[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "chunk": "# (12) United States Patent Jing et al.",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "chunk": "# (54) ANTI-FOG COATING COMPRISING AQUEOUS POLYMERIC DISPERSION, CROSSLINKER AND SURFACTANT  \n\n(71） Applicant: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIESCOMPANY, St. Paul, MN (US)  \n\n(72） Inventors: Naiyong Jing, Woodbury, MN (US); Yongshang Lu, Woodbury, MN (US); Dang Xie, Shanghai (CN); Zhigang Yu, Shanghai (CN); John L. Battiste, Northfield, MN (US); Alan L. Levin, Shrewsbury, MA (US); Caroline M. Ylitalo, Stillwater, MN (US); Mahfuza B. Ali, Mendota Heights, MN (US)  \n\n(73） Assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Company, St. Paul, MN (US)  \n\n（\\*） Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 686 days.  \n\n(21) Appl. No.: 14/361,107   \n(22) PCT Filed: Nov. 1, 2012   \n(86) PCT No.: PCT/US2012/062902 $\\S\\ S71$ (c)(1), (2) Date: May 28, 2014   \n(87) PCT Pub.No.: WO2013/089926 PCT Pub.Date: Jun.20, 2013  \n\n(65) Prior Publication Data US 2014/0335360 A1 Nov.13,2014",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "chunk": "# Related U.S. Application Data  \n\n(60） Provisional application No. 61/576,030, filed on Dec. 15,2011.  \n\n(51) Int. Cl. C09D5/16 (2006.01) G02B1/18 (2015.01) C03C 17/32 (2006.01) C09D 5/02 (2006.01) C08K 5/00 (2006.01) G02B 27/00 (2006.01) C03C 17/00 (2006.01)  \n\n(52) U.S. Cl. CPC G02B 1/18 (2015.01); C03C 17/009 (2013.01); C03C 17/32 (2013.01); C03C 17/322 (2013.01); C08K 5/0025 (2013.01); C09D 5/024 (2013.01); C09D 5/1687 (2013.01); G02B 27/0006 (2013.01); C03C 2217/75 (2013.01); Y10T 428/31507 (2015.04);Y10T 428/31551 (2015.04); Y10T 428/31855 (2015.04)  \n\n(58) Field of Classification Search CPC C09D 5/1687 See application file for complete search history.  \n\n(10) Patent No.: US 10,241,237 B2   \n(45) Date of Patent: Mar. 26,2019",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "chunk": "# References Cited",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 5,
        "chunk": "# U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS  \n\n2,803,552 A 8/1957 Stedman   \n3,022,178 A 2/1962 Park   \n3,425,976 A 2/1969 Adams   \n3,437,617A 4/1969 Bogle   \n3,484,157 A 12/1969 Crandon   \n3,488,215 A 1/1970 Shepherd   \n3,700,487 A 10/1972 Crandon   \n3,773,776 A 11/1973 Iler   \n3,821,136 A 6/1974 Hudgin   \n3,822,238 A 7/1974 Blair   \n3,865,619 A 2/1975 Pennewiss   \n3,895,155 A 7/1975 Shukuri   \n3,897,356 A 7/1975 Pociluyko   \n4,016,129 A 4/1977 Miyosawa   \n4,027,073 A 5/1977 Clark   \n4,064,308 A 12/1977 Laurin   \n4,108,819 A \\* 8/1978 Oyamada C08L63/00   \n156/330   \n4,126,595A 11/1978 Martorano et al.   \n4,127,682 A 11/1978 Laurin   \n4,211,823 A 7/1980 Suzuki   \n4,310,330 A \\* 1/1982 Funaki .B32B17/10339   \n8/506   \n4,467,073 A 8/1984 Creasy   \n(Continued)",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 6,
        "chunk": "# FOREIGNPATENTDOCUMENTS  \n\nCN 1747906 3/2006 CN 101065456 10/2007 (Continued)",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 7,
        "chunk": "# OTHERPUBLICATIONS  \n\nTriton X-405 Technical Data Sheet, Dow Chemical Company, 2009.\\*   \nPentaerythritol tris[3-(l-aziridinyl)propionate] Safety Data Sheet, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, Nov. 14,2016.\\*   \nTamol 731A Technical Data Sheet, Dow Chemical Company, Mar. 2013.\\*   \nTrotoir, “Anti-fog/antistat eases processing problems\", Modern Plastics, Oct. 1988, 3 pgs.   \nHowarter, “Self-Cleaning and Next Generation Anti-Fog Surfaces and Coatings\", Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2oo8, vol. 29, pp. 455-466.  \n\n(Continued)  \n\nPrimary Examiner—Michael F Pepitone (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm —Adrian L. Pishko; Carolyn A. Fischer",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 8,
        "chunk": "# ABSTRACT  \n\nAn anti-fog coating composition is described comprising an aqueous polymeric dispersion; a crosslinker, and a surfactant. The dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 8 seconds after being soaked in $25^{\\circ}$ C.water for 1 hour. In favored embodiments, the dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 60 seconds after being soaked in $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water for 24 hours. Also described are articles comprising the dried and cured coating composition disposed on a substrate as well as a method a providing an anti-fog coating on a substrate.  \n\n18 Claims, No Drawings",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 9,
        "chunk": "# References Cited",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 10,
        "chunk": "# U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS  \n\n4,478,909 A 10/1984 Taniguchi 4,551,484 A 11/1985 Radisch 4,605,698 A \\* 8/1986 Briden C08K5/3412 524/559 4,609,688 A 9/1986 Radisch 4,745,152 A 5/1988 Fock 5,073,404 A 12/1991 Huang 5,075,133 A 12/1991 Hosono 5,116,442 A 5/1992 Daude 5,124,021 A 6/1992 Kaneyasu 5,134,021 A 7/1992 Hosono 5,262,475A 11/1993 Creasy 5,424,355A 6/1995 Uemae et al. 5,585,186 A 12/1996 Scholz 5,723,175 A 3/1998 Scholz 5,804,612 A 9/1998 Song 5,873,931 A 2/1999 Scholz 5,877,254 A 3/1999 La Casse 6,013,372 A 1/2000 Hayakawa 6,040,053 A 3/2000 Scholz 6,156,409 A 12/2000 Doushita 6,194,498 B1 2/2001 Anderson 6,420,020 B1 7/2002 Yamazaki 6,800,365 B2 10/2004 Yamazaki 7,008,979 B2 3/2006 Schottman 7,048,989 B2 5/2006 Watkins 7,261,843 B2 8/2007 Knox 7,838,110 B2 11/2010 Zhu 8,017,666 B2 9/2011 Bissinger 2003/0203991 A1\\* 10/2003 Schottman C08K3/22 523/334 2003/0205059 A1 11/2003 Roche 2004/0137155 A1 7/2004 Bernheim 2006/0063868 A1 3/2006 Janmaat 2006/0135649 A1 6/2006 Jedlicka et al. 2007/0286959 A1 12/2007 Palmer  \n\n2008/0160187 A1 7/2008 Murata et al.   \n2010/0009108 A1\\* 1/2010 Shih C08L 31/04   \n428/41.3   \n2010/0227945 A1 9/2010 Bissinger et al.   \n2010/0227969 A1 9/2010 Zhu",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 11,
        "chunk": "# FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS  \n\nCN 101602913 12/2009   \nCN 101591494 8/2011   \nEP 2062861 5/2009   \nJP 63-150369 6/1988   \nJP H10-25468 1/1998   \nWO WO 1993-23471 11/1993   \nWO WO 1996-18691 6/1996   \nWO WO 0231016 A1 \\* 4/2002 C08J 7/047   \nWO WO 2008-039228 4/2008   \nWO WO 2009-085680 7/2009   \nWO WO 2010-114700 10/2010   \nWO WO 2013-089927 6/2013",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 12,
        "chunk": "# OTHERPUBLICATIONS  \n\nNie, “Superhydrophilic Anti-Fog Polyester Film by Oxygen Plasma Treatment\", Proceedings of the Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, 4th IEEE International Conference, Jan. 2009, pp. 1017-1020.   \nChattopadhyay, “Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high performance applications\", Progress in Polymer Science, 2007,vol. 32,pp.352-418.   \nLu, “Durable Anti-fog Coatings form Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions and Nanoparticles\", Performance Materials and Coating Group, 3M, 13pgs.   \nInternational Search Report for PCT International Application No. PCT/US2012/062902, dated Feb. 7, 2013, 3pgs.  \n\n\\* cited by examiner",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 13,
        "chunk": "# 2",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 14,
        "chunk": "# 1 ANTI-FOG COATING COMPRISING AQUEOUS POLYMERIC DISPERSION, CROSSLINKER ANDSURFACTANT  \n\nCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  \n\nThis application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2012/062902, filed Nov. 1, 2012, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/576, 030, filed Dec. 15, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its/their entirety herein.",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 15,
        "chunk": "# BACKGROUND  \n\nAs described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,008,979; fog formation occurs under conditions of high humidity and high temperature or at interfacial boundaries where there is a large temperature and humidity difference. Coatings which reportedly reduce the tendency for surfaces to “fog up\" (i.e., anti-fogging coatings) have been suggested.  \n\nIn order to prevent this fogging, it is known to use various surface active agents to provide anti-fog properties to articles. For example, hydrophilic agents have been added to polyurethanes in order to impart anti-fog properties. Anti- : fog coating compositions for transparent surfaces which include a three-dimensional cross-linked polyurethane having a free surface active agent disposed within open domains in its cross-linked structure have been suggested. The coating compositions are prepared by reacting isocyanates with : polyfunctional polyols to obtain a polyurethane, and subsequently contacting the thus prepared polyurethane with a hydrophilic surface-active agent in order to diffuse molecules of the surface-active agent into the interior of the coating. (See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,551,484 and : 4,609,688 to Radisch et al.)  \n\nThe surface-active agent, however, is not chemically reacted into the polyurethane, but is instead physically disposed within the polymeric structure.As such, the cured coating is susceptible to undesirable leaching and erosion of the surfactant, thereby decreasing the anti-fog properties of the coating composition.  \n\nIt has also been proposed to react surface active agents into a polyurethane coating composition in order to impart anti-fog properties to the coating composition. For example, the addition of sulfonated “resins” to polyurethanes in order to prepare coatings with various properties including antifog characteristics have been suggested. The resins are prepared from diols or diamines reacted with di-carboxylic acid esters, followed by sulfonation of double bonds or quarternization of amines. The resins are intended to increase the hydrophilic character and water absorption of the polyurethane coatings by reacting into the polyurethane backbone in an end-to-end fashion, rather than as pendent groups. Such resins which react in an end-to-end fashion, as opposed to remaining pendant at the end of the polyurethane chain, cannot provide for a clear delineation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and in this respect do not behave as surfactants, i.e., they do not provide cooperation between distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions to reduce interfacial tension.(See for example U.S. Pat. No.3,822,238 to Blair et al.)  \n\nPolyurethane compositions have also been suggested which are useful as coatings for transparent substrates with improved self-healing properties and prevention against formation of surface moisture. The polyurethane compositions are prepared from a reaction of an isocyanate with a polyol mixture including a difunctional sulfonated polyether polyol and a trifunctional polyol. Such a polyurethane composition incorporates only polyol combinations which impart hydrophilic character to the coating, and does not further incorporate into the composition a surfactant material. (See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,152 to Fock et al.)  \n\nHowever, these compositions do not provide permanent fog resistance properties, i.e. fog resistant properties which last after repeated washings or extended soaking in water, nor are they effective for more than a few hours of use.  \n\nAdditionally, it is known to incorporate non-ionic surfactants containing reactive functional groups into polyurethanes prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone as a hydrophilic agent. For example, anti-fog coating compositions incorporating an isocyanate prepolymer which is reacted with a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer, the reaction product thereof being subsequently reacted with a non-ionic surfactant having reactive groups for reacting with the isocyanate, for instance, hydroxyl reactive groups are known. Polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, however, while serving to increase the hydrophilicity of the polyurethane matrix and improve antifog properties, generally reduce the scratch-resistance, chemical resistance, water sensitivity, and durability of the cured polyurethane surface. Thus, although these compositions,when cured, have been known to provide anti-fog properties, their solvent sensitivity, flexibility and scratch resistance properties are less than desirable. (See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,073 to Creasy).",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 16,
        "chunk": "# SUMMARY  \n\nAlthough various anti-fog coatings have been described, industry would find advantage in alternative compositions that can provide persistent long-lasting anti-fog properties.  \n\nIn one embodiment, an anti-fog coating composition is described comprising an aqueous polymeric dispersion; a crosslinker, and a surfactant; wherein the dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 8 seconds after being soaked in $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water for 1 hour. In favored embodiments, the dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 60 seconds after being soaked in $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ ：water for 24 hours.  \n\nAlso described are articles comprising the dried and cured coating composition disposed on a substrate as well as a method a providing an anti-fog coating on a substrate.",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 17,
        "chunk": "# DETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS  \n\nThe coating compositions described herein are suitable for imparting anti-fog characteristics. The coating composition comprises an aqueous polymeric dispersion, typically one that can be prepared as a latex, and more typically an alkaline $\\mathfrak{p H}$ stable latex. Favored polymeric dispersions include polyurethane polymer dispersions, acrylic polymer dispersions, and mixture thereof. Such polymers are typically thermoplastic.  \n\nThe term “polyurethane” includes any polymeric material that comprises polyurethane segments. The term “polyurethane segment\" refers to at least two urethane and/or urea groups that are connected by an organic group.  \n\nThe term“acrylic\" includes any polymer or copolymer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ester of these acids or acrylonitrile.  \n\nThermoplastic polyurethane compositions are generally the reaction product of a diisocyanate with short-chain diols (also referred to as chain extenders) and diisocyantes with long-chained difunctional diols (known as polyols). Polyurethanes are characterized as having urethane groups, i.e. —NH— $\\mathrm{C}{=}0\\mathrm{\\Omega}$ O—that link the segments derived from the diisocyanate and diol. Such urethane group comprise a carbonyl group, i.e. a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, $\\scriptstyle{\\mathrm{C=O}}$  \n\nNon-limiting examples of long-chained polyols are polyether polyols, polyester polyols, acrylic polyols and mixtures of such polyols. Typically, polyester based thermoplastic urethanes are known for providing good abrasion and chemical resistance. The final resin consists of linear polymeric chains in block-structures. Such chains contain low polarity segments, referred to as “soft segments\", alternating with shorter, high polarity segments, referred to as \"hard segments\". Both types of segments are linked together by covalent links, forming random copolymers or blockcopolymers.  \n\nPolyester polyols are prepared by the polyesterification of an organic polycarboxylic acid or anhydride thereof with organic polyols and/or an epoxide. Usually, the polycarboxylic acids and polyols are aliphatic or aromatic dibasic acids and diols. The diols that are usually employed in making the polyester include, but are not limited to,acyclic alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol, and cyclic glycols such as hydrogenated Bisphenol A, cyclohexanediol and cyclohexanedimethanol. Polyols of higher functionality can also be used. Non-limiting examples include trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol, as well as higher molecular weight polyols such as those produced by oxyalkylating low molecular weight polyols.  \n\nThe acid component of the polyester consists primarily of monomeric carboxylic acids or anhydrides having 2 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule. Among the acids that can be used are phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, glutaric acid, chlorendic acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid. Higher polycarboxylic acids, such as trimellitic acid and tricarballylic acid, can also be used. Where acids are referred to above, it is understood that anhydrides of those acids that form anhydrides can be used in place of the acid. Also, lower alkyl esters of the acids such as dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl-terephthalate can be used.  \n\nIn addition to the polyester polyols, hydroxy-containing acrylic polymers or acrylic polyols can be used as the polyol component.  \n\nExamples of polyether polyols are polyalkylene ether polyols include those having the following general formula:  \n\nene-bis-(cyclohexyl isocyanate), isophorone diisocyanate and NCO-prepolymers, e.g., the reaction products of monomeric polyisocyanates, such as those mentioned above, with polyester or polyether polyols. Particularly desired are the isocyanurates from isophorone isocyanate and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, both of which are commercially available.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the polyurethane dispersion comprises a polyester backbone, a polycarbonate backbone, a polyester carbonate or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the acrylic dispersion comprises an acrylic backbone, a hydroxyl-containing acrylic backbone, or a combination thereof. In yet other embodiments, the poly5 meric dispersion is a urethane-acrylic hybrid, or polycarbonate urethane/acrylic hybrid. In some embodiments, the polymers are described as having a polycarbonate or carbonate backbone. In such embodiments, the polymer comprises aliphatic or aromatic carbonate moieties, such as 0 bisphenol A carbonate moieties.  \n\nVarious processes have been developed for the preparation of waterborne or aqueous polymeric dispersions. In the preparation of aqueous polyurethane polymers, typically a medium molecular weight polymer (e.g. prepolymer) is 25 formed by the reaction of suitable diols or polyols with a molar excess of diisocyantes or polyisocyanates in the presence of an internal emulsifier. The internal emulsifier is typically a diol with an ionic group (carboxylate, sulfonates, or quaternary ammonium slat) or a non-ionic group, such as 30 polyethylene oxide. Aqueous polyurethane dispersion are typically one of three types, i.e. non-ionic, cationic, and anionic depending on the type of hydrophilic segments present in the polyurethane backbone. In the case of anionic 351 polyurethanes, dimethyol propionic acid (DMPA) is commonly incorporated into the polyurethane backbone due to its effectiveness for water dispersions in the subsequent neutralization reactions with triethylamine. The carboxylate ion of DMPA in the polymer is hydrophilic and serves an 40 anionic center as well an internal emulsifier.Carboxylic ions not only stabilize aqueous polyurethane dispersions, but also provide curing sites. Aqueous acrylic polymers are also typically prepared with an internal emulsifier and thus typically also comprise carboxylate ions to stabilize the 45 dispersion and provide curing sites.  \n\nThe (e.g. polyurethane and/or acrylic) polymer is generally dispersed in a liquid diluent to form a polymeric dispersion.“Liquid diluent\" refers to solvent that is volatile and removed after the coating is applied. In favored embodi  \n50 ments, the coating composition comprises predominantly water as the diluent with little or no organic solvents. In this embodiment, the concentration of organic solvent is typically less than 2, 1.5, $1\\ \\mathrm{wt}\\mathrm{-}\\%$ or $0.5\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$ of the coating composition. A polyurethane dispersion available from   \n55 Incorez, under the trade designation “W835 Series” are described as being co-solvent free grades of polyurethane dispersions.  \n\nwhere the substituent R is hydrogen or lower alkyl contain- 55 ing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms including mixed substituents, and n is typically from 2 to 6 and m is from 10 to 100 or even higher. Included are poly(oxytetramethylene)glycols, poly (oxyethylene)glycols, poly(oxy-1,2-propylene)glycols and the reaction products of ethylene glycol with a mixture of 6( 1,2-propylene oxide and ethylene oxide.  \n\nThe polyisocyanates that can be used include aromatic and aliphatic polyisocyanates with aliphatic polyisocyanates being more desirable because of their superior ultraviolet light stability and non-yellowing tendencies. Non-limiting examples of such polyisocyanates include monomeric polyisocyanates, such as toluene diisocyanate, and $^{4,4^{\\prime}}$ -methyl  \n\nThe (e.g. polyurethane and/or acrylic) polymer dispersed in an aqueous diluent are film-forming polymers. Suitable polymer latexes and methods for making them are widely known in the art, and many are commercially available.  \n\nTypically, the particles in the polymer latexes are substantially spherical in shape. The polymer core may comprise one or more water-insoluble polymers, although this is not a requirement. Useful polymer particle sizes include those typical of latexes and other dispersions or emulsions. Typical polymer particle sizes are in a range of from about",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 18,
        "chunk": "# 5",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 19,
        "chunk": "# 6  \n\n0.01 micrometers to 100 micrometers, preferably in a range of from O.o1 to 0.2 micrometers, although this is not a requirement.  \n\nExamples of commercially available aqueous aliphatic polyurethane emulsions include NEOREZ R-960, NEOREZ R-967,NEOREZR-9036, andNEOREZR-9699 fromDSM NeoResins, Inc. of Wilmington, Mass.; aqueous anionic polyurethane dispersions available as ESSENTIAL CC4520,ESSENTIAL CC4560, ESSENTIAL R4100, and ESSENTIAL R4188 from Essential Industries, Inc. of Merton,Wis.; polyester polyurethane dispersions available as SANCURE 843,SANCURE 898,and SANCURE 12929 from Lubrizol, Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio; an aqueous aliphatic self-crosslinking polyurethane dispersion available as TURBOSET 2025 from Lubrizol, Inc.; polyurethanes dispersions available from Stahl USA, Peabody, Mass.under the trade designations“RU-077” and“RU- $075^{,}$ ·  \n\nSelf cross-linking polymer dispersion maybe used in the ink receptive layer. Such polymeric dispersions have self cross-linking function that is activated upon drying of the coating layer. The use of this type of dispersions may eliminate the need for incorporating crosslinking compounds into the coating composition. Examples of self cross-linking polymer dispersions include polyurethane dispersions available from Bayer Material Science, LLC of Pittsburgh, Pa. as “BAYHYDROL PR240” and from DSM Neoresins as“NEOREZ R-661\".  \n\nExamples of commercially available aqueous aliphatic acrylic emulsions include acrylic latexes available from Dow Coating Materials under the trade designations ROSHIELDTM and RHOPLEXTM such as“ROSHIELDTM 3188\"，“ROSHIELDTM3275”，“ROSHIELDTM1024” “ROSHIELDTM 636\",“RHOPLEXTM WL-96\",and “RHOPLEXTM CL- $104^{,}$ ; acrylic latexes available from Arkema Coating Resins under the trade designation “UCARTM\", such as “UCARTM LATEX $455'$ ,“UCARTM LATEX 443\", “UCARTM LATEX 451\", and “UCARTM LATEX $\\mathrm{DM}109^{\\circ}$ acrylic latexes available from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. under the trade designation HYCAR $\\textsuperscript{\\textregistered}$ ， such as \"HYCAR $\\textsuperscript{\\textregistered}$ $26349^{\\circ}$ ; “HYCAR $\\textsuperscript{\\textregistered}$ $26459^{\\circ}$ ; and acrylic latexes available from DSM NeoResins under the trade designation “NEOCRYL\",such as “NEOCRYL $\\mathrm{A}{-}640^{3}$ ，“NEOCRYL $\\mathrm{XK-}220^{\\circ}$ ，“NEOCRYL $\\mathrm{A-}1044^{\\cdots}$ ，“NEOCRYL XK-90\" “NEOCRLYL XK-96”and “NEOCRYL XK-95\".  \n\nDispersions of polyurethane polymers can be characterized by measuring the properties of a 50-100 micron thin film of the neat polyurethane formed from the dispersion (dried at $22^{\\mathrm{o}}\\mathrm{~C}./50\\%$ RH for 14 days). In some embodiments, the elongation of the thin film thus formed typically has an elongation at break ranging from about $500\\%$ to about $60\\%$ . In some embodiments, the tensile strength ranges from about 15 to $30\\mathrm{MPa}$ \\*  \n\nIn some embodiments, the acrylic dispersion comprises a polyacrylate backbone, a polycarbonate backbone, or a combination thereof.  \n\nA combination of polymeric polymers may be utilized in the (e.g. anti-fog） coating composition.For example, the polyurethane dispersion may comprise two or more polyurethane polymers having a different average molecular weight. Further, the composition may contain a different ( type of polymer in combination with a polyurethane, for example, as would be obtained by mixing an acrylic latex and a polyurethane latex. In one embodiment, the aqueous polyurethane dispersion comprises a mixture of “INCOREZ W835/140\"and“NEOREZR-961\".The inclusion of\"NEO-( REZ R-961” can improve the abrasion resistance. However, when the concentration of “NEOREZ R-961”exceeds a a weight ratio of about 1:2 (i.e. more than 1 part by weight “NEOREZ R-961” per 2 parts by weight“INCOREZ W835/ $140^{7})$ , the coating can become white after being soaked in water. In yet another example, a combination of a polyurethane polymer and an acrylic polymer is utilized or a hybrid polymer of both acrylic and polyurethane. An example of a commercially available acrylic urethane copolymer dispersion is available under the trade designation NEOPAC from DSM Neoresins.  \n\n0 The coating composition typically comprises one or more (e.g. polyurethane and/or acrylic) polymers in an amount totaling at least $40\\mathrm{wt}-\\%$ solids of the coating composition and typically no greater than $90\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ or $85\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$ or 80 wt- $\\%$ . In some embodiments, the coating composition com5 prises one or more polymers in an amount of at least 45 wt- $\\%$ or $50\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ ，  \n\nThe (e.g. anti-fog) coating compositions described herein comprise at least one surfactant. The term “surfactant\" as used herein describes molecules that reduce the surface tension of the coating composition and provide a coating that imparts“good” or “excellent” anti-fog properties to substrates or articles coated therewith, according to the test method described in the examples. Surfactant molecules generally include both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non-polar) segments on the same molecule.  \n\nUseful surfactants of the present invention include ionic (e.g. anionic, cationic) non-ionic, as well as amphoteric surfactants. A surfactant can be classified by the presence of formally charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic   \n30 surfactant carries a net charge. An anionic surfactant has a negatively charged hydrophilic group, such as in the case of alkyl sulphates and alkyl ethoxylated sulfates. Cationic surfactants have a positively charged hydrophilic group, such as in the case of sodium salts and quaternary (e.g   \n35 ammonium) salts. A non-ionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. Some illustrative surfactants are described in WO 2009/085680; incorporated herein by reference. For embodiments wherein the coating composition lacks   \n40 an acid or salt of a polyalkylene oxide as a hydrophilic component, the coating composition comprises a suficient amount of surfactant to render the coating composition an anti-fog composition. The surfactant concentration in the coating compositions is typically at least $0.5\\mathrm{wt}-\\%$ ,1wt- $\\%$ D   \n451.5 wt- $\\%$ ,or2 wt- $\\%$ percent of the coating composition. The surfactant concentration is typically no greater than $10\\mathrm{wt-}\\%$ of the coating composition.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the (e.g. anti-fog) coating composition comprises a non-ionic surfactant. Non-ionic surfac50 tants generally comprise an alkyl or alkenyl group having at least 6, or 8, or 10, or 12 carbon atoms. Such relatively long chain alkyl or alkylene group is commonly referred to as a \"fatty\" group. The number of carbon atoms can be greater than 18 carbon atoms provided the non-ionic surfactant is a 55 liquid at ambient temperature (e.g. $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ . In some embodiments, the alkyl or alkenyl group has no greater than 24 carbon atoms. In some favored embodiments, such alkyl group is unbranched. The alkyl or alkenyl group may optionally comprise substituents.  \n\nVarious classes of non-ionic surfactants are known including for example fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty amines, fatty amides, and derivatives thereof.  \n\nFatty alcohols typically have the general formula:",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 20,
        "chunk": "# R—OH  \n\nwherein R is a (e.g. straight or branched chain) alkyl or alkenyl group, as previously described, optionally substituted in available positions by N, O, or S atoms. Various fatty alcohols are known including dodecyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol $\\mathrm{CH}_{3}(\\mathrm{CH}_{2})_{15}\\mathrm{OH}$ ， stearyl alcohol (also known as octadecyl alcohol or 1-octadecanol), and oleyl alcohol.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a 5 derivative of a fatty alcohol. One favored derivative is a fatty alcohol, ester or derivative thereof comprising alkylene oxide repeat units such as ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide repeat units. Such derivatives may also be referred to as a polyethoxylated and/or polypropoxylated fatty alcohols, 1( esters, or derivatives thereof. Polyethoxylated fatty alcohols have the general formula:  \n\n$$\n\\mathrm{R}{\\longrightarrow}(\\mathrm{OCH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2})_{n}\\mathrm{OH}\n$$  \n\nwherein R is a (e.g. straight or branched chain) alkyl or 1: alkenyl group, as previously described, optionally substituted in available positions by N, O, or S atoms. The number of ethylene oxide repeat units, “n\" can range from 2 to 20. In some embodiments, n is at least 3 or 4 and no greater than about 10 or 12. 2(  \n\nSurfactant comprising polyalkylene oxide repeat units, such as polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, can be a favored non-ionic surfactant of the coating composition.  \n\nIn some embodiments, one or more polyethoxylated fatty alcohols are the sole surfactant of the coating composition. In other embodiments, at least one polyethoxylated fatty alcohol is employed in combination with a second surfactant. The polyethoxylated fatty alcohol surfactant may be utilized in combination with a second surfactant at a weight ratio of about 1:1 or 2:1. In some embodiments, the second surfactant is a silicone surfactant, an ionic surfactant,or mixture thereof.  \n\nThe some embodiments, the coating composition comprises a non-ionic surfactant in combination with an ionic surfactant or silicone surfactant.  \n\nSilicone surfactants generally comprises a siloxane backbone with a various number of dimethyl siloxane units, typically end-capped with a trimethyl siloxane group at each end. The siloxane backbone is generally the hydrophobic group. The hydrophilic group can be ionic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic and are usually attached by a short alkyl chain to the siloxane backbone. One illustrative siloxane surfactant is a polyether modified siloxane, commercially available from Innovadex under the trade designation “BYK-346\".  \n\nVarious ionic surfactants are known. One illustrative ionic surfactant is a sodium alpha olefin sulfonate, commercially available from Stepan Company under the trade designation “A-18\". Another ionic surfactant is a polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether ammonium sulfate, commercially available from Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku., Ltd. of Japan under the trade designation “Hitenol BC $10^{\\circ}$  \n\nVarious non-ionic surfactants as previously described comprise a hydroxyl group. Anti-fog coatings have been previously described wherein a hydroxyl functional surfactant is utilized as a reactant during the formation of the polyurethane. (See for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,238) However, in the presently described anti-fog coating compositions a preformed (e.g. commercially available) polymer, provided as an aqueous dispersion is utilized as a component. The polymer of the dispersion is typically free of hydroxyl-reactive. Hence, when a hydroxyl functional surfactant is combined with such polyurethane dispersion, the surfactant does not react with the polyurethane due. In other words the surfactant is non-reactive with respect to the (e.g. polyurethane and/or acrylic) polymer.  \n\nThe anti-fog coating described herein may optionally comprise various hydrophilic additives.A hydrophilic additive is distinguished from a surfactant in that a hydrophilic additive lacks a hydrophobic group, a requisite group of a surfactant. In some embodiments, the coating compositions comprise a small concentration of a (e.g. non-reactive) hydrophilic additive, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) monomethyl ether, to enhance the anti-fog performance. In this embodiment, the concentration of the hydrophilic additive is typically at least $0.5~\\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ ,or1 wt- $\\%$ ,or $1.5~\\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ . or $2\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ and generally no greater than about $5\\mathrm{wt-\\%}$  \n\nIn another embodiment, the anti-fog coating comprises a hydrophilic additive that is non-reactive with respect to the polyurethane polymer, yet is reactive and thus can be crosslinked by the (e.g.aziridine) crosslinker. The concentration of such hydrophilic additive is typically at least 5 wt- $\\%$ ,6wt- $\\%$ ，7wt- $\\%$ ,8wt- $\\%$ ，9wt- $\\%$ or $10\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ of the solids of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of hydrophilic additive is at least $11\\mathrm{\\wt{-}}\\%$ ，12 wt- $\\%$ 。 $13\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$ D $14\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ ,or $15\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ . The concentration of such hydrophilic additive is typically no greater than about 35wt- $\\%$  \n\nOne example of a hydrophilic additive that can be crosslinked by the crosslinker is an acid or salt of a polyalkylene oxide. Such additive generally comprises a polyalkylene oxide backbone that comprises repeat units of the ethylene   \n25 oxide, propylene oxide, or a combination thereof. The number of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide repeat units may independently range from O to 100 with the proviso that the sum of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide repeat units range from about 10 to 10o. The polyalkylene oxide back  \n30 bone typically comprises more ethylene oxide repeat units than propylene oxide repeat units. In some embodiments, the ratio of ethylene oxide repeat units to propylene oxide repeat units is at least 2:1, or 3:1; or 4:1, or 5:1, or 6:1 or 7:1, or 8:1,or 9:1, or 10:1. The polyalkylene oxide backbone is   \n35 typically linear and divalent, terminating with an acid or salt group on each end. A divalent linking group is typicaly present between the polyalkylene oxide backbone and at least one or two terminal acid or salt groups. Depending on the starting compound and reactant(s), the linking group can   \n40 vary. In some embodiments, the additive is formed from a polyalkylene oxide amine (also referred to as a polyether amine) reacted with a succinic anhydride forming a diacid that is then reacted with an alkyl amine to convert the acid group to an ammonium salt group. In this embodiment, the   \n45 linking group between the polyalkylene oxide backbone and theterminal acid or salt groups may be $\\mathrm{-CH}_{2}\\mathrm{NHCOC}_{2}\\mathrm{H}_{4}-$ . However, other linking group would be present by use of other reaction schemes. The molecular weight of the linking group is generally relatively small so   \n50 as not to detract from the hydrophilic nature of the polyalkylene oxide backbone. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the linking group is no greater than 100 g/mole. As the molecular weight of the polyalkylene oxide backbone increases, the molecular weight of the linking   \n55 group may also increase without detracting from the hydrophilic properties. However, the molecular weight of the linking group is typically no greater than about 20, 15 or $10\\%$ by weight of the total molecular weight of the hydrophilic additive (i.e. the molecular weight of the linking   \n60 groups divided by the total molecular weight multiplied by $100\\%$ ，  \n\nIn one embodiment, the hydrophilic additive comprises a divalent polyalkylene oxide backbone and terminal acid or salts groups, as may be represented by the following formula:  \n\n$$\n\\mathrm{R-L-}(\\mathrm{C}_{3}\\mathrm{H}_{6}\\mathrm{O})\\mathrm{-}(\\mathrm{C}_{2}\\mathrm{H}_{4}\\mathrm{O})_{y}\\mathrm{-L-R}\n$$  \n\nwherein is $\\mathrm{~R~}$ is a reactive group that is capable of (covalently) reacting with the (e.g. aziridine) crosslinker such as a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof,  \n\nL is a divalent linking,  \n\nand $\\mathbf{x}$ and y independently range from O to 100 with the proviso that the sum of $\\mathbf{x}{+}\\mathbf{y}$ ranges from about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 to about 100.  \n\nThe linking group L can vary depending on the selection of reactants. For example, when a polyalkylene oxide diol is reacted with an isocyanate compound, Lmay be 10 —OCONH—. In another embodiment, when a polyalkylene oxide diamine is reacted with an isocyanate compound, L may be—NHCONH—. In yet another embodiment, when a polyalkylene oxide diol is reacted with an anhydride or carboxylic acid compound, L may be —( $\\mathrm{C}{=}0_{,}$ O—.L15 may also be an ester linkage when a polyalkylene oxide diacid is reacted with an alcohol compound. In yet another embodiment, L may be —CONH— by reaction of a polyalkylene oxide diacid or acrylic chloride with a primary or secondary amine.The amide linkage can also be made by the 20 reaction of a polyalkylene diamine with an anhydride or a carboxylic acid compound. In yet another embodiment, L may be—NR—by reaction of a polyalkylene oxide diamine with a halide compound or by reaction of a polyalkylene oxide dihalide with an amine compound. In yet another 25 embodiment, L can be —COS— by the reaction of a polyalkylene oxide diol with an acryl chloride thiol or thiol ester compound. Further, L may be — $\\mathrm{CS}_{2}$ — by reaction a polyalkylene oxide dithiol with a thiol or mercapto compound. In yet another embodiment, L may be —S— by 30 reaction of a polyalkylene oxide dithiol with a halide compound. In yet another embodiment, L may be —O— by a condensation reaction of polyalkylene oxide diol. In yet another embodiment, L may be—SCONH—by the reaction of a polyalkylene oxide dithiol with an isocyanate com- 35 pound or by reaction of a polyalkylene oxide diisocyanate with a thiol compound.  \n\nThe counter ions of the acid salts can be ammonium, as well as primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl ammoniums. The counter ions may also be inorganic metallic ions includ- 40 ing divalent zinc from zinc halides, nitrate, carbonate,or ammonium carbonate. Other inorganic metallic ions comprise Cu, Ti, and $Z\\mathrm{r}$  \n\nWithout intending to be bound by theory it is surmised that alkylene oxide repeat units of the acid or salt of 45 polyalkylene oxide can aid in preventing a surfactant, compatible with such hydrophilic segments (e.g. such as a non-ionic surfactant comprising alkylene oxide repeat units) from leaching out of the coating.  \n\nThe anti-fog coatings described herein comprise a cross- 5( linker. The crosslinker typically reacts with the (e.g. carboxylate) hydrophilic segments present in the polymer (eg. polyurethane and/or acrylic) backbone.Favored crosslinkers include multifunctional aziridine crosslinkers, typically comprising at least three terminal groups. 5  \n\nCarboxylic ion (e.g. carboxylate） containing aqueous polymeric dispersions and a multi-aziridine curing agent may be formulated as a curing polymeric dispersion. The curing mechanism can take place at ambient temperature during the drying process of when the pH value drops below 6. In some embodiments the crosslinker may also react with the (e.g. acid or salt of a polyalkylene oxide) hydrophilic additive, as just described.  \n\nThe concentration of (e.g. aziridine) crosslinker is typically at least 5 wt- $\\%$ solids of the coating composition. In some embodiments, a relatively high concentration of (e.g. aziridine) crosslinker is utilized. For example, the concentration of (e.g. aziridine) crosslinker is typically at least 10 or $15\\ \\mathrm{wt}\\mathrm{-}\\%$ of the solids of the coating composition. The concentration of (e.g. aziridine) crosslinker is typically no greater than 25 wt- $\\%$ ,or $24\\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ ,or $23\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ ,or22wt- $\\%$ D or 21 wt- $\\%$ or $20\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$  \n\nVarious multifunctional aziridine crosslinkers are known such as trimethylolpropane tri-[beta-(N-aziridinyl)-propionate, 2,2-bishydroxymethyl butanoltris[3-(1-aziridine) propionate], aziridine-2-methylol acrylate, aziridine-2-methylol methacrylate, N-(2-aziridinyl)methylacrylamide, N-(2- aziridinyl)methylmethacrylamide, 1-(aziridin-2-yl)-2-oxabut-3-ene, 4-(aziridin-2-yl)-but-l-ene, and 5-(aziridin-2- yl)-pent-l-ene. These particular aziridine crosslinkers are relatively hydrophobic crosslinkers.  \n\nParticularly for embodiments wherein the crosslinker is present at relatively high concentrations, it can be favored to utilize a hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker, rather than a hydrophobic crosslinker.A hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker may comprise alkylene oxide repeat units, such as ethylene oxide repeat units. The number of alkylene oxide (e.g ethylene oxide) repeats units is typically at least 2 or 3 and typically no greater than about 20. In some embodiments, the number of alkylene oxide (e.g. ethylene oxide) repeat units averages about 6, 7, 8, or 9. The use of a hydrophilic crosslinker is favored for embodiment wherein the composition is substantially free of or comprises a low concentration (no greater than 5 wt $\\%$ ) of hydrophilic additives.  \n\nAn aziridine crosslinker comprising ethylene oxide repeat units can be prepare by reacting an ethoxylated alkyl multi (meth)acrylate, such as ethoxylated (9) trimethyl propane triacrylate with an alkyl aziridine, such as 2-methylaziridine. Such aziridine crosslinker has the general formula:  \n\n![](images/0cc38584288d4d7cb0fca27a8a9bcf6c166c986a7a045434aaeb686a49bf7e92.jpg)  \n\nwherein R' is hydrogen, or a $\\mathrm{C_{1}{-}C_{4}}$ alkyl group; $\\mathrm{R}\"$ is hydrogen or methyl,  \n\nx, y, and $z$ are independently at least 1; and M is a divalent atom of divalent linking group.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the sum of $\\ x+y+z$ is at least 3, 4, 5, or 6. Further the sum of $\\mathbf{x}+\\mathbf{y}+\\mathbf{z}$ may be no greater than 20. In some embodiments, M is oxygen.  \n\nOther aziridine crosslinkers comprising alkylene oxide repeat units are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,666; incorporated herein by reference.  \n\nWithout intending to be bound by theory it is surmised that alkylene oxide repeat units of the crosslinker aid in preventing a surfactant, compatible with such hydrophilic segments (e.g. such as a non-ionic surfactant comprising alkylene oxide repeat units) from leaching out of the coating.  \n\nIn some embodiments, one or more surfactants and a hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker are the primary or sole hydrophilic components of the coating composition.  \n\nIn other embodiments, the composition further comprises 5 an acid or salt of a polyalkylene oxide.  \n\nIn each of these embodiments, the coating composition may comprise less than 5 wt- $\\%$ or no other hydrophilic organic monomers, oligomer or polymers such as monomer or polymers derived from N-vinylpyrrolidone.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the anti-fog coating compositions are free of inorganic nanoparticles. Such dried and cured composition typically exhibits satisfactory abrasion resistance due to the selection of polyurethane and the relatively high concentration of crosslinker.  \n\nIn other embodiments, the coating composition comprises inorganic nanoparticles at a concentration of at least 0.5 wt- $\\%$ ,1wt- $\\%$ or2wt- $\\%$ and typically no greater than about $40\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ of the solids of the coating composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of inorganic nanoparticles is no greater than about $30\\mathrm{\\mt{-}}\\%$ or $20\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$ .In some embodiments, the linear abrasion is compromised, particularly with 200 or 300 cycles when the nanoparticle concentration is $15\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ or greater.  \n\n“Nanoparticles” are herein defined as nanometer-sized particles, preferably with an average particle size of no greater than 100, 75 or 50 nanometers (nm). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles is no greater than 40, or 30, or $20\\mathrm{nm}$ (prior to surface modification. The average particle size of the nanoparticles is at least $1\\ \\mathrm{nm}$ ，2 nm, or $3\\ \\mathrm{nm}$ ·  \n\nAs used herein,“particle size” and “particle diameter” have the same meaning and are used to refer to the largest dimension of a particle (or agglomerate thereof). In this context, “agglomeration” refers to a weak association between particles which may be held together by charge or polarity and can be broken down into smaller entities.  \n\nAverage particle size of the nanoparticles can be mea- 30 sured using transmission electron microscopy. In the practice of the present invention, particle size may be determined using any suitable technique. Particle size refers to the number average particle size and is measured using an instrument that uses transmission electron microscopy or 35 scanning electron microscopy. Another method to measure particle size is dynamic light scattering that measures weight average particle size. One example of such an instrument found to be suitable is the N4 PLUS SUB-MICRON PARTICLE ANALYZER available from Beckman Coulter Inc. 40 of Fullerton, Calif.  \n\nThe nanoparticles may be relatively uniform in size. Uniformly sized nanoparticles generally provide more reproducible results. Preferably, variability in the size of the nanoparticles is less than $25\\%$ of the mean particle size.  \n\nThe nanoparticles preferably have a surface area of at least $10\\mathrm{m}^{2}/\\dot{\\mathrm{g}}\\mathrm{ram}$ ，more preferably at least $20~\\mathrm{m}^{2}/\\mathrm{gram}$ ,and even more preferably at least $25\\mathrm{{m}}^{2},$ /gram. The nanoparticles preferably have a surface area of greater than $750\\mathrm{\\m}^{2}/\\mathrm{gram}$  \n\nNanoparticles of the present invention can be porous or nonporous. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles consist solely of only silica. Silica can be preferred nanoparticles, particularly silica nanoparticles derived from a silicate, such as an alkali metal silicate or ammonium silicate. Herein, “silica nanoparticles\" refer to nanoparticles that include only silica as well as to core-shell nanoparticles with a surface that includes silica. In other embodiments, the coating composition may comprise other inorganic oxides such as $\\mathrm{ZrO}_{2}$ ， colloidal zirconia, $\\mathrm{Al}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{3}$ ， colloidal alumina, $\\mathrm{CeO}_{2}$ colloidal ceria, $\\mathrm{SnO}_{2}$ ,colloidal tin (stannic) oxide, and $\\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$ % colloidal titanium dioxide). Mixtures of such inorganic oxides can also be utilized.  \n\nThe unmodified nanoparticles are typically provided as a dispersion rather than as a powder. Preferred dispersion generally contain from $15\\ \\mathrm{wt}-\\%$ to $50\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ of colloidal particles dispersed in a fluid medium. Representative examples of suitable fluid media for the colloidal particles  \n\ninclude water, aqueous alcohol solutions, lower aliphatic alcohols, ethylene glycol, N,N-dimethylacetamide, formamide, or combinations thereof. The preferred fluid medium is aqueous, e.g., water and optionally one or more alcohols.   \n； Inorganic silica sols in aqueous media are well known in the art and available commercially. Silica sols in water or water-alcohol solutions are available commercially under such trade names as LUDOX (manufactured by E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), NYACOL   \n0 (available from Nyacol Co.,Ashland, Mass.) or NALCO (manufactured by Nalco Chemical Co., Naperville, Ill.). Useful silica dispersions include “NALCO 1115” and \"DVSZNoo4\", both available from Nalco Chemical Company.  \n\n5 The inorganic nanoparticles typically comprise a surface treatment. Surface-treating the nano-sized particles can provide a stable dispersion in the polymeric resin. Preferably, the surface-treatment stabilizes the nanoparticles so that the particles will be well dispersed in the aqueous polyurethane :0 dispersion and results in a substantially homogeneous composition. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can be modified over at least a portion of its surface with a surface treatment agent so that the stabilized particle can copolymerize or react with the polyurethane or aziridine crosslinker during :5curing.  \n\nIn general a surface treatment agent has a first end that will attach to the particle surface (covalently, ionically or through strong physisorption) and a second end that imparts compatibility of the particle with the remainder of the coating composition and/or reacts with components of the coating composition during curing. Examples of surface treatment agents include alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphohonic acids, silanes and titanates. The preferred type of treatment agent is determined, in part, by the chemical nature of the metal oxide surface. Silanes are preferred for silica and other for siliceous fillers.  \n\nIn some embodiments the nanoparticles comprise a surface treatment comprising a water dispersible group. Waterdispersible groups are monovalent groups that are capable of providing hydrophilic characteristics to the nanoparticle surface, thereby reducing, and preferably preventing, excessive agglomeration and precipitation of the nanoparticles in an aqueous coating solution. Such surface treatment can be represented by the formula A-L-WD, wherein A are the surface-bonding groups (i.e. for bonding to the nanoparticle surface), WD represents the water-dispersible groups, and L represents an organic linker or a bond. Organic linkers L can be linear or branched alkylene, arylene, or a combination of alkylene and arylene groups, optionally including heteroatoms.  \n\nThe water-dispersible groups are hydrophilic or waterlike groups. They typically include, for example, nonionic groups, anionic groups, cationic groups, groups that are capable of forming an anionic group or cationic group when dispersed in water (e.g., salts or acids), or mixtures thereof.  \n\nExamples of nonionic water-dispersible groups include polyalkylene oxide (e.g. PEG) groups. One illustrative silane surface treatment for use with silica nanoparticles is a polyethylene oxide (PEG) silane, such as 2-[methoxy (polyethyleneoxy)propylltrimethoxysilane.Thesurface treatment may comprise other water dispersible groups, as well as epoxy silane surface treatments, such as described in WO2009/085680; incorporated herein by reference.  \n\nThe preferred amount of surface modifier can depend on several factors such particle size, particle type, modifier molecular weight, and modifier type. In general it is preferred that approximately a monolayer of modifier is",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 21,
        "chunk": "# 13  \n\nattached to the surface of the particle. The attachment procedure or reaction conditions required also depend on the surface modifier used. For silanes it can be preferred to surface treat at elevated temperatures under acidic or basic conditions for approximately 1-24 hours.  \n\nThe level of coverage of the inorganic nanoparticles herein is reported in terms of the concentration of epoxy groups in the coating composition, assuming $100\\%$ of the amount of functional groups of the surface treatment would be covalently bonded to surface of the silica particles. In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise a surface treatment at $25\\%$ or $50\\%$ coverage.  \n\nCoating compositions can be supplied in liquid form (e.g., in a pourable form or sprayable form) or impregnated into an applicator substrate (e.g., forming an applicator pad or 1: wipe). Suitable applicator substrates can be in the form of a sponge，foam, woven, nonwoven, or knit material,for example. The term“nonwoven web” or“nonwoven fabric” refers to a web or fabric having a structure of individual fibers that are interlaid in an irregular manner. In contrast, 2 knit or woven fabrics have fibers that are interlaid in a regular manner.  \n\nThe liquid polyurethane coating compositions can be applied by conventional methods, including spraying, spin coating, brushing, dipping, flow coating, etc., but typically are applied by spin coating or spraying. The coating operation can be conducted either in a single stage or by a multiple stage coating procedure, as is well known in the art. The conditions adopted for curing the (e.g. aziridine) crosslinkers with the polyurethane polymer can vary. In some embodiments, the coating is thermally cured at a temperature from about 90 to $120^{\\circ}$ C. for about 20 minutes. Generally, lower temperatures require longer cure times. Infrared heating can be used to shorten the time until the coating can be handled.  \n\nThe dried and cured coating compositions described herein can exhibit high transparency, greater than $90\\%$ and thus are suitable for application to a variety of light transmissive substrates and articles. The haze of the dried and cured coating is typically less than 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or $0.5\\%$ .The highly transparent compositions are typically substantially free of opacifiying pigments (i.e. less than 0.5 or 0.1 wt $\\%$ j The coating compositions can provide anti-fog properties to substrates coated and dried and cured thereon. Dried and cured coatings are considered to have“good'\" or“excellent” anti-fogging properties if a coated substrate resists the formation of small, condensed water droplets in sufficient density to significantly reduce the transparency of the coated substrate such that it cannot be adequately seen through, according to the test method described in the example.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the dried and cured coating compositions are sufficiently durable that such that good or excellent anti-fog characteristics are provided initially and after being soaked in $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water for 1 hours. In other embodiments, the dried and cured coating compositions are sufficiently durable that they can provide good or excellent anti-fog characteristics after being soaked in or $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water for 24 hours or $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water for 120 hours.  \n\nIn some embodiments, the dried and cured coating compositions exhibited mechanical durability (i.e., the haze of the coatings increased only $1-7\\%$ haze change) after linear razor abrasion test and no scratches were observed after wiping the coatings with a paper towel for 100, 200, or 300 cycles.  \n\nThere are various articles that can benefit from an anti-fog 6 coating such as traffic signs,motor vehicle windows and particularly windshields, protective eyewear (e.g. goggles, face shields, helmets, etc.) and architectural glazings, as well as other decorative glass articles.  \n\nSubstrates to which the antifog coating composition can be applied are preferably transparent or translucent to visible light. If the coating composition is utilized for a different purpose, the substrate may alternatively be opaque such as in the case of stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and fiberboard. Substrates include both organic and inorganic materials. Exemplary substrates are made of polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutyleneterephthalate), polycarbonate (PC), allyldiglycolcarbonate, polyacrylates such as polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, cellulose acetate butyrate, glass, and the like, including blends and laminates thereof. Typically the substrate is in the form of a film, sheet, panel or pane of material and is part of an article. The substrate may be flat, curved or shaped. The article to be coated may be produced by blowing, casting, extrusion, or injection molding.  \n\nThe anti-fog coatings may be coated on both sides of the substrate.Alternatively, the coatings of the present invention may be coated on one side of the substrate. The opposite side of the substrate may be uncoated or coated with a wide variety of conventional antifogging compositions. Preferably, the coating surface should face the direction of higher humidity, e.g., on a face shield the side having the anti-fog coating should face the wearer.  \n\nObjects and advantages of this disclosure are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 22,
        "chunk": "# Test Descriptions 35 Test for Anti-Fogging Property  \n\nThe anti-fogging property of the coatings according to the invention was determined by placing coated substrates over a container of hot water (at a temperature of about $50\\mathrm{-}60^{\\circ}$ ） C.). If fogging was observed within 10 seconds, the coating was deemed to have“poor\" anti-fogging property. If fogging was observed within 10-60 seconds, the coating was deemed to have “good” anti-fogging property. If fogging was observed after 60 seconds, the coating was deemed to have ；“excelent\" anti-fogging property.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 23,
        "chunk": "# Test for Measuring Transmission & Haze  \n\nTransmission and haze values disclosed herein were measured using a Haze-Gard Plus haze meter (available from BYK-Gardiner, Silver Springs, Md.) according to the procedure described in ASTM D1003.  \n\nTest for Durability of Coatings  \n\nThe adhesion of the anti-fog coatings and the (plastic) substrates was determined by cross-hatch/tape adhesion test. All of the coatings made according to the Examples of this invention passed the cross-hatch/tape adhesion test.  \n\nMechanical durability of the anti-fog coatings was determined by subjecting the coated substrates to linear abrasion test. The linear abrasion test was carried out by wiping the coatings with a paper towel for 100, 200 or 300 cycles under a constant force of about 1400 grams of force $(13.73~\\mathrm{N})$ _ Then the coatings were tested for haze and observed visually for the presence of scratches.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 24,
        "chunk": "# Materials  \n\nThe following list of materials and their source is referred to throughout the Examples.  \n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Mateial</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td>NALCO 1115</td><td>An aqueous (4 nm) colloidal silica dispersion obtained from Nalco Co., Naperville, IL under trade designation \"NALCO 1115”.</td></tr><tr><td>DVSZN004</td><td>An aqueous (42 nm) colloidal silica dispersion obtained from Nalco Co., Naperville, IL.</td></tr><tr><td>W835/140</td><td>Polyurethane dispersion having polycarbonate backbone, obtained from Incorez Co., Lancashire, England under trade designation “INCOREZ W835/140\".</td></tr><tr><td>W835/177</td><td>Polyurethane dispersion having polyester backbone, obtained from Incorez Co., Lancashire, England under trade designation “INCOREZ W835/170\".</td></tr><tr><td>W835/360</td><td>Polyurethane dispersion having polyester carbonate backbone,obtained from Incorez Co., Lancashire, England under trade designation “INCOREZ</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>W835/360\". Polyurethane dispersion, obtained from Royal DSM</td></tr><tr><td>R-960 R-961</td><td>N.V., Harleen, Netherlands under trade designation “R- 961\".</td></tr><tr><td>U9800</td><td>A solvent free aliphatic polyester polyurethane dispersion, obtained from Alberdingk Boley, Inc. Greensboro, NC under trade designation “ABERDINGK</td></tr><tr><td>EM 2382</td><td>U9800\" Ethoxylated (9) trimethylpropane triacrylate, obtained</td></tr><tr><td>SR502</td><td>from Eternal Chemical Co., Ethoxylated (9) trimethylpropane triacrylate, obtained from Sartomer Company, Exton, PA under trade</td></tr><tr><td>2-methylaziridine</td><td>designation“SR 502”. Obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Louis, MO. 2-[Methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]Obtained from Gelest, Inc., Morrisville, PA.</td></tr><tr><td>trimethoxysilane ED-900</td><td>Polyetheramine, obtained from The Woodlands, TX</td></tr><tr><td>ED-2003</td><td>under trade designation “JEFFAMINE ED-900”.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polyetheramine, obtained from The Woodlands, TX under trade designation “JEFFAMINE ED-2033\".</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(ethylene glycol) (200) monomethacrylate</td><td>Obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.</td></tr><tr><td>Succinic anhydride</td><td>Obtained from Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA.</td></tr><tr><td>Triethylamine</td><td>Obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.</td></tr><tr><td>THF</td><td>Tetrahydrofuran, obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.</td></tr><tr><td>AL-2450</td><td>Alumina nanoparticle dispersion (50 wt %) obtained from Nanophase Technologies, Corp., Romeoville, IL,</td></tr><tr><td>BRIJ 30</td><td>under trade designation“NANO ARC AL-2450” Tetraethylene glycol dodecyl ether, obtained from Sigma</td></tr><tr><td>BYK-346</td><td>Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO under trade designation“BRIJ 30”. Silicone surfactant, available from Innovadex under trade</td></tr><tr><td>A-18</td><td>designation“BYK-346\". Ionic Surfactant, obtained from Stepan Company,</td></tr><tr><td>BC-10</td><td>Northfield, IL under trade designation“POLYSTEP A-18\" Ionic Surfactant, avilable from Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seitaku,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ltd. of Japan under trade designation “Hitenol BC-10”</td></tr><tr><td>PEG monomethyl ether</td><td>Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (Mw = 550) is obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St.</td></tr></table></body></html>",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 25,
        "chunk": "# EXAMPLES",
        "category": "your request, please provide the text segment about hydrophilic polymers so that I can analyze it and classify it accordingly."
    },
    {
        "id": 26,
        "chunk": "# Preparative Examples 1-4  \n\nSynthesis of Nanoparticles Comprising PEG Silane Surface Treatment  \n\nFor each of Preparative Examples 1-3, silica nanoparticles modified with functional silanes were prepared by slowly 60 adding a desired amount of a functional silane to selected silica nanoparticle dispersion. The relative amounts of the silica nanoparticle dispersion to the functional silane were determined on the basis of equivalent surface coverage desired. The resulting dispersions were stirred for 4 hours at 65 room temperature and then heated up to $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .in an oven overnight. Table 1 below describes the silica nanoparticles,  \n\nfunctional silanes used and the percent coverage obtained for each of Preparative Examples 1-3. The resulting modified nanoparticle dispersions with different particle size and surface coverage were used as described in Examples described below.  \n\nTABLE1   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Preparative Example</td><td>Nanoparticles</td><td>% Surface Coverage</td><td>Functional silane</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>NALCO 1115</td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>DVSZN004</td><td>50</td><td>2-[Methoxy(polyeth- yleneoxy)propyl]</td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\n17 TABLE 1-continued   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Preparative Example</td><td>Nanoparticles</td><td>% Surface Coverage</td><td>Functional silane</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>DVSZN004</td><td>100</td><td>2-[Methoxy(polyeth- yleneoxy)propyl]</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>DVSZN004</td><td>5</td><td>trimethoxysilane 2-[Methoxy(polyeth- yleneoxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane</td></tr></table></body></html>",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 27,
        "chunk": "# Preparative Example 4",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 28,
        "chunk": "# Synthesis of Multi-Functional Aziridine Crosslinkers PZ-2382 and PZ-502  \n\nTrifunctional aziridine crosslinkers, PZ-2382 and PZ-502. were prepared via a Michael addition of $\\begin{array}{l l}{\\mathrm{EM}}&{2382}\\end{array}$ $(\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{W}{=}692$ ）orSR-502 $(\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{W}{=}692)$ ）with 2-methylaziridine. Briefly, the 2-methylaziridine (9.1 grams, $0.1385~\\mathrm{mol}$ was",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 29,
        "chunk": "# 18 Preparative Example 5  \n\nSynthesis of PEG-Based Ammonium Salts (900-DA and 2003-DA)  \n\nTo the succinic anhydride (10 grams) dissolved into THF at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C},$ ,the ED-900 (50 grams) or ED-2003 (100 grams) was added. After 24 hours of reaction at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ , the product   \n10 yellow viscous liquid or yellowish wax, respectively, was obtained after removal of THF under vacuum. The resulting PEG-based diacid was dissolved into water to obtain a $30\\%$ aqueous solution, to which 10 grams of triethylamine was   \n15 added and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain PEG-based dicarboxylic acid ammonium salts with $30\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solid.The resulting product was used in the salt form in the Examples that follow. The reaction scheme is shown below.  \n\n![](images/94c8780cf484a6692f6b5abfb867c438a78c167d5e341f8fc29f7be91a969652.jpg)  \n\nadded drop-wise to the EM 2382 or SR-502 (30 grams, 5( $0.0434\\mathrm{mol}$ ) at room temperature, then the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and then refluxed at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 24 hours. Excessive methyl aziridine was removed under vacuum and finally a slight yellow liquid product was obtained and named PZ-2382 and PZ-502，5: respectively. The disappearance of the double bonds from 5.8 to 6.4 confirms that the reaction between acrylate group and NH in the methyl aziridine was completed successfully.  \n\nThe NMR spectra of the“EM-2382\"trifunctional acrylate was obtained using a modern ${500}\\mathrm{MHz}$ Avance III Bruker NMR obtained from Bruker BioSpin Corporation, Tucson, Ariz.According to analysis this acrylate contained 30 wt $\\%$ of the following surfactant:  \n\n$$\n\\mathrm{HO\\_fGH_{2}C H_{2}O]}n\\mathrm{-C_{12}H_{25}}\n$$  \n\nHence, the aziridine crosslinker prepared from “EM-2382” was calculated to contain $23\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ of such surfactant.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 30,
        "chunk": "# 0 General Process for Forming Anti-Fog Coatings  \n\nThe components were mixed together and stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. The resulting coating solutions with a solid content of about $30\\%$ were coated on polyester (PET), polycarbonate (PC) or glass substrates using a #15 Mayer bar or by dip coating. The resulting coatings were then cured at a temperature from $110{-}120^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for 20-30 minutes, to form coatings with the desired properties (i.e., clear and durable anti-fog coatings).",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 31,
        "chunk": "# Dip Coating Procedure  \n\nPlace clip with freshly prepared polycarbonate lens slide on metal bar of Velmax Unislide dip coater. Align slide so sides are perpendicular to lab bench top and bottom is parallel to lab bench top. Secure binder clips with tape. The ） substrates were immersed in coating solutions and were gradually pulled out at an appropriate pulling speed of about $1~\\mathrm{mm}/$ second.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 32,
        "chunk": "# 19",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 33,
        "chunk": "# 20",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 34,
        "chunk": "# Example 1  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，79.7 grams) was mixed with 4.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 15.8 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a #14 Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film was tested for anti-fog performance as described above. The samples of Example 1 had “excellent” anti fogging properties (fogged after 65-70 seconds of exposure to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . vapor) while having good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ ·",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 35,
        "chunk": "# Example 2  \n\n20  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，75.0 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 9.0 grams of water, and then stirred for 2O minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained.The solution $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ ：vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ,the coated PC film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 36,
        "chunk": "# Example 3  \n\n35  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 9.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 25.37 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ：vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 37,
        "chunk": "# Example 4  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/177 (34 wt $\\%$ ，61.845 grams) was mixed with 9.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 29.2 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated 50 PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good\" anti-fog performance. 55",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 38,
        "chunk": "# Example 5  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/360 (33 wt $\\%$ ，63.6 grams) was mixed with 9.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 27.4 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained.The solution $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ ：vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 39,
        "chunk": "# Example 6  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion U9800 (34 wt $\\%$ ，61.8 grams) was mixed with 9.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 29.2 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a   \n10 homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . vapor) and good light   \n15transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 40,
        "chunk": "# Example 7  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion R961 ( $34\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ ,61.8 grams) was mixed with 9.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 29.2 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous   \n25 dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ 、vapor) and good light transmittance   \n30 $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 41,
        "chunk": "# Example 8  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，74.1 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-502 (neat), $1.0~\\mathrm{g}$ BYK-346 and 18.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for 20 minutes.The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . water, the coated PC film still exhibit “good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 42,
        "chunk": "# Example 9  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，74.1 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-502 (neat), 1.0 gram BRIJ 30 and 18.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90\\%)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good' anti-fog performance.  \n\nTable 1 below summarizes the components and the relative amounts of each component in the resulting cured coatings (on PC films) of Examples 1-9 described above.  \n\nTABLE1   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td></td><td colspan=\"5\">Type and wt.% Polyurethane</td><td colspan=\"2\">Type and wt.% Aziridine</td><td colspan=\"2\">Type and wt. % Surfactant</td></tr><tr><td>Example</td><td>W835/140</td><td>W835/177</td><td>W835/360</td><td>U9800</td><td>R961</td><td>PZ-2382*</td><td>PZ-502</td><td>BYK-346</td><td>BRIJ30</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>85</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>80</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td></td><td>70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>70</td><td></td><td></td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>70</td><td></td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>70</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>79</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>79</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr></table></body></html>\n\nPZ-2382 comprises $23\\%$ surfactant, as previously described. Therefore, $15\\mathrm{wt}\\mathrm{\\textperthousand}$ PZ-2382 = 3.5 wt-% of surfactant and $11.5\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 20 wt $\\%$ P $Z-2\\dot{3}82=4.6$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and 15.4 wt- $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 30 wt $\\%$ 工 $\\mathcal{Z}\\mathcal{-}2382=6.9$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and $23.1~\\mathrm{wt}\\cdot\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 43,
        "chunk": "# Example 10  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，75.02( grams) was mixed with 4.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solid) and 15.5 grams water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on 2: a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ \\* for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ No scratching was observed after linear abrasion of more $30$ than 100 cycle using paper towel under 1400 grams of force. After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water, the coated PET film still exhibit \"good” anti-fog performance.  \n\nsame manner as Example 11A. The resulting coated PMMA film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water,the coated PET film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 44,
        "chunk": "# Example 11D  \n\nThe same coating composition as Example 1lA was applied to a glass substrate in the same manner as Example 11A. The resulting coated glass substrate exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ 、water, the coated PET film still exhibit ；“good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 45,
        "chunk": "# Example 11A  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ 75.0 grams) was mixed with 4.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ solid) and 15.5 grams water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $\\mathrm{{110^{\\circ}C}}$ \\* for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ No scratching was observed after linear abrasion of more than 100 cycle using paper towel under 1400 grams of force. After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 46,
        "chunk": "# Example 12  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6   \n40 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ ） and 21.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 2O minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on   \n45 a PC plate with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC plate exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ · After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well   \n50 as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 47,
        "chunk": "# Example 11B  \n\nThe same coating composition as Example 1lA was applied to a PET film in the same manner as Example 11A. The resulting coated PET film exhibited“excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}$ C. water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 48,
        "chunk": "# Example 11C  \n\nThe same coating composition as Example 1lA was applied to a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film in the",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 49,
        "chunk": "# Example 13  \n\n55 The polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 3, $100\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ )and 21.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 2O minutes until a homogenous dispersion   \n60 was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ \\* for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ ·   \n65 After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 50,
        "chunk": "# 23",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 51,
        "chunk": "# Example 14  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat),5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ ) and 21.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. Then, 0.6 gram of poly(ethylene glycol) (200) monomethacrylate was added to above dispersion under stirring until a homogenous dispersion was formed. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for 20 minutes.The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance and durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 52,
        "chunk": "# Example 15  \n\n25  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat),5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and 30 wt $\\%$ ) and 21.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. Then, 1.0 gram of BYK-346 was added to above dispersion under stirring until a homogenous dispersion was formed. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}$ C.for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ \\* After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good” anti-fog performance and durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 53,
        "chunk": "# Example 16  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.64 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-based modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ ）and 21.9 grams of water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. Then, 1.0 gram of BRIJ 30 was 4 added to above dispersion under stirring until a homogenous dispersion was formed. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solids)was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}$ C. for 2O minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance(no fog 5 appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PET film still exhibit“good” anti-fog performance and durable. 5",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 54,
        "chunk": "# 24  \n\ntemperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water, the coated PET film still exhibit “good\"” anti-fog performance and durable.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 55,
        "chunk": "# Example 18  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ,8.43 grams) was mixed with 0.94 gram R-961 $(32\\%)$ , 1.15 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 2.5 grams PEG-based modified l0 DVSZNo04 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and 10 wt $\\%$ ), and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. Then, 0.4 gram of A-18 and 0.2 gram BC-10 was respectively added to above dispersion under stirring until a homogenous dispersion was formed.   \n15The solutionwas applied ona PCfilmwitha #14 Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ 、for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature   \n20 water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good\" anti-fog performance and durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 56,
        "chunk": "# Example 19  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat, prepared as described above in Preparative Example 21), 10.0 grams PEG-based modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 4, $5\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{~wt~}\\%$ ） and 18.4 grams water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ solids)was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ 、for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent” anti-fogperformance(no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ ： vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit “good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 57,
        "chunk": "# Example 20  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，56.3 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 20.0 grams PEG-based modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 4, $5\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{\\textrm{wt}\\%}$ ）and 17.7grams water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained.The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\\\%}$ solids)was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C.vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water,the ； coated PC film still exhibit “good\" anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 58,
        "chunk": "# Example 17  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 7.5 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 1.5 grams AL-2450 and 22.9 grams water, and then stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (30 wt $\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for 20 minutes.The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 59,
        "chunk": "# Example 21  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，28.1 grams) was mixed with 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 50.0 grams PEG-based modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 4, $5\\%$ coverage and $30\\mathrm{~wt~}\\%$ ）and 15.9 grams water, and then stirred for 20 minutes until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids)was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $\\mathrm{{110^{o}~C}}$ . for 2O minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 60,
        "chunk": "# 25  \n\nwhen exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 1 hour as well as 24 hours at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water, the coated PC film still exhibit“good” anti-fog performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 61,
        "chunk": "# 26 Example 24  \n\nTable 2 below summarizes the components and the relative amounts of each component in the resulting cured coatings on substrates of Examples 10-21 described above.  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，54.7 grams) was mixed with 35 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 3 grams of water were added and stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was  \n\n<html><body><table><tr><td rowspan=\"3\">Example</td><td rowspan=\"3\">Type and Wt % Polyurethane</td><td rowspan=\"3\">Wt % Aziridine</td><td colspan=\"4\">Type and wt % Nanoparticles</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Preparative Example</td><td>wt-% of Surfactant</td></tr><tr><td>PZ-2382* 1</td><td>2</td><td>3 AL-2450</td><td>or Additive</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>80</td><td>15</td><td>５</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11A-D</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>５</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>80</td><td>15</td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>70</td><td>25 25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13 14</td><td>70 68.6</td><td>24.5</td><td></td><td>4.9</td><td></td><td>2 mono</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>68</td><td>24.2</td><td></td><td>4.8</td><td></td><td>ether 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>68</td><td>24.2</td><td></td><td>4.8</td><td></td><td>BYK-346 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>72</td><td></td><td>25.6</td><td></td><td>2.4</td><td>BRIJ 30</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>54</td><td></td><td>23</td><td>５</td><td></td><td>8 A-18&4</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>BC-10</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>60</td><td>20 20</td><td></td><td>10 20</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>30</td><td>20</td><td></td><td>50</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table></body></html>\n\n\\*PZ-2382 comprises $23\\%$ surfactant, as previously described. Therefore,15 wt $\\%$ P $Z{\\cdot}2382=3.5~\\mathrm{wt}{\\cdot}\\%$ of surfactant and11.5wt $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 25wt $\\%$ PZ- $2382=5.8\\$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and 19.2 wt- $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 24.2 wt $\\%$ 1 $?Z-2382=5.6$ wt $\\%$ of surfactant and 18.6 wt- $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 23 wt $\\%$ 1 $^{\\ }_{\\cdot}Z-2382=5.3$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and 17.7 wt- $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker  \n\n35",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 62,
        "chunk": "# Example 22  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion $\\mathrm{W}835/140$ (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.9 grams) was mixed with 15 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ 价 prepared as described above in Preparative Example 5) under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 18.1 grams of water were added and stirred for 20 min until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and then cured at $11\\bar{0}^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ .After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\mathrm{{o}}}$ C., the coated PC plates still exhibit“excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.  \n\nobtained. The solution ( $35\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and then cured at $110^{\\circ}$ C.for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ \\* After soaking in room temperature water for 24o hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PC plate still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 63,
        "chunk": "# Example 25",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 64,
        "chunk": "# Example 23  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion $\\mathrm{W}835/140$ (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.2 grams) was mixed with 29.2 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 3.6 grams of water were added and stirred for $20~\\mathrm{{inin}}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $35\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and then cured at $110^{\\circ}$ C.for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PET film still exhibit“excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 23.3 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j   \n50 under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 1 gram BYK-346 and 3 grams of water were added and stirred for $20\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution $35\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and   \n55 then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or   \n60 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ , the coated PC film still exhibit“excellent\" anti-fog performance and very durable. A glass plate and a PC lens were coated with the above coating solution by casting and dip coating methods followed by curing at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for 20 minutes. The resulting coated glass plate and   \n65 PC lens had “excellent” anti-fog performance before and after 24 hours of soaking in room temperature water as well as hot water.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 65,
        "chunk": "# 27 Example 26  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，54.7 grams) was mixed with 35.0 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ ) under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 1 gram BYK-346 and 4 grams of water were added and stirred for $20\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $35\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate with a #14 Mayer Bar and then cured at $\\mathrm{\\dot{1}10^{\\circ}}$ C. for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent”anti-fogperformance(nofog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ , the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable. A glass plate and a PC lens were coated with the above coating solution by casting and dip coating methods followed by curing at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for 20 minutes. The resulting coated glass plate and PC lens had “excellent” anti-fog performance before and after 24 hours of soaking in room temperature water as well as hot water.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 66,
        "chunk": "# Example 27  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，56.325 grams) was mixed with 15.0 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 5.0 grams PEG-modified DVSZN004 (Preparative Example 2, $50\\%$ coverage and 30 wt $\\%$ ) and 17.7 grams of water were added and stirred for 30 $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ 35 C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ,the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable. A PC lens was coated with the above coating 4( solution by dip coating followed by curing at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ for20 minutes. The resulting coated PC lens had “excellent\" anti-fog performance before and after 24 hours of soaking in room temperature water as well as hot water.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 67,
        "chunk": "# Example 28  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.9 grams) was mixed with 15 grams of 2003-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 6.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat) and 18.1 grams of water were added and stirred for $20\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate by a Velmax Unislide dip coater and then cured at $110^{\\circ}$ C. for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent”anti-fogperformance(nofog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ ，the coated PC plates still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 68,
        "chunk": "# Example 29",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 69,
        "chunk": "# 28  \n\ngrams of PZ-502 (neat) and 11.1 grams of water were added and stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a #14 Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for20 5minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PC film ， still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 70,
        "chunk": "# Example 30  \n\n15 The polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.9 grams) was mixed with 25 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 3.0 grams of PZ-502 (neat) and 11.1 grams of water were added and stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was   \n20 obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC plate with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C.vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking   \n25i in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 71,
        "chunk": "# Example 31  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.9 grams) was mixed with 25 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ ) under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 3.0 grams of XL-706 (neat) and 11.1 grams of water were added and stirred for 20 min until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 72,
        "chunk": "# Example 32  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.9 grams) was mixed with 25 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 3.0 grams of CX-100 (neat) and 11.1 grams of water were added and stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $30\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ solids) was applied on a PC 5 film with a #14 Mayer Bar and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .for20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours ）at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ , the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable.  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，60.965 grams) was mixed with 25 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 3.0",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 73,
        "chunk": "# Example 33  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，54.7 grams) was mixed with 35.0 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 1 gram BRIJ 30 and 4 grams of water were added and stirred for $20\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution (35 wt $\\%$ solids)was applied on a PC plate with a #14 Mayer Bar or by dipping coating and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}$ C.water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}.$ ,the coated PC film still exhibit“excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable. A glass plate and a PC lens were coated with the above coating solution by casting and dip coating methods followed by curing at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated glass plate and PC lens had “excellent” anti-fog performance before and after 24 hours of soaking in room temperature water as well as hot water.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 74,
        "chunk": "# Example 34  \n\nThe polyurethane dispersion W835/140 (32 wt $\\%$ ，65.6 grams) was mixed with 23.3 grams of 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ j under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion, then 7.0 grams of PZ-2382 (neat), 1 gram BRIJ 30 and 3 grams of water were added and stirred for 20 min until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The solution ( $35\\mathrm{wt\\\\%}$ solids)was applied on a PC plate with a #14 Mayer Bar or by dipping coating and then cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes.The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent” anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ vapor) and good light transmittance $(>90)$ . After soaking in room temperature water for 240 hours as well as 96 hours at $80^{\\circ}$ C.water or 120 hours at $65^{\\circ}\\ \\mathrm{C}.$ ，the coated PC film still exhibit “excellent” anti-fog performance and very durable. A glass plate and a PC lens were coated with the above coating solution by casting and dip coating methods followed by curing at $110^{\\circ}~\\mathrm{C}$ . for 20 minutes. The resulting coated glass plate and PC lens had “excellent” anti-fog performance before and after 24 hours of soaking in room temperature water as well as hot water.  \n\nTable 3 below summarizes the components and the relative amounts of each component in the resulting cured coatings on substrates of Examples 22-34 described above.  \n\nTABLE3   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td></td><td>Wt %</td><td colspan=\"2\">Type and Wt % Diacid Salt</td><td colspan=\"2\">Type and Wt %</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Example</td><td>Polyurethane (W835/140)</td><td>900-DA</td><td>2003- DA</td><td>Aziridine PZ-2382*</td><td>BYK- 346</td><td>BRIJ 30</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>65</td><td>15</td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>55</td><td>25</td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>50</td><td>30</td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>58.3</td><td>19.4</td><td></td><td>19.4</td><td>2.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>48.6</td><td>29.1</td><td></td><td>19.4</td><td>2.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27**</td><td>60</td><td>15</td><td></td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>65</td><td></td><td>15</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table></body></html>\n\n\\*PZ-2382 comprises $23\\%$ surfactant, as previously described. Therefore, $15\\ \\mathrm{\\mt}-\\%$ $\\mathrm{P}Z-2382=3.5$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactantand11.5wt $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridinecrosslinker $25\\mathrm{wt}-\\%$ $\\mathrm{P}Z-2382=5.8$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and19.2wt $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 24.2 wt- $\\%$ PZ- $2382=5.6\\$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and $18.6~\\mathrm{wi}–\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker 23wt- $\\%$ PZ $2382=5.3\\$ wt- $\\%$ of surfactant and 17.7 wt $\\%$ hydrophilic aziridine crosslinker \\*\\*Example 27 also contained $5\\mathrm{\\wt-\\%}$ of the silica nanoparticles of Prep 2.  \n\nAll the anti-fog coatings prepared from compositions of Table 3 exhibited excellent mechanical durability (i.e., the haze of the coatings increased only $1-7\\%$ haze change after",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 75,
        "chunk": "# 30  \n\nlinear razor abrasion test and no scratches were observed after wiping the coatings with a paper towel for 30o cycles).",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 76,
        "chunk": "# Example 29  \n\nAn acrylic latex (40.5 wt $\\%$ ，43.5 grams), available from Dow Coating Materials under the trade designation “ROSHIELDTM 3188\", was mixed with 900-DA (30 wt $\\%$ D 30 grams) under stirring to form a homogenous dispersion.   \nl0 Then PZ-2382 (7.0 grams, neat) and 19.5 grams of water were added respectively and the resulting solution was stirred for $20~\\mathrm{min}$ .The final dispersion solution (35 wt $\\%$ solids) was thus obtained and subsequently applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer. The resulting coating was cured at   \n15 $110^{\\circ}$ C. for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}$ C. vapor after 1 minute) and good optical properties with light transmittance up to $90\\%$ · Samples were subjected to both water soak test, one at room   \n20 temperature for 120 hours, and one at $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .120 hours. The soaked PC samples showed excellent water resistance and anti-fog properties remained.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 77,
        "chunk": "# Example 30  \n\nA polyurethane/acrylic hybrid latex (40 wt $\\%$ ，43.5 grams), available from DSM NeoResins Company under the trade designation “NEOPAC R-9036” was mixed with 900-D (30 wt $\\%$ ，30.0 grams) under stirring to form a   \n30 homogenous dispersion. Then PZ-2382 (7.0 grams, neat), and 19.5 grams of water were added respectively and the resulting solution was stirred for $20\\mathrm{min}$ until a homogenous dispersion was obtained. The final dispersion solution (35 wt $\\%$ solids) was thus obtained and subsequently was applied   \n35 on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer. The resulting coating was cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}.$ for 20 minutes.The resulting coated PC film exhibited“excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .vapor after 1 minute) and good optical properties with light transmittance up to $90\\%$   \n40 Samples were subjected to both water soak tests, one at room temperature for 120 hours, and one at $65^{\\mathrm{{o}}}$ C.120 hours. The soaked PC samples showed excellent water resistance and anti-fog properties remained.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 78,
        "chunk": "# Example 31  \n\nSilica nanoparticles comprising an epoxy silane surface treatment were prepare by combining Nalco 105O silica nanoparticles sol (180 grams, $10\\mathrm{\\mt\\\\%}$ ）with concentrated   \n50 $\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{SO}_{4}$ to a $\\mathfrak{p H}$ value $:=2\\mathord{\\sim}3$ under stirring condition. Then $\\upgamma$ -Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (1.31 grams, 50 mole $\\%$ coverage) was added to the acidified sol dispersion by drop wise. After addition, the solution was heated at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ · overnight. After reaction, the solution $\\mathfrak{p H}$ was adjusted to a   \n55 neutral condition by adding NaOH aqueous solution (5 wt $\\%$ ， A polyurethane dispersion (4.0 grams, $10\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ ),available from DSM NeoResins Company under the trade designation \"NeoResin $\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{R960^{\\circ}}}$ was mixed with a hydroxyl-containing   \n60 acrylic latex (2.0 grams, 10 wt $\\%$ ） obtained from Bayer Company under the trade designation “VPLS2058\". To the solution was sequentially added polyisocyanate, available from Bayer under the trade designation “Bayhdur $2665^{\\mathrm{,}\\mathrm{,}}$ (0.04 gram, neat), PZ-2382 (0.15 gram, neat) and epoxy   \n65 silane modified nanoparticles (50 mole $\\%$ coverage,2.0 grams, $10\\ \\mathrm{\\mt}\\ \\%$ . The final solution was stirred for 10 minutes. The final dispersion solution ( $35\\mathrm{\\wt\\\\%}$ solids)was",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 79,
        "chunk": "# 32  \n\nthus obtained and subsequently applied on a PC film with a $\\#14$ Mayer. The resulting coating was cured at $110^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ .for 20 minutes. The resulting coated PC film exhibited “excellent\" anti-fog performance (no fog appeared when exposed to $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . vapor after 1 minute) and good optical properties with light transmittance up to $90\\%$ \\*  \n\nWhat is claimed is: 1. An anti-fog coating composition comprising an aqueous polymeric dispersion; a crosslinker; and at least 1 wt- $\\%$ of a surfactant; wherein the crosslinker is an aziridine crosslinker that is the reaction product of an ethoxylated alkyl multi (meth)acrylate and an alkyl aziridine, wherein the coating composition comprises at least $15\\ \\mathrm{wt}-\\%$ solids of aziridine crosslinker; wherein the dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 8 seconds after being soaked in $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ . water for 1 hour. 2. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein the dried and cured coating composition comprises at least about 40 wt- $\\%$ of a carboxylate-containing polymer selected from a polyurethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, or a mixture thereof. 3. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 2 wherein the polymer comprises carbonate moieties. 4. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 2 wherein the surfactant is unreactive with respect to the polymer. 5. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 4 wherein the crosslinker comprises at least three terminal aziridine groups. 6. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 4 wherein the crosslinker has the general formula  \n\nwherein $\\mathbf{R^{\\prime}}$ is hydrogen, or a $\\mathrm{C_{1}{-}C_{4}}$ alky1 group; $\\mathrm{R}\"$ is hydrogen or methyl, $\\mathbf{x},\\mathbf{y}$ ，and z are independently at least 1; and $\\mathbf{M}$ i   \n$5$ the coating composition comprises at least $10\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ solids of aziridine crosslinker. 8. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein   \n10 the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant. 9. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 8 wherein the surfactant comprises polyalkylene oxide repeat units. 10. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 7 wherein the surfactant further comprises a silicone surfactant, an   \n15 ionic surfactant, or a mixture thereof. 11. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein the coating composition further comprises an acid or salt of a polyalkylene oxide. 12. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein   \n20 the dried and cured coating comprises up to $40\\ \\mathrm{wt-\\%}$ of inorganic oxide nanoparticles. 13.The anti-fog coating composition of claim 12 wherein the inorganic oxide nanoparticles comprise silica, alumina,   \n25 or a mixture thereof. 14. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 13 wherein the nanoparticles comprise a silane surface treatment comprising a water dispersible group. 15. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein   \n30 the dried and cured coating composition does not exhibit fogging within 60 seconds after being soaked in $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .water for 120 hours or $65^{\\circ}\\mathrm{~C~}$ water for 120 hours. 16. The anti-fog coating composition of claim 1 wherein the cured anti-fog coating has a transmission of at least $90\\%$   \n35 17. An article comprising a substrate and the dried and cured anti-fog coating of claim 1. 18.A method of providing an anti-fog coating on a surface of a substrate, the method comprising   \n40 providing an aqueous anti-fog coating composition according to claim 1; applying the coating composition to a substrate; and drying and curing the coating composition.  \n\n![](images/5b14bde7af01e80f4692cc380ab7a1f1b4df250595fa8e5a43489c483a269cfd.jpg)",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    }
]