[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "chunk": "# Highly efficient antifogging and frost-resisting acrylic coatings from onestep thermal curing  \n\nJie Zhaoa, Pengpeng Lua, Lingjie Songc,\\*, Limei Tiana, Weihua Mingb,\\*, Luquan Rena  \n\na Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8064, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA c State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "chunk": "# G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T  \n\nScheme: Preparation of multiple crosslinked coatings and mechanism of antifogging and anti-frost.  \n\n![](images/a0e1ee39fa62e861e73b92fa3d11810da068ae5ce11687f18a5d528e9e645a8c.jpg)",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "chunk": "# A R T I C L E I N F O",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "chunk": "# A B S T R A C T  \n\nKeywords:   \nAntifogging   \nFrost-resisting   \nCross-linking   \nAcrylic coating   \nLight transmittance  \n\nHerein, we report an acrylic coating with both antifogging and frost-resisting performances via a one-step thermally initiated crosslinking method. This work adopted a facile and easily controlled process to prepare cross-linked acrylic polymer coatings. Among those, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were used as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, respectively, to endow the coating with delicate hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. Meanwhile, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSMA), as the cross-linkers, were applied to adjust the cross-linking density as well as to improve adhesion toward the substrate. The influences of the hydrophilichydrophobic balance and the cross-linking density on the antifogging/frost-resisting performances were explored. Moreover, the water absorption capacity of the coating was investigated by time-depended water contact angle changes to further examine the origin of the antifogging/frost-resisting performances. Due to its simplicity and scalable characteristics, we believe this type of coating may find broad applications where both antifogging and frost-resisting properties are required.",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 5,
        "chunk": "# 1. Introduction  \n\nDeveloping a surface with robust antifogging/anti-frost performances under a variety of different challenges (e.g., temperature and humidity) has received great attentions and considerable works have been devoted [1–10]. Currently, most related works about antifogging coatings particularly focused on highly hydrophilic or superhydrophilic surfaces due to their ability to form a thin-film-like water layer from water condensation, which would significantly suppress light scattering and improve light transmission [11–24]. However, complicated procedures to fabricate surface texture or UV illumination for $\\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$ based coatings are generally required to obtain surface superhydrophilicity [25–28]. Moreover, these superhydrophilic surfaces may fail to resist frost formation since ice layer would inevitably form out of the thin water layer under freezing conditions. Recently, an alternative antifogging strategy has been successfully developed by integrating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments in one coating [29–32]. Different to the conventional highly hydrophobic or superhydrophilic surfaces, the coatings with hydrophobic and hydrophilic components demonstrate their antifogging performances by enabling water vapor to diffuse rapidly into the hydrophilic domains rather than nucleating drops of condensed water on the surface [33,34]. Meanwhile, the hydrophobic components endow the coating with high stability, avoiding the potential water solubility of the coating [35]. Consequently, antifogging property can be obtained on the surfaces even without high hydrophilic or superhydrophobic properties, such as the coatings with both perfluoroalkyl groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments [36,37], or the coatings with zwitter-wettability via layer-by-layer assembly containing PEG segments [29] or with a nanoscale thin hydrophobic capping layer in Chitosan/Nafion system [33]. We have recently developed a series of effective antifogging/frost-resisting coatings based on a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) consisting of binary or ternary acrylic copolymers with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments and a cross-linked network [38]. Although these SIPN coatings exhibit reliable antifogging/frost-resisting performances under different harsh conditions, the prolonged reaction time and a 2-step procedure including copolymer preparation and SIPN coating preparation are needed.  \n\nHerein, we report a facile strategy for developing antifogging/frostresisting cross-linked acrylic coatings, via a one-step thermally initiated crosslinking reaction (Scheme 1). Among those, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were adopted as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, respectively, to endow the coating with delicate hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. Meanwhile, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSMA), as the cross-linkers, were applied to adjust the cross-linking density as well as coating adhesion. Both qualitative and quantitative fogging analyses were conducted. The influences of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and the cross-linking density on the antifogging/frost-resisting performances were explored.",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 6,
        "chunk": "# 2. Experimental section",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 7,
        "chunk": "# 2.1. Materials  \n\n2-Acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS, $99\\%$ ), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, $99\\%$ , thermal initiator $^{2,2^{\\prime}}$ -azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN, $98\\%$ ) and silane coupling agent 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSMA) were obtained from Aldrich; methyl methacrylate (MMA) was purchased from Alfa; The solvent $N,N\\mathrm{.}$ -dimethylformamide (DMF) was obtained from Fisher and used as received.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 8,
        "chunk": "# 2.2. Coating preparation  \n\nGlass slides $(2.5\\times2.5\\mathrm{cm}^{2})$ were first sonicated in acetone for $30\\mathrm{min}$ , dried by argon flow, exposed to an air plasma cleaner (plasma cleaner PCE-6, Harrick Scientific) for 180 s to completely clean and activate the surfaces. A series of mixtures $_{(1.00g)}$ with varying AMPS/ MMA molar ratios (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 80/20), EGDMA contents $(0.1{-}2\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ relative to monomers), TMSMA $(0.1\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ relative to monomers), AIBN $(1~\\mathrm{wt\\%}~\\$ relative to monomers) and ${\\mathrm{NH}}_{3}{\\cdot}{\\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\\mathrm{O}}$ (1 wt $\\%$ relative to TMSMA) were dissolved in $10\\mathrm{ml}$ DMF, purged by argon, well mixed, and spin-coated on the plasma-treated glass slides at different rates (500, 1000, 1500 and $2000\\mathrm{rpm})$ for $4s$ The spun-coated films were heated in an oven at $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for $^{12\\mathrm{h}}$ to complete the copolymerization, and dried in a vacuum oven overnight $(80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ to remove any unreacted impurity. All resultant coatings under various processing conditions were labeled accordingly. For instance, a coating with the AMPS/MMA molar ratio of $60/40$ was labeled as C-60. The C-60 samples with varied EGDMA contents ranging from $0.1\\%$ to $2\\%$ were labeled as $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.1\\%$ , $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ $C{-}60{-}1\\%$ and $C_{-}60\\substack{-2\\%}$ , respectively. Except where specifically stated, otherwise the coatings with different molar ratios of AMPS/MMA (20/80, 40/60 and 80/20) with EGDMA content of $1\\%$ were simply labeled as C-20, C-40, C-60 and C-80, respectively.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 9,
        "chunk": "# 2.3. Fogging/frosting test  \n\nFogging/frosting tests were carried out, according to previous protocols [39]. Briefly, fogging test against hot water vapor was conducted by holding samples $5\\mathrm{cm}$ above a water bath $(80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ for different periods of time (15, 30, 45 and $60s\\mathrm{\\dot{}}$ with a control glass as reference. Frosting test was performed by putting samples in a freezer at ${\\boldsymbol{-20}}^{\\circ}{\\boldsymbol{\\mathrm{C}}}$ for $30\\mathrm{min}$ and photographs were taken after the samples were exposed to ambient conditions ( $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , $50\\%$ relative humidity) for 5 s. In addition, light transmission over $400{\\mathrm{-}}700{\\mathrm{nm}}$ was collected on a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Shanghai Spectrum Win-SP5.0) during fogging/frosting test.  \n\n![](images/15a0e7991ffb7479fc5b44780b934a3d662aa5acc7a79a5980e0b918fe2ac839.jpg)  \nScheme 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation of antifogging and frost-resisting crosslinked acrylic coating.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 10,
        "chunk": "# 2.4. Wettability  \n\nTo further explore the antifogging/frost-resisting mechanism of our coatings, time-dependent contact angle changes on all as-prepared coatings were monitored on a contact angle goniometer (KRÜSS DSA100) and the time-dependent contact angle was collected every 4 s over a 80-s period.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 11,
        "chunk": "# 3. Results and discussion",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 12,
        "chunk": "# 3.1. Coating preparation  \n\nIn this work, antifogging/frost-resisting coatings were concisely prepared by the combination of hydrophilic AMPS and hydrophobic MMA with EGDMA and TMSMA as cross-linkers via thermal curing, hence averting the tedious multi-step coating preparation. The waterabsorbing ability of the coating can be tuned by adjusting the contents of AMPS and MMA, while the amount of EGDMA and TMSMA also plays an important role in mediating the balance between the waterswellability and the cross-linking density. It is worth mentioning that the TMSMA plays a dual role as the cross-linker in the acrylic coating and the adhesion enhancer between the coating and the glass substrate. The glass slides were treated by air plasma to generate active groups (e.g. hydroxyl groups), which not only promote the interfacial interaction with TMSMA but also facilitate the formation of a uniform coating. Coating thickness can be controlled by adjusting the spin-coating speed. The coating surface roughness (Rq) and thickness were verified by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) on a commercial instrument (Bruker Co., Dimension Fast Scan Pro) in tapping mode. To evaluate the thickness of the coating, the samples were inscribed by a razor blade. The coating thickness of $\\sim500~\\pm~20\\mathrm{nm}$ $1000\\mathrm{rpm}$ , 4 s) (S-Fig. 2b) and Rq ${\\sim}0.826\\mathrm{nm}$ (S-Fig. 2a) were measured by AFM and calculated by NanoScope Analysis (version 1.40). Our previous studies have shown that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance in the SIPN coating plays a vital role in their antifogging/frost-resisting performances [34]; herein, we also varied the AMPS/MMA molar ratio (20/80, 40/60, 50/ 50, 60/40, and 80/20) to obtain the optimal antifogging/frost-resisting performances. Besides, the cross-linked density of coating also makes great influence on antifogging/frost-resisting performances, the coating with an extremely high cross-linked density would probably restrict the diffusion of water molecules into the coating layer, compromising its antifogging/frost-resisting capabilities. To simplify the experimental model, only the coatings with different EGDMA contents, ranging from 0.1 to $2\\mathrm{wt\\%}$ with respect to monomers, were prepared to identify the influence of the cross-linking density on antifogging/frost-resisting performances.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 13,
        "chunk": "# 3.2. Frost-resisting performances  \n\nQuickly exposing subjects from cold conditions to warm and moist environment easily triggers serious surface fogging. In principle, when water vapor contacted with the cold surface, the fog layer appeared immediately, followed by the formation of a frost layer due to the extremely low surface temperature. Under these conditions, most of the superhydrophilic surfaces may fail to exert effective frost-resisting properties because the condensed thin water layer readily converts into an ice layer, which severely blocks light transmittance. Hence, to evaluate the antifogging properties, the frost-resisting tests of C-80, C60, C-40 and C-20 were conducted with a control glass as the reference. First, the frost-resisting performance was investigated by visually examining the sample appearance after it was taken out of a freezer $(-20^{\\circ}\\mathsf{C}$ for $30\\mathrm{min}\\mathrm{.}$ ) and exposed to ambient environment for 5 s $(-20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C},\\sim45{-}50\\%$ relative humidity) (Fig. 1).  \n\nAs for the hydrophilic bare glass slide, a fog layer formed immediately on the surface when taken out of freezer, then gradually turned into a frost layer, which heavily blocked the light transmission and led to an extremely low clarity during the whole process (Fig. 1a). In stark contrast, the C-60 sample remained completely fog- and frostfree throughout the whole frosting test (Fig. 1c), due to the rapid waterabsorbing capability of the coating, which totally avoided the formation of either frost or fog layers on the surface. Reducing hydrophilic AMPS contents in coating reduced the efficiency of frost-resisting property (partial or complete frosting) as shown on C-20 and C-40 surfaces (Fig. 1b). The results indicated that a low AMPS content obviously decreased water-absorbing ability of the coating, largely reducing its frost-resisting capability. On the other side, although the C-80 with the highest AMPS content in our experiments exhibited much stronger water-absorbing capacity than other samples, the excessive absorbed water in coating might have led to the formation of large water domains, severely compromising the frost-resisting property of the coating as indicated by the low clarity of the coating (Fig. 1d). Herein, the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the cross-linked coating plays a vital role in adjusting the water absorption capability, and the C-60 with the AMPS/MMA molar ratio of 60/40 was considered as the optimal sample to exhibit excellent frost-resisting property.  \n\nTo further evaluate the influence of cross-linking density of the coatings on its frost-resisting performances, the quantitative frosting tests of the C-20, C-40, C-60 and C-80,  \n\nand C-60 series coating with different EGDMA contents were conducted, by quantifying the light transmittance over the $400{\\-}700\\mathrm{nm}$ . Prior to frosting tests, all the samples (C-20, C-40, C-60 and C-80) demonstrated high light transmittance values more than $90\\%$ (Fig. 2a). Obvious differences in light transmittance were found after frosting treatment, the highest value (more than $90\\%$ ) was observed on the C60, followed by the C-40, C-80, and the C-20 exhibited the relatively lower light transmittance value of $\\sim55\\%$ (Fig. 2c), which were consistent with the results indicated in Fig. 1. As for the samples with different cross-linking density, all the samples $(\\mathbf{C}{-}60{-}0.1\\%$ , $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ $C_{-}60\\substack{-1\\%}$ and $C{-}60{-}2\\%\\dot{}$ showed relatively high light transmittance values $(90-91.5\\%)$ (Fig. 2b), which are comparable to that on the control glass slide, revealing that cross-linked density had little influence on the intrinsic light transmittance of the coatings. Obvious differences in light transmittance were found after the frosting test. The control glass showed low light transmission (below $25\\%$ , Fig. 2c), which was attributed to the severe frost-layer formation on the surface. Apparently, the EGDMA content in the coatings demonstrated a significant effect on their light transmittances. Among these, $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.1\\%$ and $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ maintained higher light transmittance values (above $90\\%$ ) than those of $C_{-}60\\substack{-1\\%}$ and $C_{-}60\\substack{-2\\%}$ , while the $C_{-}60\\cdot2\\%$ exhibited the lowest value of $83\\%$ (Fig. 4c). The high cross-linking density in the $C_{-}60\\cdot2\\%$ sample likely reduced the water swellability of the cross-linked network, leading to its reduced water-absorbing ability and compromised frostresisting performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 14,
        "chunk": "# 3.3. Antifogging performances  \n\nAs illustrated in Fig. 3, antifogging performances of C-60 and control glass were conducted by holding the samples $5\\mathrm{cm}$ above water bath $(80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ for different time intervals (15, 30, 45 and 60 s). For the control glass, a fog layer emerged on the glass surface immediately upon exposure to water vapor (Fig. 3a, left). Prolonging the exposure time from 15 to $60s$ made these situation even worse, larger fog droplets stemming from the vapor condensation gradually appeared on the film surface, finally leading to a completely non-transparent film. In contrast, remarkably different antifogging performances were observed on the C-60 coating. During the whole procedure, the C-60 showed completely fog-free surface, indicating the resultant coating with the optimal AMPS/MMA molar ratio of $60/40$ could thoroughly suppress surface fogging under a warm humid condition.  \n\nTo more accurately investigate the exact role of cross-linked density in antifogging behavior, the quantitative evaluation of the antifogging behaviors of C-60 samples with different cross-linker content (C-60-  \n\n![](images/638ea0eed3c8af607baeddb0394707188756b843a2167c7fc9d38510dc0b098b.jpg)  \nFig. 1. Photos of different glass slides: (a) control glass, (b) C-40, and (c) C-60, (d) C-80. first stored at $\\mathrm{-20^{\\circ}C}$ for $30\\mathrm{min}$ and then exposed to ambient lab conditions for 5 s.  \n\n![](images/0c85153ad936f3abdb86dc6df179cd502eb5698d2724129833dbe0bf7a6bbe99.jpg)  \nFig. 2. Light transmittance over $400{\\mathrm{-}}700{\\mathrm{nm}}$ of (a) as-prepared coatings with different ratios of hydrophilic/hydrophobic monomers of C20, C-40, C-60 and C-80, and (b) $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{\\cdot}0.1\\%$ , C$60–0.5\\%$ , $C{=}60{-}1\\%$ , $C{-}60{-}2\\%$ coatings. Light transmittance over $400{\\mathrm{-}}700{\\mathrm{nm}}$ following the frosting tests (first stored at $-20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for $30\\mathrm{min}$ and then exposed to ambient lab conditions) for (c) coatings with different ratios of hydrophilic/hydrophobic monomers of C-20, C-40, C-60 and C-80 and (d) $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.1\\%$ , $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ , $C{=}60{-}1\\%$ , $C_{-}60{-}2\\%$ coatings.  \n\n![](images/b7f5aff140378947197ca524d3d98dffc88ad216ae05f5655b6d41c58de0b065.jpg)  \nFig. 3. Photo images of different samples: (left) control glass and (right) C-60 under different exposure time: (a) 15 s, (b) 30 s, (c) 45 s and (d) 60 s after exposure to water vapor $_{5\\mathrm{cm}}$ above an $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water bath) under ambient lab conditions.  \n\n$0.1\\%$ , $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ , $C_{-}60\\substack{-1\\%}$ and ${\\mathrm{C}}{\\cdot}60{-}2\\%\\dot{.}$ ) was also evaluated, as mentioned above (Fig. 4b). All samples were placed $5\\mathrm{cm}$ above a water bath $(80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ for $60s$ . After fogging test, all the C-60 coatings with different cross-linker contents maintained high clarity. Notice that although the samples of $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.1\\%$ and $\\mathbf{C}{\\cdot}60{-}0.5\\%$ exhibited higher light transmittance values than others due to their lower EGDMA contents (lower cross-linked density), both $C_{-}60\\substack{-1\\%}$ and $C_{-}60\\cdot2\\%$ also maintained relatively high transparency with the light transmittances above $89\\%$ . Compared to the frost-resisting results above, some differences could be revealed that cross-linked density had more effects on the frost-resisting capability than on the antifogging performance for the coating.  \n\nThe coating stability is an important characteristic that can guarantee its potential application in various field. To evaluate the coating stability, multiple-cycle antifogging tests are conducted on the coating of C-60 for 5 cycles. As shown in (S-Fig. 1), the C-60 demonstrated high light transmittance (above $90\\%$ ) during the whole fogging process. No obvious changes in the light transmittance was observed even after 5- cycle fogging treatment, revealing that the coating possessed stable antifogging performance.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 15,
        "chunk": "# 3.4. Surface wettability  \n\nDifferent with a conventional superhydrophilic antifogging surface, the cross-linked coatings of C-20, C-40 and C-60 showed much greater initial water contact angles (CAs) of $50^{\\circ}$ , $48^{\\circ}$ , and $45^{\\circ}$ , respectively (Fig. 5a), which is consistent with the recent findings [34] that a coating surface can exhibit antifogging/frost-resisting behavior even without high hydrophilicity or superhydrophilicity. Time-dependent water CA measurement was performed to further investigate the origin of the antifogging/frost-resisting behaviors in our system. Within 80-s time interval, all samples showed steady decreases of CA values. Much larger decreases in CA were observed on the cross-linked coatings compared to that of control glass $(\\sim4^{\\circ}$ decrease of CA), indicating that some water has been imbibed by the coatings apart from water evaporation on surfaces. The higher AMPS contents in the coatings led to more significant decreases in CA values within the same contacting time interval (80 s), which can be attributed to the high water-absorbing ability of the hydrophilic AMPS moiety. As shown in Fig. 5b, more remarkable differences were found on the changes in the basal diameter of the water droplet as compared to the changes of CA value: $\\sim24\\%$ , $32\\%$ and $60\\%$ increases in the diameter values for the coatings of C-20, C-40 and C-60, much greater than on the control glass (nearly no change). These results further confirmed that the water vapor had diffused into the coating and led to the expansion of the basal diameter of the water droplet. Compared with the above-mentioned antifogging results, we may draw the conclusion that the suitable water absorption capacity guarantees the effective antifogging properties; however, excessive AMPS contents such as in the C-80 would incur excessive water absorption, leading to the formation of large water domains and the compromised frost-resisting capability. On the contrary, with too low AMPS contents the samples such as C-20 and C-40 would have limited the water-absorbing capacity, which would hinder their antifogging property.  \n\n![](images/e881c41a76494f166d5f48b1a26044b7de2dc4e1d10381d1ab297f558aa6d9a8.jpg)  \nFig. 4. Light transmittance at the normal incident angle for various samples: (a) as-prepared samples with different ratios of hydrophilic/hydrophobic monomers and (b) C-60 with various crosslinking densities, after 60 s exposure to warm water vapor by placing the sample $5\\mathrm{cm}$ above $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ water bath at room temperature.  \n\n![](images/b14daf39bd58e0dcc33f9cc8b594623daf0c0b8500651792c9f4349131fd950c.jpg)  \nFig. 5. (a) Water contact angle evolution within 80 s for samples showing different wettability. (b) Basal diameter change of water droplet on film surface within 80 s as expressed as $\\Delta\\mathrm{D}/\\mathrm{D}_{\\mathrm{o}}$ , where $\\Delta\\mathbf{D}=\\mathbf{D}-\\mathbf{D_{o}}$ and $\\mathbf{D_{o}}$ is the basal diameter at $\\mathbf{t}=0\\:\\mathsf{s}$ . All the data were the average of three times recorded in $4s$ interval.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 16,
        "chunk": "# 4. Conclusions  \n\nIn summary, antifogging/frost-resisting cross-linked acrylic coatings with the hydrophilic AMPS and hydrophobic MMA as monomers as well as EGDMA and TMSMA as cross-linkers were developed, via a one-step thermally initiated crosslinking reaction. Different with our previous strategies by forming a SIPN coating based on random copolymer, this work adopted a facile and easily controlled process to prepare crosslinked acrylic polymer coatings. The antifogging properties were derived from the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance with the optimal AMPS/MMA molar ratio at 60/40, as well as a moderate cross-linking density from EGDMA and TMSMA. The coating demonstrated excellent antifogging performances under both warm and cold moist conditions. Considering its versatility and simplicity, these coatings may be used in various antifogging/frost-resisting applications.",
        "category": " Conclusions"
    },
    {
        "id": 17,
        "chunk": "# Declaration of Competing Interest  \n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 18,
        "chunk": "# Acknowledgements  \n\nThis work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1601203, 51775232) and the Equipment pre-research fund (No. 61400040404), the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province (No. 20190201155JC) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 17SS023, 61400040403).",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 19,
        "chunk": "# Appendix A. Supplementary data  \n\nSupplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124160.",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 20,
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        "category": " References"
    }
]