子的概念，并应用相关公式进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的推理或创新设计，但需要一定的概念关联和计算能力。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（如网络形成离子、结构参数计算、非桥氧分数等）并进行多步骤计算（包括比值判断、Z值计算、R值计算、X/Y值推导等）。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但解题过程涉及多个关联概念和综合计算步骤，超出了基础选择题的单一知识点考察范围。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "题目为计算题，且答案涉及多个步骤和详细的计算过程，无法简化为一个明确的选项。答案包含多个参数和百分比，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 161,
|
||
"question": "Does this composition have a tendency to form glass? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "This composition has a tendency to form glass because the structure maintains a three-dimensional framework at this point, and the viscosity of the glass is still relatively high, making it easy to form glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么该成分有形成玻璃的倾向，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释特定成分形成玻璃的倾向性，需要综合运用材料科学中的玻璃形成理论、结构分析和粘度特性等知识，进行推理分析和机理解释。这超出了简单记忆或基本应用，属于较复杂的分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question is a short answer question that requires an explanation, not just a selection from predefined options. The answer provided is detailed and explanatory, making it unsuitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or loss of context."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 162,
|
||
"question": "Among the following three substances, which one is the least likely to form glass, and why? (1) Na2O·2SiO2; (2) Na2O·SiO2; (3) NaCl",
|
||
"answer": "(3) NaCl is the least likely to form glass. NaCl lacks a network structure and is a typical ionic crystal, making it difficult to form glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "multiple_choice",
|
||
"question_type_name": "选择题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从三个选项中选择最不可能形成玻璃的物质，并解释原因，符合选择题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目要求考生理解玻璃形成的基本原理（网络结构），并能够分析不同物质的化学组成和结构特点（离子晶体vs硅酸盐），从而判断其形成玻璃的能力。这需要将多个概念关联起来进行综合分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度，需要综合应用多个概念进行分析判断。题目要求考生不仅了解玻璃形成的基本原理（网络结构的重要性），还需要比较三种不同物质的结构特性（硅酸盐网络结构 vs 离子晶体结构），并做出正确判断。解题过程涉及材料科学中玻璃形成能力的核心概念，需要将晶体结构知识与玻璃形成条件进行关联分析，属于复杂分析过程的判断题型。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "(3) NaCl",
|
||
"choice_question": "Among the following three substances, which one is the least likely to form glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question is already in a multiple-choice format, and the answer provides a clear correct option. The question can be directly converted to a single-choice question by removing the explanation in the answer."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 163,
|
||
"question": "Among the following three substances, which one is most likely to form glass, and why? (1) Na2O·2SiO2; (2) Na2O·SiO2; (3) NaCl",
|
||
"answer": "(1) Na2O·2SiO2 is most likely to form glass. Calculations show that R1=2.5, Y1=3. At high temperatures, (1) has high viscosity and is prone to form glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么某个物质最可能形成玻璃，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择或判断。答案中包含了理论依据（R1=2.5, Y1=3）和物理解释（高粘度易形成玻璃），符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求考生不仅知道玻璃形成的条件，还需要通过计算R1和Y1值来比较不同物质的玻璃形成能力，涉及多步计算和概念关联。虽然不需要复杂的推理分析，但需要综合分析不同物质的组成和性质，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解玻璃形成的基本原理（如粘度、网络形成体与修饰体的比例关系），并能通过R1和Y1的计算结果进行综合分析。题目要求比较三种物质的玻璃形成倾向，涉及多步计算和概念关联，但不需要多角度或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "(1) Na2O·2SiO2",
|
||
"choice_question": "Among the following three substances, which one is most likely to form glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question asks to identify the most likely substance to form glass from given options, which can be directly converted to a multiple-choice format. The answer provides a clear correct option."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 164,
|
||
"question": "Briefly describe the differences in structure and properties between tempered glass and annealed glass.",
|
||
"answer": "Glass that eliminates and balances internal stresses caused by temperature gradients is called annealed glass, which is less prone to breakage and easier to cut. Tempering involves heating the product to near its softening temperature to fully anneal the glass, followed by rapid cooling (quenching). This creates uniform internal stresses, resulting in pre-compressive stresses on the glass surface, thereby increasing resistance to bending, impact, and torsional deformation.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求简要描述两种玻璃在结构和性能上的差异，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对退火玻璃和钢化玻璃的基本定义、结构差异和性能特点的记忆和理解，属于基础概念记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目要求考生能够理解和描述两种玻璃的结构和性质差异。虽然涉及多个概念（如内部应力、热处理过程等），但主要是基于基础概念的记忆和简单解释，不需要复杂的分析或推理。因此属于中等难度。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目要求简要描述钢化玻璃和退火玻璃在结构和性能上的差异，答案较为详细且包含多个要点，难以简化为单一选项。简答题的答案通常需要解释和描述，不适合直接转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 165,
|
||
"question": "What are the methods for forming non-crystalline solids (NCS)?",
|
||
"answer": "Non-crystalline solids can be obtained by supercooling melts and glasses.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释非晶态固体的形成方法，答案提供了文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查非晶态固体形成方法的基本概念记忆和理解，属于基础概念层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅涉及基础概念的记忆，即非晶态固体的形成方法。正确选项直接给出了明确的答案，无需复杂的推理或分析。学生只需记住相关知识点即可正确作答，属于最基本的概念记忆题。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Non-crystalline solids can be obtained by supercooling melts and glasses.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following methods can be used to form non-crystalline solids (NCS)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard concept that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 166,
|
||
"question": "A glass composition (wt%) is Na2O 14%, CaO 13%, SiO2 73%, with a density of 2.5 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic packing factor (AFP) and structural parameter values of this glass?",
|
||
"answer": "The average molecular weight of the glass GW=0.14×62+0.13×56+0.73×60.02=59.77. The number of atoms in 1Å3 is n=2.5×10-24×6.02×1023/59.77=0.252 atoms/Å3. The volume occupied by atoms in 1Å3 V=0.0252×4/3π[0.14×2×0.983+0.13×1.063+0.73×0.393+(0.14+0.13+0.73+0.13+0.13)]×1.323=0.4685. AFP=0.46. Structural parameters: Na2O wt% 14, CaO wt% 13, SiO2 wt% 73; mol Na2O 0.23, CaO 0.23, SiO2 1.22; mol% Na2O 13.7, CaO 13.7, SiO2 72.6. R=(13.7+13.7+72.6×2)/72.6=2.38. Z=4. X=2R-Z=2.38×2-4=0.76. Y=Z-X=4-0.76=3.24.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算和公式应用，包括计算原子堆积因子（AFP）和结构参数值。答案中提供了详细的计算步骤和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括平均分子量计算、原子数密度计算、原子体积计算以及原子堆积因子计算，同时还需要理解和应用结构参数的概念和公式。虽然不涉及复杂的机理分析或创新设计，但需要综合运用多个知识点并进行关联分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于复杂多变量计算问题。需要完成以下高难度步骤：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "该题目为复杂的计算题，涉及多个步骤和多个数值结果（如原子堆积因子AFP和结构参数R、Z、X、Y等），无法简化为一个单一的选项或数值。因此，不适合转换为单选题格式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 167,
|
||
"question": "How much CaO needs to be added to 100g of SiO2 to achieve an O:Si ratio of 2.5?",
|
||
"answer": "46.67",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算（计算需要添加的CaO质量），答案是一个具体的数值（46.67），解答过程需要应用化学计量比和分子量计算等公式。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及化学计量比的概念应用和公式推导，需要将O:Si比例要求转化为具体的物质添加量计算，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解化学计量比的概念，进行多步计算（包括摩尔质量转换和比例计算），并综合分析O:Si比与CaO添加量的关系。虽然题目给出了具体数值条件，但解题过程涉及多个化学概念的综合应用，比单纯记忆或简单计算题更复杂。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "46.67",
|
||
"choice_question": "How much CaO needs to be added to 100g of SiO2 to achieve an O:Si ratio of 2.5?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 168,
|
||
"question": "By adding $20\\%\\\\mathrm{B}_{2}0_{3}$ to $\\\\mathrm{Si0_{2}}$, calculate the $0:\\\\mathrm{Si}$ ratio of the melt.",
|
||
"answer": "S $\\\\frac{{\\\\cal O}}{\\\\bar{\\\\cal S}\\\\bar{\\\\imath}}=\\\\frac{1\\\\times2+0.2\\\\times3}{1+0.2\\\\times2}=1.86$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解O/Si的比例，答案是一个具体的数值结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行基本的数值计算和公式应用，涉及简单的化学计量比计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目要求计算O/Si比例，涉及基本化学计量和百分比添加的计算。虽然需要应用两个简单的公式（B2O3和SiO2的化学计量关系），但步骤直接且无需复杂推导。在选择题型内，这属于中等偏下难度，因为解题过程清晰且计算简单。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1.86",
|
||
"choice_question": "By adding 20% B₂O₃ to SiO₂, what is the O:Si ratio of the melt?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice question format where the correct option can be clearly identified."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 169,
|
||
"question": "If 50 mol% Na2O is added to SiO2, what is the O:Si ratio?",
|
||
"answer": "O/Si = (0.5 + 1 × 2)/1 = 2.5",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算和公式应用，以确定O:Si的比例。答案是通过具体的计算步骤得出的数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的化学计量计算，只需要应用简单的摩尔比例公式进行计算，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目仅需要直接应用基本公式进行简单计算，即通过给定的摩尔百分比直接套用公式计算O:Si比例。解题步骤简单直接，无需多个公式组合或复杂分析，符合等级1的单一公式直接计算要求。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "2.5",
|
||
"choice_question": "If 50 mol% Na2O is added to SiO2, what is the O:Si ratio?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a choice among other plausible but incorrect ratios."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 170,
|
||
"question": "If 10mol% Na2O is added to SiO2, what is the calculated O:Si ratio?",
|
||
"answer": "O:Si = (0.1 + 1 × 2)/1 = 2.1",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算和公式应用，答案是一个具体的计算结果（O:Si = 2.1），而不是选择、判断或文字解释。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及基本的化学计量计算，只需要应用简单的公式和基本的化学计量知识即可得出答案，无需多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用基本公式进行简单计算，属于单一公式直接计算的难度等级。解题步骤简单明了，无需复杂的分析或组合多个公式。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "O:Si = 2.1",
|
||
"choice_question": "If 10mol% Na2O is added to SiO2, what is the calculated O:Si ratio?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 171,
|
||
"question": "When Na2O is added to SiO2, making O/Si=2.5, is the crystallization ability enhanced or weakened?",
|
||
"answer": "Because O/Si increases, the viscosity decreases, and the crystallization ability is enhanced.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释Na2O添加到SiO2中导致O/Si=2.5时结晶能力的变化，答案提供了文字解释和论述，说明粘度降低和结晶能力增强的原因，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解Na2O和SiO2的相互作用对O/Si比的影响，以及O/Si比变化对粘度和结晶能力的影响。这涉及到多个概念的关联和综合分析，但不需要复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目涉及Na2O和SiO2的反应，以及O/Si比例变化对粘度和结晶能力的影响。虽然题目给出了正确选项，但学生需要掌握相关概念（如O/Si比例、粘度与结晶能力的关系）才能正确选择。这需要一定的综合分析能力，但不需要多角度或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Because O/Si increases, the viscosity decreases, and the crystallization ability is enhanced.",
|
||
"choice_question": "When Na2O is added to SiO2, making O/Si=2.5, what happens to the crystallization ability?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 172,
|
||
"question": "Adding 50mol% Na2O to SiO2, can this ratio form a glass? Why?",
|
||
"answer": "Yes, it can form a glass. When 50mol% Na2O is added, although the continuous SiO network skeleton becomes relaxed, it still maintains a three-dimensional network structure, allowing the formation of a glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释为什么50mol% Na2O添加到SiO2中可以形成玻璃，需要文字解释和论述，而不是简单的选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目需要理解Na2O和SiO2在玻璃形成中的作用，并分析特定比例下网络结构的变化，涉及多步概念关联和综合分析，但不需要复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解玻璃形成的条件以及Na2O对SiO2网络结构的影响，并进行综合分析。虽然题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，但在选择题型中，正确选项已经提供了关键分析步骤和结论，降低了答题的复杂程度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Yes, it can form a glass. When 50mol% Na2O is added, although the continuous SiO network skeleton becomes relaxed, it still maintains a three-dimensional network structure, allowing the formation of a glass.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Adding 50mol% Na2O to SiO2, can this ratio form a glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a clear and concise explanation that can be directly used as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question itself is already in a format that can be easily converted to a multiple-choice question by adding options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 173,
|
||
"question": "How much Na2O should be added to SiO2 to make the O/Si ratio of the glass equal to 2.5? Assume the amount of SiO2 is ymol.",
|
||
"answer": "Let xmol of Na2O be added, then O/Si=(x+2y)/y=2.5. Solving gives x=y/2, meaning when the molar ratio of the two is 1:2, O/Si=2.5.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算和公式应用，通过设定变量和建立方程来求解所需的Na2O量。答案展示了具体的计算过程和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式的应用和简单计算，需要根据给定的O/Si比例关系进行代数运算，属于直接套用公式和简单计算的范畴，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要理解O/Si比的概念并正确设置方程，但解题步骤相对直接，仅涉及单一公式的简单代数运算（解一元一次方程）。相比更复杂的多步骤计算或概念组合题，此题的难度较低，属于等级2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "x = y/2",
|
||
"choice_question": "How much Na2O should be added to SiO2 to make the O/Si ratio of the glass equal to 2.5, assuming the amount of SiO2 is ymol?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation problem has a definite answer (x = y/2), which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 174,
|
||
"question": "What is surface tension?",
|
||
"answer": "Surface tension: the surface constriction force acting perpendicularly on a unit length line segment or the work required to increase an object's surface area by one unit; σ= force/total length (N/m)",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"surface tension\"进行文字解释和定义，答案提供了概念描述和公式说明，属于需要文字论述的简答题类型 | 知识层次: 题目考查表面张力的基本定义和单位，属于基础概念的记忆和理解，不涉及复杂计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对表面张力基本定义的记忆，属于最基础的概念性知识。正确选项直接给出了表面张力的定义和公式，不需要任何分析或推理过程，完全符合\"基本定义简答\"的难度等级特征。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Surface tension: the surface constriction force acting perpendicularly on a unit length line segment or the work required to increase an object's surface area by one unit; σ= force/total length (N/m)",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best defines surface tension?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition of surface tension, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 175,
|
||
"question": "What is surface energy?",
|
||
"answer": "Surface energy: Under constant temperature, pressure, and composition, the non-volume work required to reversibly increase the surface area of a substance is called surface energy; J/m2=N/m",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"surface energy\"进行定义和解释，答案提供了详细的文字描述和单位说明，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查基本概念的记忆和理解，即表面能的定义和单位，属于基础概念记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察对基础定义的理解和记忆，即表面能的定义及其单位。题目要求考生识别并选择正确的定义描述，无需进行复杂的分析或推理。因此，在选择题型内属于基本定义简答的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Under constant temperature, pressure, and composition, the non-volume work required to reversibly increase the surface area of a substance is called surface energy; J/m2=N/m",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best defines surface energy?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition of a scientific term, which can be presented as one of several options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 176,
|
||
"question": "What is the difference between surface tension and surface energy in the liquid state?",
|
||
"answer": "Liquid: cannot withstand shear stress, the work done by external forces manifests as an expansion of surface area, because surface tension and surface energy are numerically the same",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释表面张力和表面能之间的区别，答案提供了文字解释和论述，没有涉及选项选择、判断对错或数值计算。 | 知识层次: 题目考查表面张力和表面能的基本概念及其在液态下的关系，属于基础概念的记忆和理解。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。虽然题目涉及基础概念记忆，但需要考生理解并区分表面张力和表面能量这两个相关但不同的概念。正确选项要求考生能够识别在液态状态下这两个物理量的数值关系，这超出了简单定义记忆的范畴，属于概念解释和描述的层次。不过题目没有涉及复杂的推导或多概念整合，因此不属于最高难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目为简答题，询问液体状态下表面张力和表面能的区别。答案较为复杂且包含多个概念的解释，不适合直接转换为单选题格式。单选题通常需要简洁明确的选项，而原答案内容难以拆分为合适的选项。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 177,
|
||
"question": "Explain based on the structure why the mixture of alkali and wollastonite with 0/Si=3 crystallizes instead of forming glass?",
|
||
"answer": "When 0/Si=3, Y=2. For silicate glasses, a three-dimensional network cannot be formed when Y=2 because the number of bridging oxygens shared between tetrahedra is less than 2, and the structure mostly consists of tetrahedral chains of varying lengths. Therefore, the mixture of alkali and wollastonite with 0/Si=3 crystallizes instead of forming glass.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于结构解释混合物结晶而非形成玻璃的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求基于结构解释混合物结晶而非形成玻璃的原因，涉及硅酸盐玻璃网络形成的机理分析、桥氧数计算（Y=2）与三维网络形成条件的关联，需要综合运用结构化学和玻璃形成理论进行推理分析，属于机理层面的复杂解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求基于结构解释混合物结晶而非形成玻璃的原因，涉及复杂的硅酸盐网络形成机理和Y值概念。正确选项需要综合理解三维网络形成条件、桥氧数量与Y值关系、以及链状结构对结晶倾向的影响。这种深度机理分析和多因素综合推理在选择题中极为罕见，要求考生具备高阶材料科学知识体系和逻辑推导能力。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "When 0/Si=3, Y=2. For silicate glasses, a three-dimensional network cannot be formed when Y=2 because the number of bridging oxygens shared between tetrahedra is less than 2, and the structure mostly consists of tetrahedral chains of varying lengths. Therefore, the mixture of alkali and wollastonite with 0/Si=3 crystallizes instead of forming glass.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why does the mixture of alkali and wollastonite with 0/Si=3 crystallize instead of forming glass?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option among other plausible but incorrect options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 178,
|
||
"question": "Based on the structure, explain why a mixture of alkali and silica with 2<0/Si<2.5 can form glass?",
|
||
"answer": "When 2<0/Si<2.5, 3<Y<4. The structural parameter Y is significant for glass properties. For Na2O·SiO2 glass, the larger Y is, the tighter the network connection and the greater the strength; conversely, the smaller Y is, the less the aggregation in the network space, the looser the structure, and the larger the resulting gaps, which alters the movement of ions in the network, making it easier for them to vibrate in their original positions or jump from one position to another through the network gaps. Therefore, as the Y value decreases, changes such as increased expansion coefficient, enhanced conductivity, and reduced viscosity occur.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求基于结构解释混合物形成玻璃的原因，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求基于结构解释混合物形成玻璃的原因，涉及结构参数Y对玻璃性能的影响，需要综合运用材料科学中的网络结构理论、离子运动机制等知识，进行推理分析和机理解释。这超出了简单记忆或基本应用的范畴，属于对复杂概念的综合分析和解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生不仅理解玻璃形成的基本原理，还需要掌握结构参数Y与玻璃性能之间的复杂关系。正确选项涉及多个层次的推理分析，包括网络连接紧密程度、离子运动机制以及宏观性能变化等。考生需要综合运用材料科学知识，对硅酸盐玻璃的结构-性能关系有深入理解，才能准确判断选项的正确性。这种需要机理深度解释和复杂现象全面分析的题目，在选择题型中属于最具挑战性的类型。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or alteration of the original question's intent."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 179,
|
||
"question": "What is the difference between surface tension and surface energy in the solid state?",
|
||
"answer": "Solid: can withstand shear stress, the effect of external force is manifested as an increase in surface area and partial plastic deformation, surface tension is not equal to surface energy",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释表面张力和表面能之间的区别，答案提供了文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释固体状态下表面张力和表面能的区别，涉及对两个概念的关联和综合分析，需要理解固体状态下表面张力的特殊性（如能承受剪切应力、塑性变形等），并解释为何表面张力不等于表面能。这超出了单纯记忆基础概念的层次，属于中等应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解表面张力和表面能的概念，并能够分析它们在固态中的不同表现。题目要求考生能够关联剪切应力、表面面积增加和塑性变形等概念，进行综合比较分析。虽然不涉及多步计算，但需要对多个物理概念有较深的理解和关联能力。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or alteration of the original question's intent."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 180,
|
||
"question": "What is adhesion?",
|
||
"answer": "Adhesion refers to the attraction between two surfaces in contact, occurring at the solid-liquid interface.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"adhesion\"进行文字解释和论述，答案提供了概念的定义和说明，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查基本概念的记忆和理解，仅要求对\"adhesion\"这一术语进行定义和简单解释，不涉及复杂应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅考察基础概念的定义记忆，属于最简单的难度等级。题目直接询问\"adhesion\"的定义，正确选项提供了清晰的基本概念解释，不需要任何分析或推理过程。学生只需回忆并识别正确的定义即可作答，符合等级1\"基本定义简答\"的标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Adhesion refers to the attraction between two surfaces in contact, occurring at the solid-liquid interface.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best defines adhesion?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition of a scientific term, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 181,
|
||
"question": "What is the additional pressure on a curved surface? How is its sign determined?",
|
||
"answer": "Due to the existence of surface tension, an additional pressure is generated on a curved surface. If the pressure on a flat surface is P0 and the pressure difference generated by the curved surface is △P, then the total pressure is P=P0+△P. The sign of the additional pressure depends on the curvature of the surface: positive for convex surfaces and negative for concave surfaces.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释什么是附加压力以及如何确定其符号，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及计算或选择选项。 | 知识层次: 题目考查对表面张力引起的附加压力及其符号确定的基本概念的理解和记忆，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于中等难度。题目要求考生理解表面张力在曲面上产生的附加压力，并能够根据曲面的凸凹性判断附加压力的符号。虽然涉及基础概念的记忆，但需要考生对概念有一定的理解和应用能力，而不仅仅是简单的定义记忆。因此，难度等级为2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Due to the existence of surface tension, an additional pressure is generated on a curved surface. If the pressure on a flat surface is P0 and the pressure difference generated by the curved surface is △P, then the total pressure is P=P0+△P. The sign of the additional pressure depends on the curvature of the surface: positive for convex surfaces and negative for concave surfaces.",
|
||
"choice_question": "What is the additional pressure on a curved surface and how is its sign determined?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by asking for the correct description of the additional pressure and its sign determination."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 182,
|
||
"question": "Given the surface tension is 0.9 J/m², calculate the additional pressure for curved surfaces with radii of curvature of 0.5 μm and 5 μm?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the Laplace formula: ΔP=γ(1/r1+1/r2), the calculated ΔP=0.9×(1/0.5+1/5)=1.98×10^6 Pa",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算并应用公式（Laplace公式）来求解附加压力，答案也是通过计算得出的具体数值。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查对Laplace公式的直接应用和简单计算，无需多步推理或综合分析，属于基本公式的直接套用。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算。虽然需要理解Laplace公式并正确代入数值，但解题步骤较为直接，仅涉及单一公式的套用和简单计算，无需多个公式组合或复杂分析。因此，在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1.98×10^6 Pa",
|
||
"choice_question": "Given the surface tension is 0.9 J/m², what is the additional pressure for curved surfaces with radii of curvature of 0.5 μm and 5 μm according to the Laplace formula?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation has a definite answer, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 183,
|
||
"question": "What is adsorption?",
|
||
"answer": "Adsorption is the result of the interaction between the force field on the surface of a solid and the force field of the adsorbed molecules, occurring on the solid surface, and is divided into physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求对\"adsorption\"进行定义和解释，答案提供了详细的文字描述和分类，符合简答题的特征 | 知识层次: 题目考查吸附的基本定义和分类，属于基础概念的记忆和理解 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，题目要求考生不仅记忆吸附的基本定义，还需要理解其分类（物理吸附和化学吸附）和基本原理（表面力场相互作用）。虽然不涉及复杂概念体系阐述，但比单纯的定义简答要求更高层次的理解。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Adsorption is the result of the interaction between the force field on the surface of a solid and the force field of the adsorbed molecules, occurring on the solid surface, and is divided into physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following best describes adsorption?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard definition of a scientific term, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format by presenting it as the correct option among other plausible but incorrect definitions."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 184,
|
||
"question": "When using solder to join copper wires, scraping off the surface layer with a file can make the bond stronger. Please explain this phenomenon?",
|
||
"answer": "When copper wires are exposed to air, their surface layer becomes covered with an adsorbed film (oxide film). When soldering copper wires, the solder only bonds the adsorbed films together, and the adhesion work between the tin and the adsorbed film is small. Using a file to remove the surface layer exposes the actual copper surface (removing the oxide film), allowing the tin to adhere firmly to the similar material of copper.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释一个现象，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求解释一个具体的现象，涉及铜线表面氧化膜对焊接强度的影响，需要理解氧化膜的存在及其对焊接过程的作用，并分析去除氧化膜后焊接强度提高的机理。这需要将多个概念（氧化膜、焊接、材料表面处理）关联起来进行综合分析，但不需要过于复杂的推理或创新应用。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解铜线表面氧化膜的形成及其对焊接的影响，并能够分析去除氧化膜后焊接强度提高的原因。题目涉及中等应用层次的知识，要求考生将多个概念（氧化膜、焊接原理、材料表面处理）进行关联分析，但不需要进行多角度或深度关联性分析。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "When copper wires are exposed to air, their surface layer becomes covered with an adsorbed film (oxide film). When soldering copper wires, the solder only bonds the adsorbed films together, and the adhesion work between the tin and the adsorbed film is small. Using a file to remove the surface layer exposes the actual copper surface (removing the oxide film), allowing the tin to adhere firmly to the similar material of copper.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Why does scraping off the surface layer of copper wires with a file make the solder bond stronger?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a standard explanation that can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question. The question can be rephrased to fit a multiple-choice format by asking for the reason behind the phenomenon."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 185,
|
||
"question": "At high temperature, a metal is melted on an Al2O3 plate. If the liquid surface energy is only half of the Al2O3 surface energy, while the interfacial energy is twice the Al2O3 surface tension, estimate the size of the contact angle?",
|
||
"answer": "Substituting the known data into the Young's equation, cosθ=(0.5−1)/0.5=−1, the contact angle can be calculated to be approximately 180 degrees.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要进行数值计算和公式应用（使用Young's方程计算接触角），答案给出了具体的计算过程和结果（180度）。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及Young's方程的直接应用和简单的数值计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析，属于基本公式的直接套用。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于单一公式直接计算的难度等级。题目直接给出了所有必要的数据，只需将已知数值代入Young's方程（cosθ=(γSV - γSL)/γLV）即可得出结果。解题步骤简单明了，无需额外的概念理解或复杂的计算过程，符合等级1的定义。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "180 degrees",
|
||
"choice_question": "At high temperature, a metal is melted on an Al2O3 plate. If the liquid surface energy is only half of the Al2O3 surface energy, while the interfacial energy is twice the Al2O3 surface tension, what is the size of the contact angle?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by presenting the answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 186,
|
||
"question": "A certain metal is melted on an Al2O3 plate at high temperature. If the surface energy of Al2O3 is estimated to be 1J/m2, the surface energy of this molten metal is similar, and the interfacial energy is estimated to be about 0.3J/m2. What is the contact angle?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the Young's equation: cosθ=(γsv−γst)/γs, cosθ=(1−0.3)/1=0.7, so the contact angle can be calculated to be approximately 45.6 degrees.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要通过数值计算和公式应用（Young's equation）来求解接触角，答案给出了具体的计算过程和数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查Young's方程的直接应用，涉及简单的数值计算和公式套用，无需多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用Young's方程进行简单计算，属于单一公式直接计算的类型。解题步骤简单明了，只需代入给定的数值即可得出结果，无需复杂的分析或多步骤推理。因此，在选择题型内属于最低难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "45.6 degrees",
|
||
"choice_question": "A certain metal is melted on an Al2O3 plate at high temperature. If the surface energy of Al2O3 is estimated to be 1J/m2, the surface energy of this molten metal is similar, and the interfacial energy is estimated to be about 0.3J/m2. What is the contact angle?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format where the correct option can be the calculated value."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 187,
|
||
"question": "A bubble with a radius of $5\\\\times10^{-8}\\\\mathrm{m}$ forms at a depth of $20\\\\mathrm{cm}$ in a quartz glass melt. The melt density is $2200\\\\mathrm{kg/m}^{3}$, the surface tension is $0.29\\\\mathrm{N/m}$, and the atmospheric pressure is $1.01\\\\times10^{5}\\\\mathrm{Pa}$. What is the minimum internal pressure required to form this bubble?",
|
||
"answer": "Solution: \\( P_1 \\) (static pressure of the melt column) \\( = h \\\\rho g = 0.2 \\\\times 2200 \\\\times 9.81 = 4316.4 \\\\, \\\\text{Pa} \\)\\n\\nAdditional pressure:\\n\\\\[\\n\\\\Delta P = \\\\frac{2\\\\gamma}{r} = \\\\frac{2 \\\\times 0.29}{5 \\\\times 10^{-8}} = 1.16 \\\\times 10^7 \\\\, \\\\text{Pa}\\n\\\\]\\n\\nTherefore, the minimum pressure required to form this bubble is:\\n\\\\[\\nP = P_1 + \\\\Delta P + P_{\\\\text{atmospheric}} = 4316.4 + 1.16 \\\\times 10^7 + 1.01 \\\\times 10^5 = 117.04 \\\\times 10^5 \\\\, \\\\text{Pa}\\n\\\\]",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解气泡形成所需的最小内部压力，答案中包含了具体的计算步骤和结果。 | 知识层次: 题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，需要综合应用静压力公式、表面张力公式以及大气压力的概念，并进行数值计算和综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的推理分析或机理解释，但需要一定的思维深度和计算能力。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解多个概念（静压力、表面张力、大气压力）并进行多步计算。虽然题目提供了所有必要参数，但计算过程涉及多个步骤和单位转换，需要较强的综合分析能力。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "117.04 × 10^5 Pa",
|
||
"choice_question": "A bubble with a radius of $5\\times10^{-8}\\mathrm{m}$ forms at a depth of $20\\mathrm{cm}$ in a quartz glass melt. The melt density is $2200\\mathrm{kg/m}^{3}$, the surface tension is $0.29\\mathrm{N/m}$, and the atmospheric pressure is $1.01\\times10^{5}\\mathrm{Pa}$. What is the minimum internal pressure required to form this bubble?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The problem is a calculation question with a specific numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by providing the correct answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 188,
|
||
"question": "At $20^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ and normal pressure, mercury with a radius of $10~\\\\mathrm{^{-3}}\\\\mathrm{m}$ is dispersed into small mercury droplets with a radius of $10^{-9}\\\\mathrm{m}$. Calculate the work required for this process. The surface tension of mercury at $20^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ is $0.47\\\\mathrm{N/m}$.",
|
||
"answer": "The work required for this process should equal the increase in the system's surface energy, i.e., $\\\\[ \\\\overline{W} = \\\\frac{0.47 \\\\times 10^{-9}}{10^{-27}} \\\\times 4 \\\\times 3.14 \\\\times 10^{-18} = 59 \\\\, \\\\text{W} \\\\]$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算，涉及公式应用和具体数值的代入计算，答案也是具体的数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，包括表面能的计算和液滴数量的估算，涉及概念关联和综合分析。虽然公式应用直接，但需要理解表面能与液滴半径变化的关系，并进行适当的单位转换和数值计算。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解表面能的概念，掌握表面张力与表面积变化的关系，并进行多步计算。题目涉及从宏观到微观的尺度转换，要求考生能够正确应用公式并处理数量级变化，属于综合性计算问题。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "59 W",
|
||
"choice_question": "At $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and normal pressure, mercury with a radius of $10~\\mathrm{^{-3}}\\mathrm{m}$ is dispersed into small mercury droplets with a radius of $10^{-9}\\mathrm{m}$. The surface tension of mercury at $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ is $0.47\\mathrm{N/m}$. Calculate the work required for this process.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format where the correct option can be clearly identified."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 189,
|
||
"question": "At $2080^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, the surface tension of benzene is $0.0289\\mathrm{N/m}$, and its saturated vapor pressure is 10013Pa. If benzene is dispersed into small droplets with a radius of $10^{-6}\\mathrm{m}$ at $20\\mathrm{^\\circ C}$, calculate the additional pressure on the benzene droplets.",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula △P=2y/r, the additional pressure can be calculated as △P=2×0.0289/10−6=5.78×104N",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求进行数值计算并应用公式（△P=2y/r）来求解额外的压力，答案也是具体的数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查基本公式（△P=2y/r）的直接应用和简单计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析，属于基础知识的直接运用。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目仅需要直接套用单一公式△P=2y/r进行计算，无需额外的概念理解或步骤组合。属于最基础的直接计算类型，符合等级1的难度标准。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "5.78×10^4N",
|
||
"choice_question": "At $2080^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, the surface tension of benzene is $0.0289\\mathrm{N/m}$, and its saturated vapor pressure is 10013Pa. If benzene is dispersed into small droplets with a radius of $10^{-6}\\mathrm{m}$ at $20\\mathrm{^\\circ C}$, the additional pressure on the benzene droplets is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation yields a specific numerical answer, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 190,
|
||
"question": "In $2080^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ $\\\\mathrm{Al_{2}O_{3}}$ (L), there is a small bubble with a radius of $10~\\\\mathrm{^{-8}m}$. What is the additional pressure experienced by the bubble? It is known that the surface tension of $\\\\mathrm{Al_{2}O_{3}}$ (L) at $2080^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ is $0.700\\\\mathrm{N/m}$.",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula $\\\\triangle P=2y$, the additional pressure can be calculated as $\\\\triangle P{=}2\\\\times0.7/10^{-8}{=}1.$ $4\\\\times10^{8}\\\\mathrm{N}$.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 1,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过公式计算气泡的额外压力，答案给出了具体的计算过程和数值结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查基本公式（Laplace压力公式）的直接应用和简单计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目仅需要直接套用单一公式（△P=2y）进行计算，无需理解多个概念或进行复杂的分析。解题步骤简单，仅涉及基本公式应用和简单计算，属于最基础的难度等级。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1.4×10⁸ N",
|
||
"choice_question": "In $2080^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ $\\mathrm{Al_{2}O_{3}}$ (L), there is a small bubble with a radius of $10~\\mathrm{^{-8}m}$. What is the additional pressure experienced by the bubble? It is known that the surface tension of $\\mathrm{Al_{2}O_{3}}$ (L) at $2080^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ is $0.700\\mathrm{N/m}$.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format by providing the correct answer as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 192,
|
||
"question": "If a small bubble with a radius of $10^{-8}\\\\mathrm{m}$ is generated in water at $100^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$ and 101325Pa, can this small bubble exist and grow? The density of water at this time is $958\\\\mathrm{kg}/\\\\mathrm{m}^{3}$, and the surface tension is $0.0589\\\\mathrm{N/m}$.",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula $\\\\Delta P={\\\\frac{2\\\\gamma}{\\\\Delta}}$, the additional pressure can be calculated as $\\\\triangle P{=}2\\\\times0.0589/10^{-8}{=}1.178\\\\times10^{7}\\\\mathrm{Pa}$. For a bubble in liquid, the pressure inside the bubble is $P=P_{0}{\\\\longrightarrow}\\\\triangle P{=}101325{-}1.178{\\\\times}10^{7}<0$. Therefore, this small bubble cannot exist.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目需要通过公式计算额外压力，并根据计算结果判断气泡是否能存在。答案展示了具体的计算过程和数值结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式（ΔP=2γ/r）的直接应用和简单计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。虽然需要理解气泡存在的条件，但整体思维过程较为直接，属于简单应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目要求直接套用公式$\\\\Delta P={\\\\frac{2\\\\gamma}{\\\\Delta}}$进行计算，并理解气泡内外压力差的概念。虽然涉及基本物理概念的理解，但解题步骤相对简单，仅需一次公式应用和简单计算即可得出结论。因此，在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "This small bubble cannot exist.",
|
||
"choice_question": "If a small bubble with a radius of $10^{-8}\\mathrm{m}$ is generated in water at $100^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 101325Pa, can this small bubble exist and grow? The density of water at this time is $958\\mathrm{kg}/\\mathrm{m}^{3}$, and the surface tension is $0.0589\\mathrm{N/m}$.",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question involves a calculation with a definitive answer that can be presented as a choice among plausible options. The original answer clearly states that the bubble cannot exist, which can be directly used as the correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 193,
|
||
"question": "At 20°C, the saturated vapor pressure of water is 2338Pa, the density is 998.3 kg/m³, and the surface tension is 0.07275 N/m. What is the saturated vapor pressure of a water droplet with a radius of 10⁻⁹m at 20°C?",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula ΔP = 2γ/Δ, we can calculate ΔP = 2 × 0.07275 / 10⁻⁹ = 1.455 × 10⁸ N/m². Based on the Kelvin equation ln(P/P₀) = 2(Mγ)/(ρRT)(1/r), simplified to ln(P/P₀) = (MΔP)/(ρRT), substituting the known conditions gives: ln(P/2338) = (18 × 10⁻³ × 1.455 × 10⁸)/(998.3 × 8.314 × 293) = 1.077. P = 6864Pa. Finally, the saturated vapor pressure P of a water droplet with a radius of 10⁻⁹m at 20°C is calculated to be 6864Pa.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用（如Kelvin方程）来求解水滴的饱和蒸气压，答案给出了具体的计算过程和最终数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及公式应用和概念关联（如Kelvin方程和表面张力的关系），需要综合分析已知条件并正确代入公式求解。虽然不涉及复杂的推理分析或创新应用，但超出了简单直接套用公式的范畴。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于高难度，题目涉及多步骤计算和多个物理概念的关联应用（如饱和蒸汽压、表面张力、开尔文方程等），需要综合运用公式推导和数值计算能力，解题过程复杂且对知识掌握深度要求较高。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "6864Pa",
|
||
"choice_question": "At 20°C, the saturated vapor pressure of water is 2338Pa, the density is 998.3 kg/m³, and the surface tension is 0.07275 N/m. What is the saturated vapor pressure of a water droplet with a radius of 10⁻⁹m at 20°C?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question is a calculation problem with a definitive numerical answer, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format. The correct answer is a specific value (6864Pa), which can be presented as one of the options."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 194,
|
||
"question": "At $20^{\\\\circ}\\\\mathrm{C}$, the interfacial tensions of ether-water, mercury-ether, and mercury-water are 0.0107, 0.379, and 0.375 N/m, respectively. A drop of water is placed on the interface between ether and mercury. Find the contact angle.",
|
||
"answer": "$$\\\\cos\\\\theta=\\\\frac{\\\\gamma_{s v}-\\\\gamma_{s l}}{\\\\gamma_{l v}}=\\\\frac{0.379-0.375}{0.0107}=0.3738.\\\\theta=68.0498^{\\\\circ}$$",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的界面张力数据，应用公式计算接触角，答案是一个具体的数值计算结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要考查基本公式的应用和简单计算，涉及界面张力的概念和接触角公式的直接套用，无需多步计算或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目直接给出了所需的界面张力数据，并明确要求使用接触角的基本公式进行计算。解题步骤仅涉及将给定数值代入公式并进行简单的除法运算，无需复杂的推导或多步骤分析。虽然需要理解界面张力和接触角的基本概念，但在选择题型中，这种直接套用公式的题目相对简单，属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "68.0498°",
|
||
"choice_question": "At $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$, the interfacial tensions of ether-water, mercury-ether, and mercury-water are 0.0107, 0.379, and 0.375 N/m, respectively. A drop of water is placed on the interface between ether and mercury. The contact angle is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, making it suitable for conversion into a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 195,
|
||
"question": "At 17°C, the solubility of large particles of 1,2-dinitrobenzene in water is 0.0059 mol/L, and the interfacial tension between 1,2-dinitrobenzene solid and the solution is 0.0257 N/m. Calculate the solubility of 1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diameter of 10^-8 m in water. The density of 1,2-dinitrobenzene solid is 1565 kg/m^3.",
|
||
"answer": "According to the formula ln(C/C0) = 2(γ_sM)/(dRTρ), substituting the known data, ln(C/0.0059) = 2 × (0.0257 × 168) / (1565 × 8.314 × 290 × 10^-8) = 114.42. From this, the solubility of 1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diameter of 10^-8 m in water can be calculated as 0.029 mol/L.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过给定的公式和数据进行数值计算，最终得出具体的溶解度数值，属于典型的计算题。答案中展示了具体的计算步骤和结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目需要进行多步计算，涉及公式应用和概念关联（如溶解度、界面张力、粒子尺寸效应等），需要综合分析已知条件并正确代入公式求解。虽然不涉及复杂的推理分析或创新应用，但比简单应用更复杂。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解溶解度与颗粒尺寸的关系公式，并进行多步计算。题目涉及多个物理量的代入和单位转换，要求考生具备较强的综合计算能力和对公式的理解。虽然题目提供了正确选项，但解题过程需要较高的注意力集中和计算准确性。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "0.029 mol/L",
|
||
"choice_question": "At 17°C, the solubility of large particles of 1,2-dinitrobenzene in water is 0.0059 mol/L, and the interfacial tension between 1,2-dinitrobenzene solid and the solution is 0.0257 N/m. The solubility of 1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diameter of 10^-8 m in water is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question involves a calculation with a specific numerical answer, making it suitable for conversion to a multiple-choice format where the correct option is the calculated solubility value."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 196,
|
||
"question": "From an atomic scale perspective, explain the differences in the bonding mechanism of adhesive joining",
|
||
"answer": "The essence of adhesion, like adsorption, is the result of surface forces between two substances. Adhesive effects can be manifested through phenomena such as friction during relative sliding of two phases, aggregation of solid powders, and sintering.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从原子尺度解释粘接机制的差异，需要文字解释和论述，属于简答题类型。答案提供了详细的文字解释，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求从原子尺度解释粘接机制的差异，涉及表面力、吸附现象以及多种粘附效应的表现，需要综合运用材料科学中的原子键合理论、表面科学和界面现象等知识，进行机理层面的深入分析和解释。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。原因如下：",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or loss of detail."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 197,
|
||
"question": "The surface tension of alumina under vacuum is approximately $0.9\\\\mathrm{N/m}$, the surface tension of liquid iron is $1.72\\\\mathrm{N/m}$, and the interfacial tension between liquid iron and alumina under the same conditions is $2.3\\\\mathrm{N/m}$. What is the contact angle? Can liquid iron wet alumina?",
|
||
"answer": "$$\\\\cos\\\\theta=\\\\frac{\\\\gamma_{s v}-\\\\gamma_{s l}}{\\\\gamma_{b}}=\\\\frac{0.9-2.3}{1.72}=0.814,\\\\theta=144.5^{0}>90^{\\\\circ},B T\\\\cup\\\\gamma_{\\\\mathrm{SRE}}\\\\times1875^{\\\\circ}$$ So it cannot wet.",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解接触角，并判断液体铁是否能润湿氧化铝。答案中包含了具体的计算过程和数值结果，符合计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及表面张力和接触角的基本公式应用，通过直接套用公式进行计算即可得出结果，不需要多步计算或综合分析。虽然需要理解表面张力和接触角的概念，但整体思维过程较为直接和简单。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。虽然需要理解表面张力和接触角的概念，但解题步骤相对直接，只需套用给定的公式进行计算即可得出答案。不需要复杂的分析或多步骤推理，因此难度等级为2。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "144.5°, cannot wet",
|
||
"choice_question": "Given the surface tension of alumina under vacuum is approximately 0.9 N/m, the surface tension of liquid iron is 1.72 N/m, and the interfacial tension between liquid iron and alumina under the same conditions is 2.3 N/m, what is the contact angle and can liquid iron wet alumina?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The question involves a calculation with a specific answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice format with the correct option derived from the given solution."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 198,
|
||
"question": "From an atomic scale perspective, explain the differences in the bonding effects of welding",
|
||
"answer": "Welding: A process where two or more materials (of the same or different types) are permanently joined by heating, applying pressure, or both, to achieve atomic bonding. The conditions during welding include: base material type, plate thickness, groove shape, joint form, restraint state, ambient temperature and humidity, cleanliness, as well as the type and diameter of the welding wire (or electrode), welding current, voltage, welding speed, welding sequence, deposition method, and gun (or electrode) manipulation method determined based on the above factors. If the weld groove or surface has impurities such as oil (paint), water, or rust, they can cause defects like pores, inclusions, slag, or cracks in the weld, posing hazards and potential risks to the welded joint.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从原子尺度解释焊接的键合效应差异，需要详细的文字解释和论述，而不是选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求从原子尺度解释焊接的键合效应差异，涉及多因素综合分析（材料类型、工艺参数、环境条件等）及其对焊接质量的影响机制，需要深入理解原子键合原理并关联实际焊接条件，属于机理层面的复杂分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求从原子尺度解释焊接的键合效应，涉及复杂的机理分析和综合因素考量。正确选项不仅需要理解焊接的基本定义，还需要掌握多种影响因素（如材料类型、环境条件、工艺参数等）及其相互作用机制。此外，题目还要求分析杂质对焊接缺陷的影响机理，这需要深入的材料科学知识和工程实践经验。在选择题型中，这种需要全面分析复杂现象并解释深层机理的题目属于最高难度级别。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The given short answer question requires a detailed explanation of the bonding effects of welding from an atomic scale perspective, which is complex and cannot be adequately captured in a single-choice format without oversimplifying the content. The answer provided is comprehensive and involves multiple factors, making it unsuitable for conversion to a multiple-choice question."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 199,
|
||
"question": "Heat treat Si3N4 at the eutectic temperature and measure its thermal etching groove angle as 60°, calculate the grain boundary energy of Si3N4.",
|
||
"answer": "γss=2γsvcos(ψ/2)=2×900cos30°=1558.8mN/m",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解Si3N4的晶界能，答案给出了具体的计算过程和结果。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用公式进行计算，涉及多步推理和概念关联（如热蚀刻沟槽角与晶界能量的关系），但不需要复杂的综合分析或机理解释。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等偏上难度，需要理解热处理的背景知识、热蚀刻沟角的概念，并正确应用公式γss=2γsvcos(ψ/2)进行多步计算。虽然题目给出了关键参数（ψ=60°和γsv=900），但需要考生能够正确关联这些概念并执行三角函数计算（cos30°），最终得出精确的晶界能量值。这超出了简单记忆或单步计算的要求，属于需要概念关联和综合分析的题目。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "1558.8mN/m",
|
||
"choice_question": "Heat treat Si3N4 at the eutectic temperature and measure its thermal etching groove angle as 60°, the grain boundary energy of Si3N4 is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific numerical value, which can be presented as a choice among other plausible but incorrect values."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 200,
|
||
"question": "The eutectic of the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system is placed on a Si3N4 ceramic plate. At the eutectic temperature, the surface tension of the liquid phase is 900 mN/m, the interfacial energy between the liquid and solid is 600 mN/m, and the measured contact angle is 70.52°. Find the surface tension of Si3N4.",
|
||
"answer": "Yv = Ycosθ + Y = 900cos70.52° + 600 = 900 mN/m",
|
||
"question_type": "calculation",
|
||
"question_type_name": "计算题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "simple_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "简单应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 2,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_2",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过数值计算和公式应用来求解Si3N4的表面张力，答案给出了具体的计算过程和数值结果。 | 知识层次: 题目主要涉及基本公式的应用和简单计算，即使用表面张力和接触角的公式进行直接计算，不需要多步推理或综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于简单公式应用计算难度。题目直接给出了所需的公式（Yv = Ycosθ + Y），并且只需要进行简单的代入和计算（代入θ=70.52°和给定的表面张力值）。虽然涉及到了接触角和表面张力的概念，但解题步骤非常直接，无需复杂的推导或分析。因此，在选择题型内属于等级2难度。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "900 mN/m",
|
||
"choice_question": "The eutectic of the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system is placed on a Si3N4 ceramic plate. At the eutectic temperature, the surface tension of the liquid phase is 900 mN/m, the interfacial energy between the liquid and solid is 600 mN/m, and the measured contact angle is 70.52°. The surface tension of Si3N4 is:",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The calculation problem has a definite numerical answer, which can be converted into a multiple-choice question format with the correct option being the calculated result."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 201,
|
||
"question": "From an atomic scale perspective, explain the differences in the bonding effects of sintering",
|
||
"answer": "Sintering: It is a high-temperature treatment process that imparts material properties. The diffusion of atoms to contact points causes bonding between particles, and further diffusion ultimately fills the remaining pores and increases the density of the material. It involves heating powder or powder compacts to a temperature below the melting point of their basic components, followed by cooling to room temperature using specific methods and rates. The result of sintering is the bonding between powder particles, increasing the strength of the sintered body, transforming the aggregate of powder particles into a coalescence of grains, thereby obtaining products or materials with desired physical and mechanical properties. Low-temperature pre-sintering stage: During this stage, metal recovery, volatilization of adsorbed gases and moisture, decomposition, and removal of forming agents in the compact mainly occur. Medium-temperature sintering stage: In this stage, recrystallization begins to appear. Within the particles, deformed grains are restored and reorganized into new grains, while surface oxides are reduced, and sintering necks form at particle interfaces. High-temperature sintering completion stage: In this stage, diffusion and flow proceed sufficiently and near completion, forming a large number of closed pores that continue to shrink, reducing pore size and total porosity, significantly increasing the density of the sintered body.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求从原子尺度解释烧结过程中的键合效应差异，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求从原子尺度解释烧结过程中的键合效应，涉及多个烧结阶段的详细机理分析，包括原子扩散、颗粒间键合、孔隙填充和密度增加等复杂过程。这需要综合运用材料科学中的扩散理论、热力学和动力学知识，进行深入的推理和机理解释，属于复杂分析层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求从原子尺度解释烧结过程中的键合效应，涉及多个复杂阶段（低温预烧结、中温烧结、高温烧结完成阶段）的机理分析。正确选项不仅需要理解扩散、孔隙填充、晶粒重组等微观过程，还需要综合运用材料科学原理对不同温度阶段的物理化学变化进行推理和解释。这种深度机理解释和复杂现象全面分析的要求，远超选择题型的常规知识记忆或简单应用层次，属于选择题型内最高难度的综合推理分析题目。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "原题目为简答题，要求从原子尺度解释烧结的键合效应，答案内容详细且复杂，涉及多个阶段和过程，不适合简化为单选题的选项形式。"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 202,
|
||
"question": "Many properties of clay are related to the types of adsorbed cations. Indicate the trend in potential changes of clay after adsorbing the following different cations (use arrows to show: small—large) H+ Al3+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ K+ Na+ Li+",
|
||
"answer": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求通过箭头符号表示不同阳离子吸附后黏土电位变化的趋势，属于需要文字或符号解释的简答题类型。答案形式为一系列符号排列，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求对不同阳离子吸附后粘土电位变化的趋势进行排序，这需要理解阳离子电荷、离子半径等基本概念，并能够将这些概念综合应用到具体情境中。虽然不涉及复杂的计算或深度机理分析，但需要对多个因素进行综合考虑和比较，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于较高难度，需要考生掌握黏土吸附阳离子的特性及其对电位变化的影响趋势。题目要求考生不仅理解不同阳离子的电荷和离子半径对吸附能力的影响，还需要将这些概念综合起来，进行多步比较和排序。正确选项涉及10种不同阳离子的排序，需要考生对离子特性有深入理解并能进行综合分析，这超出了简单记忆或单一概念应用的范畴。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly shows the trend in potential changes of clay after adsorbing the given cations (from small to large)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original short answer question asks for a specific ordered sequence of cations based on their potential changes when adsorbed by clay. This can be effectively converted into a multiple-choice question by presenting the correct sequence as one of the options among plausible alternatives."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 203,
|
||
"question": "Silver plating is required on alumina ceramic parts. It is known that at 1000°C, γ_{Al2O3(s)} = 1.00 mN/m, γ_{Ag(L)} = 0.92 mN/m, and γ_{Ag(L)-Al2O3(s)} = 1.77 mN/m. Can liquid silver wet the surface of alumina ceramic parts? What methods can be used to improve the wettability between them?",
|
||
"answer": "cosθ = (γ_{sv} - γ_{sl}) / γ_{lv} = -0.837, θ = 146.8° > 90°, cannot wet. To silver plate ceramic components, the surface of the ceramic must first be ground and polished to improve the wettability between the ceramic and the silver layer.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释液态银是否能润湿氧化铝陶瓷表面，并提出改善润湿性的方法。答案包含计算过程和文字解释，属于需要论述的简答题类型。 | 知识层次: 题目需要应用表面张力的基本公式计算接触角，并理解润湿性的判断标准（θ > 90°为不润湿）。此外，还需要提出改善润湿性的方法，涉及多步分析和概念关联。虽然计算部分相对简单，但整体需要综合分析表面处理和润湿性改善的关系。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目涉及表面能的计算和润湿角的概念，要求考生能够正确应用公式计算润湿角，并根据结果判断润湿性。此外，还需要理解如何通过物理方法改善润湿性。虽然题目涉及多步计算和概念关联，但在选择题型中，正确选项已经提供了明确的解题思路和答案，降低了部分难度。因此，该题目在选择题型内属于中等难度，对应等级3。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "cosθ = (γ_{sv} - γ_{sl}) / γ_{lv} = -0.837, θ = 146.8° > 90°, cannot wet. To silver plate ceramic components, the surface of the ceramic must first be ground and polished to improve the wettability between the ceramic and the silver layer.",
|
||
"choice_question": "Silver plating is required on alumina ceramic parts. It is known that at 1000°C, γ_{Al2O3(s)} = 1.00 mN/m, γ_{Ag(L)} = 0.92 mN/m, and γ_{Ag(L)-Al2O3(s)} = 1.77 mN/m. Can liquid silver wet the surface of alumina ceramic parts? What methods can be used to improve the wettability between them?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific and standard explanation involving a calculation and a method, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 204,
|
||
"question": "Analyze the scope of action of firmly bound water and loosely bound water in micelles",
|
||
"answer": "Firmly bound water surrounds the clay particles, forming an integral whole with them and moving together in the medium, with a thickness of approximately 3 to 10 water molecules. Loosely bound water is located on the periphery of firmly bound water, with poorer orientation. As they are farther from the clay particle surface, the binding force between them is smaller.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_4",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析胶束中紧密结合水和松散结合水的作用范围，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析胶束中紧密结合水和松散结合水的作用范围，涉及对两种水分子在胶束中位置、厚度、取向和结合力的描述，需要理解并关联多个概念，进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂计算或深度推理，但需要一定的概念关联和解释能力，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于中等难度，需要理解多个概念并进行比较分析。题目要求考生区分胶束中紧密结合水和松散结合水的不同作用范围，涉及对水分子排列、结合力以及距离颗粒表面远近等概念的综合理解。虽然不需要复杂的计算，但需要对相关概念有清晰的认识并能进行关联分析。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or loss of detail."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 205,
|
||
"question": "Many properties of clay are related to the types of adsorbed cations. Indicate the variation pattern of the ion exchange capacity of clay after adsorbing the following different cations (use arrows to represent: small—large) H+ Al3+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ K+ Na+ Li+",
|
||
"answer": "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求用箭头表示离子交换容量的变化模式，需要文字解释和排序，属于需要文字解释和论述的简答题类型 | 知识层次: 题目要求考生理解不同阳离子在黏土中的吸附能力及其对离子交换容量的影响，并能够根据离子电荷和半径等性质进行排序。这需要考生掌握相关概念并能进行综合分析，属于中等应用层次。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于较高难度，需要综合理解离子交换容量的概念，并掌握不同阳离子的特性及其对粘土性能的影响。解题步骤涉及多步比较和分析，需要将多个概念关联起来进行综合判断。此外，正确选项的排列顺序需要基于对离子半径、电荷数等参数的深入理解，这超出了基础记忆的范畴，属于中等应用层次的知识运用。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "Li+ < Na+ < K+ < NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Al3+ < H+",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of the ion exchange capacity of clay after adsorbing the cations H+, Al3+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+, Li+ (use arrows to represent: small—large)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific ordered sequence of cations, which can be presented as a correct option in a multiple-choice question format."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 206,
|
||
"question": "Explain the differences between structural water, bound water (tightly bound water, loosely bound water), and free water in clay.",
|
||
"answer": "Structural water in clay refers to the water within the clay structure. Since clay particles are generally negatively charged and water is a polar molecule, when clay particles are dispersed in water, under the influence of the negative electric field on the clay surface, water molecules align in a specific orientation around the clay particles, forming hydrogen bonds with the oxygen and hydroxyl groups on the surface, with their negative ends facing outward. A negatively charged surface forms around the first layer of water molecules, attracting a second layer of water molecules. The attractive force of the negative electric field on water molecules weakens with increasing distance from the clay surface, causing the arrangement of water molecules to transition gradually from ordered to disordered. The inner layer of water molecules arranged in an ordered manner is called tightly bound water, which surrounds the clay particles and moves together with them as a whole in the medium, with a thickness of approximately 3 to 10 water molecules. The outer layer of water molecules, which is less ordered, is called loosely bound water. Due to their greater distance from the clay particle surface, the binding force between them is weaker. The water beyond the loosely bound water is called free water.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "basic_concepts",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "基础概念记忆",
|
||
"difficulty": 3,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_3",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求解释不同类型的水在粘土中的区别，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，符合简答题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目考查的是对粘土中不同类型水的定义和分类的记忆和理解，属于基础概念的记忆性知识。虽然涉及了一些水分子排列和相互作用的描述，但整体上仍属于对基本概念的解释和论述，没有涉及复杂的应用或分析。 | 难度: 在选择题中属于高难度，题目要求考生理解并区分粘土中不同状态的水（结构水、结合水中的紧密结合水和松散结合水、自由水）的定义及其形成机制。这涉及多个复杂概念的阐述和比较，需要考生对粘土颗粒表面电场作用、水分子排列方式以及不同水层的特性有深入的理解。此外，题目还要求考生能够将这些概念联系起来，形成一个完整的知识体系，这在选择题型中属于较高难度的要求。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original question requires a detailed explanation of the differences between structural water, bound water, and free water in clay, which is complex and cannot be adequately captured in a single correct option for a multiple-choice format. The answer involves nuanced distinctions that are not easily simplified into a single correct choice."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 207,
|
||
"question": "Analyze the influence of firmly bound water and loosely bound water on process performance",
|
||
"answer": "The density of bound water is high, the heat capacity is small, the dielectric constant is small, and the freezing point is low, which makes it different from free water in physical properties. The amount of clay-water combination can be judged by measuring the heat of wetting. The state and quantity of clay combined with these three types of water will affect the process performance of the clay-water system. When the water content of the clay is constant, if the bound water decreases, the free water increases, resulting in a reduced volume of clay particles that are easier to move, thus lowering the slurry viscosity and improving fluidity. When the amount of bound water is high, the water film is thick, facilitating the sliding between clay particles, which enhances plasticity.",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "complex_analysis",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "复杂分析",
|
||
"difficulty": 5,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求分析紧密结合水和松散结合水对工艺性能的影响，答案提供了详细的文字解释和论述，没有涉及选择题、判断题或计算题的特征。 | 知识层次: 题目要求分析紧密结合水和松散结合水对工艺性能的影响，涉及多个物理性质的比较和相互作用，需要综合运用材料科学知识进行推理分析，解释机理，并关联实际工艺性能的变化。这超出了简单记忆或基本应用的范围，属于复杂分析的层次。 | 难度: 在选择题型内，该题目属于最高难度等级。题目要求考生深入理解并综合分析粘土结合水的不同类型（紧密结合水和松散结合水）对工艺性能的影响机制。正确选项不仅涉及多个物理性质（密度、热容、介电常数、冰点）的对比分析，还需要理解这些性质如何影响粘土-水系统的工艺性能（如粘度、流动性和塑性）。此外，题目还要求考生能够推理出结合水量变化对自由水含量及系统性能的动态影响，这需要较高层次的机理解释和复杂现象分析能力。在选择题型中，此类需要综合运用多个知识点并进行深度推理的题目属于最难级别。",
|
||
"convertible": false,
|
||
"correct_option": "",
|
||
"choice_question": "",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer provided is a detailed explanation rather than a standard term or concept, making it unsuitable for conversion into a multiple-choice format without significant simplification or alteration of the original question's intent."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 208,
|
||
"question": "Many properties of clay are related to the types of adsorbed cations. Indicate the variation pattern of combined water content in clay after adsorbing the following different cations (use arrows to represent: small—large) H+ Al3+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ K+ Na+ Li+",
|
||
"answer": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求用箭头表示不同阳离子吸附后黏土结合水含量的变化规律，需要文字解释和论述，而非选择、判断或计算。 | 知识层次: 题目要求考生理解不同阳离子对黏土结合水含量的影响，并按照特定规律排列。这需要考生掌握阳离子与黏土相互作用的原理，并能综合分析不同阳离子的电荷、半径等因素对结合水含量的影响。虽然不涉及复杂计算，但需要多步概念关联和综合分析。 | 难度: 在选择题型中，该题目属于较高难度。首先，题目要求考生理解粘土吸附不同阳离子后结合水含量的变化规律，这涉及到多个概念的综合应用，包括离子半径、水合能力等。其次，题目给出的阳离子种类较多（H+、Al3+、Ba2+等），需要考生对这些离子的特性有较深入的理解，并能进行多步比较和排序。此外，正确选项的排列顺序（H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+等）需要考生能够综合分析离子电荷、半径等因素对结合水含量的影响，属于多角度分析论述的层次。因此，在选择题型内，该题目的难度等级为4。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly represents the variation pattern of combined water content in clay after adsorbing the cations H+, Al3+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+, Li+ (use arrows to represent: small—large)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The original short answer question has a specific and standardized answer that can be directly used as the correct option in a multiple-choice format. The question can be rephrased to fit the multiple-choice format by asking for the correct sequence."
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"idx": 209,
|
||
"question": "Many properties of clay are related to the types of adsorbed cations. Indicate the variation trend in slurry stability when clay adsorbs the following different cations (use arrows to show: small—large) H+ Al3+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ K+ Na+ Li+",
|
||
"answer": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"question_type": "short_answer",
|
||
"question_type_name": "简答题",
|
||
"knowledge_level": "medium_application",
|
||
"knowledge_level_name": "中等应用",
|
||
"difficulty": 4,
|
||
"final_level": "Level_5",
|
||
"reasoning": "题型: 题目要求用箭头表示不同阳离子吸附时泥浆稳定性的变化趋势，需要根据材料科学知识进行排序和解释，属于简答题类型。答案形式为一系列符号排列，而非选择或判断。 | 知识层次: 题目要求考生理解不同阳离子对黏土浆体稳定性的影响，并能够根据阳离子的性质（如电荷、离子半径等）进行排序。这需要考生不仅记住阳离子的基本性质，还要能够将这些性质与黏土浆体稳定性的变化趋势关联起来，进行综合分析。虽然不涉及复杂的计算或机理解释，但需要一定的概念关联和综合分析能力。 | 难度: 在选择题型中属于较高难度，需要考生掌握黏土吸附阳离子的相关知识，并能综合分析不同阳离子对黏土浆体稳定性的影响趋势。题目要求考生对多个阳离子的吸附能力进行排序，涉及多步计算和概念关联，需要较强的综合分析能力。",
|
||
"convertible": true,
|
||
"correct_option": "H+ < Al3+ < Ba2+ < Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+",
|
||
"choice_question": "Which of the following correctly shows the variation trend in slurry stability when clay adsorbs the given cations (from small to large)?",
|
||
"conversion_reason": "The answer is a specific ordered sequence, which can be presented as one of the options in a multiple-choice question."
|
||
}
|
||
] |