{
    "protocol": "To synthesize hydrophilic polymers using the sol–gel method, prepare a precursor solution containing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and a poloxamer (Pluronic F-127) with added nitric acid. Stir the solution at room temperature for 2 hours to form the sol. Then, spin-coat glass substrates with the sol and perform drying steps to create a mesoporous silica coating. Introduce mesopores on the surface to achieve superamphiphilicity without UV illumination, ensuring high surface energy and roughness due to Si–O–Si and Si–OH groups. For further optimization, similar procedures can be applied using indium nitrate and niobium ethoxide mixed in ethanol for UV-induced superamphiphilicity."
}