3 lines
16 KiB
JSON
3 lines
16 KiB
JSON
{
|
||
"protocol": "2.2.2.1 多种不同阳离子纤维素衍生物的合成, 2.2.2.2 阻燃性水溶性纤维素衍生物合成人工合成纤维素的合成主要有酶催化和葡萄糖衍生物的开环聚合两种方法。纤维素的化学改性提供了基础,可以使纤维素衍生化制备得到各功能化材料。首先处理含有酸和氨的植物组织,随后用水、乙醇和乙醚萃取得到残留的抗性纤维状固体。两种方向性不同的末端基,即C4-OH和C1-OH分别提出仲醇羟基和半缩醛结构,提供了进一步反应的基础。衍生化过程中,可能采用离子液体或离子液体和有机溶剂共溶剂体系直接将纤维素溶解,以进行后续的分子量和分布的测定。To synthesize hydrophilic polymers with functional groups, utilize non-derivatizing solvents that physically dissolve cellulose without altering its chemical structure. Key solvent systems include aqueous solutions of proton acids such as HCl (40-43%), HNO3 (84%), H2SO4 (65-80%), and H3PO4 (73-83%) which protonate cellulose and allow it to dissolve. Additionally, Lewis acid solutions, particularly zinc chloride at 64% concentration, effectively dissolve cellulose. For derivatization reactions, which include esterification and etherification, inorganic metal salt hydrates can be employed post dissolution. A notable system is NaOH/H2O, where cellulose disintegration occurs best at -20 to 4 °C with NaOH concentrations between 6% and 18%. This method is more effective for microcrystalline cellulose with a polymerization degree below 200. Incorporating thiourea or urea can enhance the solubility of higher polymerization cellulose at lower temperatures.To synthesize hydrophilic polymers with functional groups using a non-aqueous solvent system, first prepare a multicomponent solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and LiCl, which effectively dissolves higher molecular weight cellulose resulting in a homogenous transparent solution. This solution can be utilized for various analytical techniques such as NMR, mass spectrometry (MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Ensure the chemical stability of the DMAc/LiCl system by using it as a reaction solvent for the reaction of anhydrides or acyl chlorides with cellulose. For the esterification reaction, catalysts like DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine), DCC (1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), or CDI (N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole) can be introduced into the reaction mixture.纤维素的衍生化反应可以是非均相和均相反应,例如纤维素纤维、纤维素纳米晶的表面修饰。均相反应例如离子液体体系、DMAc/LiCI体系中的酯化反应。通常来说,均相反应的反应效率更高,反应更为均一,产物也更为均一。纤维素醚的合成主要有三种方法:1. Williamson醚化反应; 2. 碱催化环氧加成反应; 3. 碱催化加成反应。使用Williamson醚化反应时,将纤维素与对应取代基的卤化物在碱性条件下反应,获得诸如羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、丙基纤维素等产物。对于羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素,通过碱催化环氧加成反应实现。此外,纤维素与丙烯酰胺等含吸电子基团的分子通过Michael加成反应得到含氨基或氰基的纤维素醚。Yan通过原位光聚合得到咪唑型 PILs,随后将两种氨基酸(L-脯氨酸(Pro)和L-色氨酸(Trp))通过阴离子置换,得到两种氨基酸阴离子型PILs膜。通过均相酯化反应和后续的亲核取代反应,利用纤维素材料多羟基的特点合成具有功能的阳离子纤维素衍生物。在离子液体溶液中进行均相酯化反应。首先通过酯化反应将氯引入到纤维素中,随后将其和三丁基麟、吡啶、1-甲基咪唑和1-乙烯基咪唑等反应制备了多种阳离子纤维素衍生物,然后考察了取代度对其溶解性影响。随后,通过离子交换的方式,得到可被有机溶剂溶解的疏水型纤维素衍生物。1. Dry cotton pulp in a vacuum oven at 70°C for 48 hours before use. 2. Use 2-Chloropropionylchloride directly with a purity of 97%. 3. Synthesize 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazole chloride in the laboratory with a moisture content not exceeding 0.3%. 4. Use Tributyl phosphine, pyridine, 1-Methylimidazole, and 1-Allylimidazole directly with a purity of 98%. 5. Use montmorillonite with a specific surface area of 240 m2/g directly. 6. Use bistrifluoromethanesulfonimidelithium salt, Lithium Hexafluorophosphate, and Lithium Tetrafluoroborate directly with a purity of 98%. 7. Use Sudan II and Isatin directly with a purity of 98%. 8. Utilize Milli-Q ultra-pure water and DMSO-d6 directly with a purity of 99.8%. 9. All other chemical reagents should be obtained from Beijing Guoyao Chemical Reagent Company with analytical purity, no further purification required.该实验涉及合成阳离子型纤维素衍生物。首先,准备纤维素粉末并将其溶解在适当的溶剂中。接着,加入阳离子试剂,如三甲基氯化铵,并进行反应,通常在加热条件下进行,以促进反应的进行。这些步骤需要在惰性气氛下操作,并控制反应时间和温度。最后,通过沉淀、离心和洗涤等过程纯化产物,得到目标阳离子型纤维素衍生物。1g棉浆粕加入到 49 g 离子液体AmimCl中,于 80°C油浴中剧烈搅拌溶解1h,得到浓度为 5%的纤维素/离子液体溶液。将纤维素溶液置于 0%的冰水浴中,等温度稳定后,加入含有 2.4 g 的2-氯丙酰氯,充分混合。随后,将其转移到 40°C油浴中反应 3 h。反应结束后加入乙醇和水使样品沉淀,使用砂芯漏斗抽滤,干燥。将干燥后的样品重新溶于二甲基亚矾中,使用 0.45μm滤膜过滤,再次使用乙醇沉淀,抽滤、洗涤三次后,置于 80°C的真空烘箱中干燥,得到取代度为3.0的纤维素2-氯丙酸酯。取一定量上述纤维素2-氯丙酸酯,溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入一定量三丁基麟、吡啶、1-甲基咪唑、1-乙烯基咪唑,置于 80°C油浴中回流反应 24h,待反应结束后,加入丙酮使样品沉淀,使用砂芯漏斗抽滤三遍以上,真空干燥。将干燥后的样品重新溶于二甲基亚矾中,使用 0.45μm滤膜过滤,再次使用丙酮沉淀,砂芯漏斗抽滤、洗涤三次后,置于 80°C的真空烘箱中干燥。将上述中咪唑型阳离子衍生物(2.5 mmol)溶于水中,滴加LiTfN、LiBF4或LiPF6的饱和水溶液(2.3 mmol),将反应体系在室温搅拌 24h,出现白色沉淀。过滤沉淀物,用去离子水洗涤三次,并在 80°C下真空干燥 24h,以获得不同阴离子型咪唑阳离子纤维素衍生物。1. Synthesis of cellulose 2-chloropropionate: Dissolve 49 g of ionic liquid AmimCl in cotton pulp at 80°C with vigorous stirring for 1 hour to prepare a 5% cellulose/ionic liquid solution. Place the cellulose solution in an ice bath at 0°C until the temperature stabilizes, then add 2.4 g of 2-chloropropionyl chloride and mix thoroughly. Transfer the mixture to a 40°C oil bath and react for 3 hours. After the reaction, add ethanol to precipitate the sample, perform suction filtration, and dry. Redissolve the dried sample in dimethyl sulfoxide, filter using a 0.45 μm filter membrane, and precipitate again using ethanol. Perform suction filtration, wash three times, and dry in a vacuum oven at 80°C to obtain cellulose 2-chloropropionate with a substitution degree of 3.0. Follow the same procedure for step 2 to prepare water-soluble cellulose derivatives. 2. Preparation of flame-retardant water-soluble cellulose membranes: All membranes are prepared using the solvent evaporation method by dispersing the obtained water-soluble cellulose ester in water at 10 wt%. Add varying amounts of montmorillonite and sonicate for 40 minutes with a cell crusher, then pour the mixture into a mold and place it on a hot plate at 80°C. After 2 hours, transfer the membrane and continue drying in a vacuum oven for 24 hours.第一步,将纤维素溶解在AmimCI离子液体中,进行均相衍生化以合成不同取代度的纤维素2-氯丙酸酯(DS分别为1.5和3.0)。第二步,向反应体系中加入三丁基麟、吡啶、1-甲基咪唑和1-乙烯基咪唑,通过控制投料比和反应时间,合成三种阳离子型纤维素衍生物。在表2.1和表2.2中,记录不同反应条件(如基础试剂的摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间)对纤维素衍生物取代度的影响,具体如下:对于DS=3.0的样品,使用6:1的投料比,反应时间为24小时时,取代度可达到2.51,而对于DS=1.5的样品,使用6:1的投料比,反应时间为24小时时,取代度可达到1.4。首先,将1-丁基咪唑阳离子([Bim]*)引入到CA中,得到两种新型的阳离子化纤维素酯,醋酸纤维素1-丁基咪唑氯盐(CA-BimCI)和醋酸纤维素1-丁基咪唑双(三氟甲烷磺酰基)酰亚胺(CA-BimTfN)。然后,阳离子化纤维素酯通过强静电相互作用可以有效地固定各种游离ILs,从而制得均匀,高透明的具有高 CO2 透过性,高热稳定性和高机械性能的纤维素酯/ ILs复合膜。醋酸纤维素(CA)在 $80^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ 真空烘箱干燥 $24\\mathrm{h}$,然后将2-氯丙烯酰氯(2-Chloropropionylchloride)、N-丁基咪唑(1-butylimidazole)和双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂盐(LiTfN)以纯度为 $97\\%$ 和 $98\\%$ 的原料直接使用。其余其他化学药品均为分析纯,使用前无需进一步提纯。Dissolve CA (4.1 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Add 13.7 mmol of 2-chloro propionyl chloride to the CA/DMF solution at 0°C. Transfer to a 40°C oil bath and react for 3 hours. Add the resulting homogeneous solution to ethanol to terminate the reaction, filter the precipitate with ethanol, wash three times with ethanol, and dry in a vacuum oven at 80°C for 24 hours to obtain CA-Cl.将 CA-Cl(3.1mmol)溶解在DMF 中。随后,添加14.0mmol的1-丁基咪唑,并且反应在 80°C 油浴中进行 24h。将所得溶液加入乙醇中以终止反应。过滤沉淀物,用乙醇洗涤三次, 80°C 真空干燥 24h,得到CA-BimCl。将CA-BimCl(2.5mmol)溶于水中。然后,滴加LiTfN的饱和水溶液(2.3mmol)。将反应体系在室温搅拌 24h。出现白色沉淀。过滤沉淀物,用去离子水洗涤三次,并在 80°C 下真空干燥 24h,以获得CA-BimTfN。将1.5g 的CA或CA-BimTfN溶解在 13.5 g 的DMF中,以获得浓度为 10‰ 的CA/DMF或CA-BimTfN/DMF溶液。然后,加入一定量的所需IL。将所得溶液流延到玻璃板上。在 65°C 的热台上蒸发溶剂。随后,成膜后将其从玻璃基板剥离。在真空下于 80°C 进一步干燥 24h,获得 CA-BimTfN/ILs 和 CA/ILs膜。通过均匀且可控的酯化过程合成醋酸纤维素2-氯丙酸酯(CA-Cl)。随后,与1-丁基咪唑进行亲核取代反应,获得阳离子化纤维素衍生物CA-BimCl。最后,通过阴离子交换步骤制备CA-BimTfN。在亲水性物质纤维素上引入亲水性阳离子基团,通过离子交换将阴离子交换为疏水性离子,得到一种新型离子化纤维素衍生物材料。纤维素链上有多个羟基,可以通过控制取代度调节亲水基团和疏水基团比例,以达到调节界面水目的,从而实现调节冰成核温度及冰粘附力。在80°C真空烘箱中将聚合度DP=650的棉浆粕烘干24小时。使用2-氯丙烯酰氯(纯度97%)、N-丁基咪唑(纯度98%)和全氟辛酸钠(纯度97%)作为反应试剂。离子液体1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(含水量小于0.3%)由实验室合成。反应过程中使用超纯水(Milli-Q,Millipore 0.22μm)和牛血清蛋白(AR,纯度98%)。培养普通小球藻(Chlorella sp)时,使用BG11培养基,并在120°C高压灭菌锅中灭菌25分钟,待冷却后备用。其他化学药品均应为分析纯,使用前无需进一步提纯。(1) Synthesis of Cellulose-C1: Dissolve 1 g of cotton pulp in 24 g of AmimCl at 80°C, then add 2.4 g of 2-chloropropionyl chloride while stirring at an ice-water bath. After uniform mixing, transfer to a 40°C oil bath for 2 hours. Upon completion, add ethanol to terminate the reaction and precipitate the sample using ethanol. Filter using a sand core funnel, wash three times, and dry in an 80°C vacuum oven. Dissolve the dried sample in DMSO, precipitate again with ethanol, filter, wash three times, and finally dry in an 80°C vacuum oven to obtain Cellulose-C1 with varying degrees of substitution. (2) Synthesis of Cellulose-BimCl: Dissolve 1 g of Cellulose-Cl in DMF, add 2.5 g of N-butylimidazole, and reflux at 80°C for 24 hours. After reaction completion, precipitate with acetone, filter using a sand core funnel, wash three times, and dry in an 80°C vacuum oven. Dissolve the dried sample in DMSO, precipitate again with acetone, filter, wash three times, and dry in an 80°C vacuum oven to obtain Cellulose-BimCl with varying degrees of substitution. (3) Synthesis of Cellulose-BimPFO: Dissolve 1 g of Cellulose-BimCl in water, add 2.7 g of sodium perfluorooctanoate for anionic exchange. After 12 hours, wash with ultrapure water at least three times and dry in an 80°C vacuum oven. Dissolve the dried sample in DMSO, precipitate again with ultrapure water, filter, wash three times, and dry in an 80°C vacuum oven to obtain Cellulose-BimPFO with varying degrees of substitution.将Cellulose-BimPFO溶解于DMF中,得到 $5-10~\\mathrm{wt}\\%$ 的溶液,然后将其倒入聚四氟乙烯模具中,放置在 ${80}^{\\circ}{\\bf C}$ 热台上4h,用水辅助将膜揭下。随后放置到 ${\\bf80}^{\\circ}{\\bf C}$ 真空烘箱中 $24\\mathrm{h}$ ,烘干以备测试。本章中通过均相衍生法,制备了一种醋酸纤维素1-丁基咪唑氯盐,将氯化铁、氯化铜、氯化钴和氯化镍等通过络合的方式引入到醋酸纤维素上制备了一种对紫外屏蔽和蓝光具有屏蔽作用的材料。醋酸纤维素(CA)在 $80^{\\circ}C$ 真空烘箱干燥 $24$ 小时。使用的其他试剂包括 2-氯丙烯酰氯(纯度 $97\\%$ 直接使用)、N-丁基咪唑(纯度 $98\\%$ 直接使用)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂盐(纯度 $98\\%$ 直接使用)、以及多种氯化盐(均为纯度 $98\\%$ 直接使用)和超纯水(Milli-Q,Millipore $0.22\\upmu\\mathrm{m}$)。其他化学药品均从北京国药化学试剂公司获得,使用前无需进一步提纯。1. 合成醋酸纤维素2-氯丙酸酯(CA-CI):将CA(4.1mmol)溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,在0°C下将13.7mmol的2-氯丙酰氯添加到CA/DMF溶液中,随后转移到40°C油浴中,反应3h;将所得均匀溶液加入乙醇中以终止反应,并用乙醇过滤沉淀物,洗涤三次,最后在真空烘箱中80°C干燥24h以获得CA-Cl。 \\n2. 合成醋酸纤维素1-丁基咪唑氯盐(CA-BimCI):将CA-Cl(3.1mmol)溶解在DMF中,添加14.0mmol的1-丁基咪唑,反应在80°C油浴中进行24h;将所得溶液加入乙醇中以终止反应,过滤沉淀物,洗涤三次,最后在80°C真空干燥24h,以获得CA-BimCl。 \\n3. 合成醋酸纤维素1-丁基咪唑氯化金属盐(CA-BimX):将CA-BimCI(2.5mmol)溶于水中,滴加所需金属氯化盐的水溶液,反应体系在室温搅拌12h;用超纯水透析2天,冻干后在80°C下真空干燥24h,以获得CA-BimX。合成CA-C1的步骤如下:利用可设计的纤维素结构,首先进行均匀且可控的酯化过程,合成纤维素醋酸纤维素2-氯丙酸酯(CA-C1)。接着,通过亲核取代反应,将CA-CI与1-丁基咪唑反应,获得阳离子化纤维素衍生物CA-BimCl。"
|
||
} |