[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "chunk": "# [54]   DURABLE ANTI-FOGGING COMPOSITION  \n\n[75]  Inventors: Katsuhiko Deguchi, Sakura; Junryo Mino, Kamagaya; Kaoru Tsujii, Sakura, all of Japan   \n[73] Assignee: Kao Soap Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan   \n[21] Appl. No.: 845,973   \n[22] Filed: Oct. 27, 1977   \n[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Nov. 8, 1976 [JP] Japan 51-134514   \n[51] Int. CI.2 C09K 3/18   \n[52] U.S. Cl. 106/13; 260/29.6 B; 260/29.6 SQ; 260/29.6 MQ; 260/29.6 MN   \n[58] Field of Search 106/13   \n[56] References Cited",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "chunk": "# U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS  \n\n2,716,068 8/1955 Fain et al. 106/13 3,696,043 10/1972 Labrage et al. 106/13 3,856,534 12/1974 Fletcher et al. 106/13 Primary Examiner—J. Ziegler Attorney, Agent, or Firm---Blanchard, Flynn, Thiel, Boutell & Tanis  \n\n[57]",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "chunk": "# ABSTRACT  \n\nA durable anti-fogging agent composition comprises at least one sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent represented by the following general formula (I):  \n\n$$\n\\underset{\\underset{\\mathbf{R}_{3}}{\\parallel}}{\\boldsymbol{\\mathbb{R}}_{1}}\\underset{\\underset{\\mathbf{R}_{3}}{\\parallel}}{\\boldsymbol{\\mathbb{Q}}_{\\mathbf{N}-\\mathbf{R}_{4}-\\mathbf{SO}_{3}}}\\Theta^{\\mathrm{~.~}}\n$$  \n\nwherein $\\mathbb{R}_{1},$ ${\\bf R}_{2}$ and ${\\bf R}_{3}$ each stand for an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl group, the sum of carbon atoms of the groups ${\\bf R}_{1}$ ${\\tt R}_{2}$ and ${\\bf R}_{3}$ is in the range of 16 to 38 and one of the groups ${\\bf R}_{1}$ ${\\tt R}_{2}$ and $\\mathbb{R}_{3}$ is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having at least 14 carbon atoms, and $\\mathtt{R}_{4}$ stands for an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms,  \n\nand at least one member selected from inorganic salts and acetates represented by the general formulae MeSCN, $\\mathbf{MeNO}_{3}$ MeX and $\\mathbf{MeOOCCH_{3}}$ in which Me is a cation selected from Na, K, Li, $\\mathbf{NH}_{4}$ $\\scriptstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{a}$ and $\\scriptstyle{\\frac{1}{2}}\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{g}$ and $\\mathbf{x}$ is a halogen ion.",
        "category": " Abstract"
    },
    {
        "id": 4,
        "chunk": "# 6 Claims, No Drawings",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 5,
        "chunk": "# DURABLE ANTI-FOGGING COMPOSITION",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 6,
        "chunk": "# BACKGROUNDOFTHEINVENTION",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 7,
        "chunk": "# 1. Field of the Invention  \n\nThe present invention relates to a composition providing a high and durable anti-fogging effect on the surfaces of glass, plastics and polymeric films.",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 8,
        "chunk": "# 2. Description of Prior Arts  \n\nIn general, the surfaces of glass, plastics and polymeric films readily become foggy with the condensation of water vapor, and the transparency disappears or uneven reflection is caused on the surfaces. This phenomenon of fogging causes various troubles. For exam- 1: ple, fogging on front, side or rear glass windows of an automobile or on spectacles results in great inconvenience and sometimes causes an accident endangering life. Further, when show-windows become foggy, no intended exhibiting effect can be attained, and when a 2l polymeric film or glass of an agricultural green house or a dormer or other window of an oridinary house becomes foggy, transmission of light is inhibited and the growth of plants is checked or their health is injured.  \n\nAnti-fogging agents comprising anionic surface ac- 2 tive agents, silicone type surface active agents or tricresyl phosphates have heretofore been used as agents for preventing fogging. However, none of the known anti-fogging agents have a sufficient durability of the anti-fogging effect. In order to attain the anti-fogging effect, it is necessary to increase the free energy on the surface and render the surface easily wettable with water. For attaining this purpose, a surface active agent is generally coated on the surface. However, the surface active agent is readily separated from the coated surface 3 when wetted with water and the intended anti-fogging effect cannot be attained.",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 9,
        "chunk": "# SUMMARY OF THEINVENTION  \n\nThe present invention provides an anti-fogging agent composition having a good durable anti-fogging effect, which is adsorbed on the surface very effectively and is not readily separated from the surface.  \n\nIn accordance with the present invention, there is provided an anti-fogging agent composition comprising as indispensable components 0.05 to $30\\%$ by weight of at least one sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent represented by the following general formula (I):  \n\nerably Cl, Br or I. The balance of the composition is generally water.  \n\nThis anti-fogging agent may further comprise as a third component 0.01 to $30\\%$ by weight of a nonionic surface active agent having an HLB value of 12 to 15 or 0.005 to $10\\%$ by weight of a water-soluble polymer composed of a maleic anhydridevinyl monomer copolymer.  \n\nThe sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface acitve 10 agent represented by the general formula (I), which is used in the present invention, may be prepared by reaction an $\\pmb{\\alpha}$ -hydroxyalkyldialkylamine derived from a tertiary alkylamine or $^{\\alpha,\\beta}$ -alkylene epoxide with an alkane sultone or by reacting the $\\pmb{\\alpha}$ -hydroxyalkyldialkylamine with benzyl chloride or epichlorohydrin and sulfating the resulting product.  \n\nThis first component is incorporated in the anti-fogging agent in an amount of 0.05 to $30\\%$ by weight, preferably 0.1 to $10\\%$ by weight.  \n\nAn inorganic salt or acetate is used as the second component in the present invention, and this second component is selected from inorganic salts and acetates represented hy the above-mentioned general formulae, for example, NaSCN, $N a N O_{3}$ , KCl, LiBr, $\\boldsymbol{\\widetilde{\\mathbf{NH}_{4}}\\mathbf{Cl}}.$ ,KI, $\\mathbf{MgCl}_{2}.$ $\\mathbf{CaCl}_{2}$ and $\\mathbf{CH_{3}C O O N a}$ . The second component is incorporated in the anti-fogging agent in an amount of 0.01 to $20\\%$ by weight, preferably 0.1 to $10\\%$ by weight.  \n\n30 The most characteristic feature of the present invention is that the anti-fogging agent composition has an excellent anti-fogging effect, which can be maintained for a long time. More specifically, the present invention is based on the finding that although the sulfonic acid   \n35 type amphoteric surface active agent repesented by the general formula (I) has a very low water solubility and in general, it cannot be used as it is, if a specific inor- ganic salt or acetate is used as the second component in combination with this hardly water-soluble surface ac  \n40 tive agent, the solubility is drastically enhanced by interactions between the two components and the adsorption on the surface is remarkably improved. Further, when the anti-fogging agent is once adsorbed into the surface, it is prevented from falling out from the surface   \n$\\pmb{45}$ for a long time because of the: low solubility thereof. Accordingly, an excellent anti-fogging effect can be manifested for a long time. In general, it is well known that surface active agents readily exhibit a so-called salting-out phenomenon, that is, the solubility is drasti  \n50 cally reduced in the presence of a salt. According to the present invention, it has been found that sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agents such as represented by the above general formula (I) exhibit a socalled salting-in phenomenon, that is, the solubility is   \n55 remarkably enhanced even in the presence of a salt, as observed in case of proteins. This salting-in phenomenon is peculiar because it has not been known in case of surface active agents. This salting-in phenomenon gives excellent dissolving, adsorbing and anti-fogging effects   \n60 to the first component of the present invention. The inorganic salt or acetate acts as a kind of salt, giving charges to the sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent, and it not only exerts a dissolution-promoting effect, but also manifests an anti-fogging effect   \n65 synergistically with the sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent. In other words, the inorganic salt or acetate as the second component has an interaction with the ionic portion of the sulfonic acid type ampho  \n\n$$\n\\underset{\\underset{\\mathrm{R3}}{\\uparrow}}{\\mathbb{R}}1\\underset{\\underset{\\mathrm{R3}}{\\uparrow}}{\\mathbb{R}}-\\underset{\\mathrm{R}_{4}-\\underset{\\mathrm{S}(3_{3}\\ominus)}{\\uparrow}}{\\mathbb{S}}\n$$  \n\nwherein $\\mathbf{R}_{1},$ ${\\bf R}_{2}$ and ${\\bf R}_{3}$ each stand for an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl group, the sum of carbon atoms of the groups $\\mathbf{R}_{1},\\mathbf{R}_{2}$ and $\\pmb{\\mathrm{R}}_{3}$ is in the range of 16 to 38 and one of the groups $\\pmb{\\mathrm{R}}_{1}$ . ${\\tt R}_{2}$ and ${\\bf R}_{3}$ is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group having at least 14 carbon atoms, and $\\pmb{\\mathrm{R}_{4}}$ stands for an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms,  \n\nand 0.01 to $20\\%$ by weight of at least one member selected from inorganic salts and acetates represented by the general formulae MeSCN, ${\\bf M e N O}_{3},$ ， MeX and $\\mathbf{MeOOCCH_{3}}$ in which Me is a cation selected from $\\mathbf{Na},$ $\\mathbf{x},$ Li, $\\mathbf{NH_{4}}$ $\\pmb{\\mathrm{\\hat{c}}}\\mathbf{a}$ and $\\pmb{\\mathrm{i}}\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{g}$ and $\\mathbf{x}$ is a halogen ion, pref",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 10,
        "chunk": "# 4,214,908",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 11,
        "chunk": "# 3",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 12,
        "chunk": "# #  \n\nteric surface active agent and as a result, the adsorption and the anti-fogging effect are synergistically improved.  \n\nAs the nonionic surface active agent having an HLB value of 12 to 15, that is used as the third component in the present invention, those represented by the following general formuia (11):  \n\n$$\n\\mathtt{R O(C H_{2}C H_{2}O)}_{n^{\\sharp}}\n$$  \n\nwherein R stands for an alkyl group having 10 to 16 1C carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 14 to 18 carbon atoms or an octyiphenyl or nonyiphenyi group, and n is the number of moles of added ethylene oxide, which should be determined so that the HLB value may be in the range of 12 to 15,  \n\nare preferred. The nonionic surface active agent is incorporated in an amount of 0.01 to $30\\%$ by weight, preferably 0.1 to $10\\%$ by weight.  \n\nAs the water-soluble polymer composed of a maleic anhydride-vinyi monomer copolymer, that is used as 20 the third component, there can be mentioned, for example, a maleic anhydride-acetalized vinyl alcohol copolymer, a maleic anhydride-vinyl alcohol copolymer, a maleic anhydride-ethylene copolymer, a maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer, a partially saponified product 25 thereof, a maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymer, a partially saponified product thereof, a maleic anhydride-diisobutylene copolymer and a partially saponified product thereof. It is preferred that the average degree of polymerization of the water-soluble polymer 30 be in the range of 500 to 1500. This water-soluble polymer is incorporated in an amount of 0.005 to $10\\%$ by weight, preferably 0.01 to $5\\%$ by weight. By incorporation of such third components the anti-fogging effect is enhanced, and moreover, the low temperature stability 35 of the composition can be remarkably improved.  \n\nIn order to improve the low temperature stability, it is preferred that up to $30\\%$ by weight of an alcohol having two or three carbon atoms, such as ethanol and propanol, be incorporated in the anti-fogging agent composition of the present invention. p Further, the anti-fogging agent composition of the present invention may be impregnated into paper, cloth, nonwoven fabric or the like and it may be used in the form of an anti-fogging paper or cloth.  \n\nThe present invention will now be described in deta I reference to the following Examples.",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 13,
        "chunk": "# EXAMPLE 1  \n\nAn anti-fogging agent having the following composition was prepared:  \n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Amphoteric surface active agent</td><td>1.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>(Table 1) Inorganic salt (Table 1)</td><td>1.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>10.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td>balance</td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\nThe durability of the anti-fogging agent having the i5 above composition was tested according to the following method to obtain results shown in Table 1.  \n\n(I) The outer wall of a clean glass beaker was dipped in the anti-fogging agent having the above composition, and it was dried with air.   \n(II) Cold water (maintained at $0^{\\circ}\\mathbb{C}.$ ) was poured into the beaker and after 10 minutes, the fogginess on the outer wall of the beaker was examined with the naked eye.   \n(III) Cold water in the beaker was thrown away, and the outer wall of the beaker was dried with air again.   \n(IV) After drying, cold water was poured into the beaker again and the outer wall of the beaker was examined again.   \n(V) The above operations (I) to (IV) were repeated until no anti-fogging effect was observed. In Table 1, the durability of the anti-fogging effect is expressed in terms of the number of cycles of repetition of the above operations conducted until no anti-fogging   \n35 effect was observed. Accordingly, a larger value indicates a higher durability of the anti-fogging effect. From the results shown in Table 1, it wili readily be understood that an especially good effect can be attained by the combined use of a sulfonic acid type am  \n40 photeric surface active agent and an inorganic salt. In Table l, “control\" means a composition in which a typical anionic surface active agent, sodium dodecyl sulfate $(\\mathbb{C}_{12}\\mathbb{H}_{25}\\mathbf{O}\\mathbb{S}\\mathbf{O}_{3}\\mathbb{N}\\mathbf{a})$ ， was incorporated in an amount of $2.0\\%$ by weight instead of the inorganic salt.   \n45 When an amphoteric surface active agent was used alone, the durability of the anti-fogging effect was l or lower.  \n\nTable 1   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Amphoteric Surface Active Agent</td><td>Inorganic Salt</td><td>Durability of Anti-Fogging Effect (number of cycles)</td></tr><tr><td>Comparison</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>control</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>C18H37(CH3)2N+-O-</td><td>NaSCN</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>C18H37NH+(CH2)2COO-</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>C18H37(CH3)2N+(CH2)COO--</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Present Invention</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C18H37(CH3)2N+(CH2)2SO3-</td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>C18H37(OH)(CH3)N+(CH)3SO3--</td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>C14H29(CH2 )(CH3)N+(CH2)3SO -</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C14H29(CH3)21  (CH2)3SD3-</td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>C18H37(CH3)2(CH2)SO</td><td></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NaNO</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NaCl</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NazSO4</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>CaCl2</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Mg(NO3)2</td><td>9</td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\nTable l-continued   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Amphoteric Surface Active Agent</td><td>Inorganic Salt</td><td>Durability of Anti-Fogging Effect (number of cycies)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NaOOCCH3</td><td>6</td></tr></table></body></html>",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 14,
        "chunk": "# EXAMPLE 2  \n\nThe durability of the anti-fogging effect and the low 10 temperature stability were examined in composition formed by further incorporating a nonionic surface  \n\namined with the naked eye. The low temperature stability was evaluated according to the following scale:  \n\n$\\circledcirc$ : not changed $\\bigcirc$ : slightly turbid $\\Delta$ ： considerably turbid X: precipitates formed.  \n\n![](images/d4ebdaf22fc3582ed48918e3f0900be0cf53d343c8496902201c88084fe55e6a.jpg)  \n\nactive agent into the composition illustrated in Example 1. Results obtained when $\\mathbf{C}_{18}\\mathbf{H}_{37}(\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{H}_{3})_{2}\\mathbf{N}+(\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{H}_{2})_{3}\\mathbf{S}\\mathbf{O}_{3}3\\mathbf{i}$ was used as the amphoteric surface active agent and NaSCN was used as the inorganic salt are shown in Table 2. The recipe of the 4: anti-fogging agent composition tested is as follows:  \n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>C18H37(CH3)2N+(CH)3SO3- NaSCN</td><td>1.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Nonionic surface active agent</td><td>1.0% by weight 0.5% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>(Table 2) Ethanol</td><td>10.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td>balance</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\nIn Table 2, “control\" means a composition having the 55 same recipe as described above except that the nonionic surface active agent was not added.  \n\nTable 2   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td rowspan=\"5\">50 55</td><td>C18H37(CH3)2N+(CH2)3SO3-</td><td>1.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>NaSCN</td><td>1.0% by weight 0.01% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Water-soluble polymer (Table 3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>10.0% by weight</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td>balance</td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\nFrom the results shown in Table 2, it is apparent that a nonionic surface active agent having an HLB value of 12 to 15 is very effective for improving the durability of 6( the anti-fogging effect and the low temperature stability in the above anti-fogging agent composition.  \n\nThe durability of. the anti-fogging effect was evaluated according to the same method as described in Example 1. The iow temperature stability was evaluated in 6 the following manner.  \n\nThe test composition was allowed to stand at $-5^{\\circ}\\mathbf{C}$ · for one week and the state of the composition was ex",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 15,
        "chunk": "# EXAMPLE3  \n\nThe durability of the anti-fogging effect and the low temperature stability were examined in compositions formed by incorporating a water-soluble polymer instead of the nonionic surface active agent in the composition illustrated in Example 2. Obtained results are shown in Table 3. The recipe of the composition tested is as follows:  \n\nThe durability of the anti-fogging effect and the low temperature stability were evaluated according to the same methods as adopted in Example 2.  \n\nIn Table 3, \"control\" means a composition in which the water-soluble polymer was not added, and “P\" means an average degree of polymerization in the water-soluble polymer.  \n\nFrom the results shown in Table 3, it is apparent that if a maleic anhydride copolymer is incorporated, the durability of the anti-fogging effect and the low temperature stability can be remarkably improved in the antifogging agent composition.",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 16,
        "chunk": "# 7  \n\nTable 3   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td>Water-Soluble Polymer</td><td>Durability of Anti-Fogging Effect (number of cycles)</td><td>Low Temperature Stability</td></tr><tr><td>Comparison</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>control polyvinyl alcohol (saponification degree 85% P=500)</td><td>10 6</td><td>A X</td></tr><tr><td>polyvinyl alcohol (saponification degree 90% P--600) polyacrylic acid (P=850)</td><td>6</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>sodium polyacrylate (P-500)</td><td>5 6</td><td>A X</td></tr><tr><td>sodium polyacrylate (P=800)</td><td>5</td><td>△</td></tr><tr><td>polyethylene glycol (P=400) polyethyiene glycol (P=900)</td><td>5</td><td>X X</td></tr><tr><td>Present Invention</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymer (P=1000)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12</td><td>00</td></tr><tr><td>maleic anhydride-ethyl vinyl ether copolymer (P=900)</td><td>12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>maieic anhydride-diisobutylenecopolymer (P=1200)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer (P=800)</td><td>13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>maleic anhydride-vinyl alcohol copolymer (P=1500)</td><td>12 11</td><td>A</td></tr></table></body></html>",
        "category": " Results and discussion"
    },
    {
        "id": 17,
        "chunk": "# EXAMPLE4  \n\nA soft cloth was impregnated with an anti-fogging agent composition having the following recipe:  \n\n![](images/c1b0ac97a6c019bd321159d0318d48f5b3dc87567d5c699d8d29fb4b2a9fd7cf.jpg)  \n\nThe impregnated cloth was dried and the outer wall of a clean glass beaker was rubbed sufficiently with this 35 cloth.Then, the durability of the anti-fogging effect was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1 to obtain results shown in Table 4. As will be apparent from the results shown in Table 4, the cloth has an anti-fogging effect even when it is used 20 times. 40  \n\n14 carbon atoms, and R4 is alkylene or hydroxyalkylene having2 to 4 carbon atoms; 0.01 to $20\\%$ by weight of at least one member selected from the group consisting of inorganic salts and acetates having the formulae MeSCN, MeNO3, MeX and   \n25 MeOOCCH3 in which Me is a cation selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li, $\\mathbb{N H}_{4},$ $\\mathtt{j}\\mathtt{C a}$ and ${\\bf\\Gamma}_{2}^{3}\\bf{M}g$ and X is halogen; up to 30% by weight of alkanol having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; and the balance is water. 2. A durable anti-fogging composition as set forth in   \n30 claim 1, which comprises 0.1 to i0% by weight of said sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent and 0.1 to 10% by weight of said inorganic salt or acetate. 3. A durable anti-fogging composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said inorganic salt is NaSCN, NaNO3   \n35 or $\\mathbf{Mg(NO_{3})_{2}}$ 4.A durable anti-fogging composition consisting essentially of 0.05 to 30% by weight of at least one sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent having the formula (I):  \n\nTable 4   \n\n\n<html><body><table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Durability of Anti-Fogging Effect of Anti-Fogging Cloth</td><td rowspan=\"5\">45 50</td></tr><tr><td>Frequency (times) of Use of Anti-Fogging Cloth</td><td>Effect (number of cycles) Durability of Anti-Fogging</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>520</td><td>２１</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></table></body></html>  \n\nWhat is claimed is:  \n\n1. A durable anti-fogging composition consisting essentially of 0.05 to 30% by weight of at least one sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent hav- 5 ing the formula (I):  \n\n$$\n\\underset{\\overset{.}{\\mathrm{R}}_{1}\\overset{.}{\\mathrm{\\mathbb{Q}}}_{\\mathrm{N}}^{\\overset{}{\\|}}-\\mathrm{\\mathbb{R}}_{4}-{\\mathrm{S}}\\mathrm{\\mathbf{O}}_{3}\\ominus}{\\overset{}{\\|}}\n$$  \n\nwherein R1, R2 and R3 each is alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl, the sum of the number of carbon atoms of R1, R2 and R3 is in the range of from 16 to 38 and one of R1, R2 and R3 is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl having at least  \n\n$$\n\\underset{\\underset{\\mathrm{R}_{3}}{\\mathrm{R}_{1}}\\underset{\\mathrm{R}_{3}}{\\mathrm{\\oplus}}}{\\mathrm{R}_{1}\\underset{\\mathrm{R}_{3}}{\\mathrm{\\oplus}}}{\\mathrm{R}_{2}}\n$$  \n\nwherein $\\mathbb{R}_{1},\\mathbb{R}_{2}$ and ${\\bf R}_{3}$ each is alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl, the sum of the number of carbon atoms of R1, ${\\tt R}_{2}$ and $\\mathbb{R}_{3}$ is in the range of from 16 to 38 and one of R1, ${\\bf R}_{2}$ and $\\mathbf{R}_{3}$ is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl having at least 14 carbon atoms, and R4 is alkylene or hydroxyalkylene having 2 to 4 carbon atoms;  \n\n0.01 to 20% by weight of at least one member selected from the group consisting of inorganic salts and acetates having the formulae MeSCN, MeNO3, MeX and MeOOCCH3 in which Me is a cation selected from the group consisting of $\\ \\mathbb{N}\\mathfrak{a},\\ \\mathbb{K},$ Li, $\\mathrm{\\DeltaNH_{4}},$ $\\scriptstyle{\\mathtt{k C a}}$ and $\\bf\\Pi_{2}M g$ and X is halogen; up to 30% by weight of alkanol having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; and the balance is water.  \n\n5. A durable anti-fogging composition as set forth in 0 claim 4 wherein said nonionic surface active agent has the formula (11):  \n\n$$\n\\mathbf{RO}(\\mathbf{CH}_{2}\\mathbf{CH}_{2}\\mathbf{O})_{n}\\mathbf{H}\n$$  \n\nwherein R is alkyl having 10 to 16 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 14 to 18 carbon atoms, octylphenyl or",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 18,
        "chunk": "# 4,214,908",
        "category": " References"
    },
    {
        "id": 19,
        "chunk": "# 9",
        "category": " Introduction"
    },
    {
        "id": 20,
        "chunk": "# 10  \n\nnonylphenyl, and n is the number of moles of added ethylene oxide and is selected so that the HLB value is in the range of 12 to 15.  \n\n6. A durable anti-fogging composition as set forth in claim 4 which comprises from 0.1 to 10% by weight of 5 said sulfonic acid type amphoteric surface active agent, from 0.1 to 10% by weight of said inorganic salt or acetate, and from 0.1 to 10% by weight of said nonionic surface active agent.  \n\n15  \n\n25  \n\n30  \n\n35  \n\n40  \n\n45  \n\n50  \n\n55  \n\n60",
        "category": " Materials and methods"
    },
    {
        "id": 21,
        "chunk": "# U NITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION  \n\nPATENT NO. : 4 214 908   \nDATED : July 29, 1980   \nINVENTOR(S) : Katsuhiko DEGUCHI, JunryO MINO and Kaoru TSUJII  \n\nIt is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:  \n\nColumn 8, line 57; after \"halogen;\" insert ---0.01 to $30\\%$ by weight of a nonionic surface active agent having an HLB value of l2 to l5;---.  \n\nSigned.and Sealed this Twenty-eighth Day of October 1980  \n\n[SEAL]  \n\nAttest:  \n\nSIDNEY A. DIAMOND  \n\nAttesting Officer  \n\nCommissioner of Patents and Trademarks",
        "category": " References"
    }
]