{
    "protocol": "A one-step thermally initiated crosslinking reaction is employed for the synthesis of antifogging/frost-resisting cross-linked acrylic coatings. The monomers used are 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) for hydrophilicity and methyl methacrylate (MMA) for hydrophobicity. Cross-linkers ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSMA) are added to adjust the cross-linking density and coating adhesion.Dissolve 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to form a reaction mixture. Add ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker, followed by the thermal initiator 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN). Incorporate the silane coupling agent 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSMA) into the mixture. Stir the reaction mixture under an inert atmosphere at a specified temperature until polymerization occurs, forming the hydrophilic polymer with functional groups.Glass slides (2.5x2.5cm2) were sonicated in acetone for 30 min, dried by argon flow, and exposed to an air plasma cleaner for 180 s. A series of mixtures (1.00g) with varying AMPS/MMA molar ratios (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 80/20), EGDMA contents (0.1-2 wt% relative to monomers), TMSMA (0.1 wt% relative to monomers), AIBN (1 wt% relative to monomers), and NH3·H2O (1 wt% relative to TMSMA) were dissolved in 10 ml DMF, purged by argon, mixed, and spin-coated on the plasma-treated glass slides at different rates (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 rpm) for 4s. The spun-coated films were heated in an oven at 80°C for 12h to complete copolymerization and dried in a vacuum oven overnight (80°C) to remove unreacted impurities. Resultant coatings were labeled according to AMPS/MMA ratios and EGDMA contents.Fogging/frosting tests were conducted as follows: For the fogging test, samples were held 5 cm above a water bath at 80°C for different durations (15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds), using a control glass as a reference. The frosting test involved placing samples in a freezer at -20°C for 30 minutes, after which photographs were taken following exposure to ambient conditions (20°C, 50% relative humidity) for 5 seconds. Light transmission in the range of 400-700 nm was measured using a UV–vis spectrophotometer during the fogging/frosting test.Prepare antifogging/frost-resisting coatings by combining hydrophilic AMPS and hydrophobic MMA with EGDMA and TMSMA as cross-linkers via thermal curing. Adjust the contents of AMPS and MMA to tune the water-absorbing ability, while varying EGDMA and TMSMA amounts influences the balance between water-swellability and cross-linking density. Treat glass slides with air plasma to generate active groups, enhancing interfacial interaction with TMSMA and facilitating uniform coating formation. Control the coating thickness by adjusting spin-coating speed. Measure the coating thickness and surface roughness using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Vary the AMPS/MMA molar ratio (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, and 80/20) to optimize antifogging/frost-resisting performance. Prepare coatings with EGDMA contents ranging from 0.1 to 2 wt% to study the impact of cross-linking density on performance."
}