Merge branch 'main' into fix/lint_warnings

benchmarks/video/run_video_benchmark.py

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ def parse_int_or_none(value) -> int | None:
 def check_datasets_formats(repo_ids: list) -> None:
     for repo_id in repo_ids:
         dataset = LeRobotDataset(repo_id)
+        # TODO(Steven): Seems this API has changed
         if dataset.video:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Use only image dataset for running this benchmark. Video dataset provided: {repo_id}"

examples/port_datasets/pusht_zarr.py

@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ def main(raw_dir: Path, repo_id: str, mode: str = "video", push_to_hub: bool = T
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # To try this script, modify the repo id with your own HuggingFace user (e.g cadene/pusht)
-    repo_id = "lerobot/pusht"
+    repository_id = "lerobot/pusht"
 
     modes = ["video", "image", "keypoints"]
     # Uncomment if you want to try with a specific mode
@@ -230,13 +230,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # modes = ["image"]
     # modes = ["keypoints"]
 
-    raw_dir = Path("data/lerobot-raw/pusht_raw")
+    data_dir = Path("data/lerobot-raw/pusht_raw")
-    for mode in modes:
+    for available_mode in modes:
-        if mode in ["image", "keypoints"]:
+        if available_mode in ["image", "keypoints"]:
-            repo_id += f"_{mode}"
+            repository_id += f"_{available_mode}"
 
         # download and load raw dataset, create LeRobotDataset, populate it, push to hub
-        main(raw_dir, repo_id=repo_id, mode=mode)
+        main(data_dir, repo_id=repository_id, mode=available_mode)
 
         # Uncomment if you want to load the local dataset and explore it
         # dataset = LeRobotDataset(repo_id=repo_id)

lerobot/common/datasets/factory.py

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-import logging
-from pprint import pformat
 
 import torch
 
@@ -98,17 +96,17 @@ def make_dataset(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig) -> LeRobotDataset | MultiLeRobotDatas
         )
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError("The MultiLeRobotDataset isn't supported for now.")
-        dataset = MultiLeRobotDataset(
+        # dataset = MultiLeRobotDataset(
-            cfg.dataset.repo_id,
+        #     cfg.dataset.repo_id,
-            # TODO(aliberts): add proper support for multi dataset
+        #     # TODO(aliberts): add proper support for multi dataset
-            # delta_timestamps=delta_timestamps,
+        #     # delta_timestamps=delta_timestamps,
-            image_transforms=image_transforms,
+        #     image_transforms=image_transforms,
-            video_backend=cfg.dataset.video_backend,
+        #     video_backend=cfg.dataset.video_backend,
-        )
+        # )
-        logging.info(
+        # logging.info(
-            "Multiple datasets were provided. Applied the following index mapping to the provided datasets: "
+        #     "Multiple datasets were provided. Applied the following index mapping to the provided datasets: "
-            f"{pformat(dataset.repo_id_to_index, indent=2)}"
+        #     f"{pformat(dataset.repo_id_to_index, indent=2)}"
-        )
+        # )
 
     if cfg.dataset.use_imagenet_stats:
         for key in dataset.meta.camera_keys:

lerobot/common/datasets/image_writer.py

@@ -81,21 +81,21 @@ def write_image(image: np.ndarray | PIL.Image.Image, fpath: Path):
         print(f"Error writing image {fpath}: {e}")
 
 
-def worker_thread_loop(queue: queue.Queue):
+def worker_thread_loop(task_queue: queue.Queue):
     while True:
-        item = queue.get()
+        item = task_queue.get()
         if item is None:
-            queue.task_done()
+            task_queue.task_done()
             break
         image_array, fpath = item
         write_image(image_array, fpath)
-        queue.task_done()
+        task_queue.task_done()
 
 
-def worker_process(queue: queue.Queue, num_threads: int):
+def worker_process(task_queue: queue.Queue, num_threads: int):
     threads = []
     for _ in range(num_threads):
-        t = threading.Thread(target=worker_thread_loop, args=(queue,))
+        t = threading.Thread(target=worker_thread_loop, args=(task_queue,))
         t.daemon = True
         t.start()
         threads.append(t)

lerobot/common/datasets/lerobot_dataset.py

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         self.repo_id = repo_id
         self.revision = revision if revision else CODEBASE_VERSION
         self.root = Path(root) if root is not None else HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id
+        self.stats = None
 
         try:
             if force_cache_sync:
@@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
 
     def load_metadata(self):
         self.info = load_info(self.root)
-        check_version_compatibility(self.repo_id, self._version, CODEBASE_VERSION)
+        check_version_compatibility(self.repo_id, self.version, CODEBASE_VERSION)
         self.tasks, self.task_to_task_index = load_tasks(self.root)
         self.episodes = load_episodes(self.root)
-        if self._version < packaging.version.parse("v2.1"):
+        if self.version < packaging.version.parse("v2.1"):
             self.stats = load_stats(self.root)
             self.episodes_stats = backward_compatible_episodes_stats(self.stats, self.episodes)
         else:
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         )
 
     @property
-    def _version(self) -> packaging.version.Version:
+    def version(self) -> packaging.version.Version:
         """Codebase version used to create this dataset."""
         return packaging.version.parse(self.info["codebase_version"])
 
@@ -321,8 +322,9 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
             robot_type = robot.robot_type
             if not all(cam.fps == fps for cam in robot.cameras.values()):
                 logging.warning(
-                    f"Some cameras in your {robot.robot_type} robot don't have an fps matching the fps of your dataset."
+                    "Some cameras in your %s robot don't have an fps matching the fps of your dataset."
-                    "In this case, frames from lower fps cameras will be repeated to fill in the blanks."
+                    "In this case, frames from lower fps cameras will be repeated to fill in the blanks.",
+                    robot.robot_type,
                 )
         elif features is None:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -486,7 +488,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         self.meta = LeRobotDatasetMetadata(
             self.repo_id, self.root, self.revision, force_cache_sync=force_cache_sync
         )
-        if self.episodes is not None and self.meta._version >= packaging.version.parse("v2.1"):
+        if self.episodes is not None and self.meta.version >= packaging.version.parse("v2.1"):
             episodes_stats = [self.meta.episodes_stats[ep_idx] for ep_idx in self.episodes]
             self.stats = aggregate_stats(episodes_stats)
 
@@ -518,7 +520,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         self,
         branch: str | None = None,
         tags: list | None = None,
-        license: str | None = "apache-2.0",
+        dataset_license: str | None = "apache-2.0",
         tag_version: bool = True,
         push_videos: bool = True,
         private: bool = False,
@@ -561,7 +563,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
 
         if not hub_api.file_exists(self.repo_id, REPOCARD_NAME, repo_type="dataset", revision=branch):
             card = create_lerobot_dataset_card(
-                tags=tags, dataset_info=self.meta.info, license=license, **card_kwargs
+                tags=tags, dataset_info=self.meta.info, license=dataset_license, **card_kwargs
             )
             card.push_to_hub(repo_id=self.repo_id, repo_type="dataset", revision=branch)
 
@@ -842,6 +844,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
                 save the current episode in self.episode_buffer, which is filled with 'add_frame'. Defaults to
                 None.
         """
+        episode_buffer = None
         if not episode_data:
             episode_buffer = self.episode_buffer
 
@@ -1086,8 +1089,9 @@ class MultiLeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         for repo_id, ds in zip(self.repo_ids, self._datasets, strict=True):
             extra_keys = set(ds.features).difference(intersection_features)
             logging.warning(
-                f"keys {extra_keys} of {repo_id} were disabled as they are not contained in all the "
+                "keys %s of %s were disabled as they are not contained in all the other datasets.",
-                "other datasets."
+                extra_keys,
+                repo_id,
             )
             self.disabled_features.update(extra_keys)
 

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/_diffusion_policy_replay_buffer.py

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def rechunk_recompress_array(group, name, chunks=None, chunk_length=None, compre
     # rechunk recompress
     group.move(name, tmp_key)
     old_arr = group[tmp_key]
-    n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy(
+    _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy(
         source=old_arr,
         dest=group,
         name=name,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
         else:
             root = zarr.group(store=store)
             # copy without recompression
-            n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
+            _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
                 source=src_store, dest=store, source_path="/meta", dest_path="/meta", if_exists=if_exists
             )
             data_group = root.create_group("data", overwrite=True)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
                 if cks == value.chunks and cpr == value.compressor:
                     # copy without recompression
                     this_path = "/data/" + key
-                    n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
+                    _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
                         source=src_store,
                         dest=store,
                         source_path=this_path,
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
                     )
                 else:
                     # copy with recompression
-                    n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy(
+                    _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy(
                         source=value,
                         dest=data_group,
                         name=key,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
             compressors = {}
         if self.backend == "zarr":
             # recompression free copy
-            n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
+            _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
                 source=self.root.store,
                 dest=store,
                 source_path="/meta",
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
                 if cks == value.chunks and cpr == value.compressor:
                     # copy without recompression
                     this_path = "/data/" + key
-                    n_copied, n_skipped, n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
+                    _n_copied, _n_skipped, _n_bytes_copied = zarr.copy_store(
                         source=self.root.store,
                         dest=store,
                         source_path=this_path,

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/_download_raw.py

@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@ def download_raw(raw_dir: Path, repo_id: str):
         )
     raw_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
-    logging.info(f"Start downloading from huggingface.co/{user_id} for {dataset_id}")
+    logging.info("Start downloading from huggingface.co/%s for %s", user_id, dataset_id)
     snapshot_download(repo_id, repo_type="dataset", local_dir=raw_dir)
-    logging.info(f"Finish downloading from huggingface.co/{user_id} for {dataset_id}")
+    logging.info("Finish downloading from huggingface.co/%s for %s", user_id, dataset_id)
 
 
 def download_all_raw_datasets(data_dir: Path | None = None):

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/aloha_hdf5_format.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def check_format(raw_dir) -> bool:
                     assert data[f"/observations/images/{camera}"].ndim == 2
                 else:
                     assert data[f"/observations/images/{camera}"].ndim == 4
-                    b, h, w, c = data[f"/observations/images/{camera}"].shape
+                    _, h, w, c = data[f"/observations/images/{camera}"].shape
                     assert c < h and c < w, f"Expect (h,w,c) image format but ({h=},{w=},{c=}) provided."
 
 
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ def load_from_raw(
 
             state = torch.from_numpy(ep["/observations/qpos"][:])
             action = torch.from_numpy(ep["/action"][:])
+            velocity = None
             if "/observations/qvel" in ep:
                 velocity = torch.from_numpy(ep["/observations/qvel"][:])
             if "/observations/effort" in ep:

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/cam_png_format.py

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ def from_raw_to_lerobot_format(
     if fps is None:
         fps = 30
 
+    # TODO(Steven): Is this meant to call cam_png_format.load_from_raw?
     data_dict = load_from_raw(raw_dir, videos_dir, fps, video, episodes)
     hf_dataset = to_hf_dataset(data_dict, video)
     episode_data_index = calculate_episode_data_index(hf_dataset)

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/dora_parquet_format.py

@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ def check_format(raw_dir) -> bool:
     return True
 
 
-def load_from_raw(raw_dir: Path, videos_dir: Path, fps: int, video: bool, episodes: list[int] | None = None):
+def load_from_raw(
+    raw_dir: Path, videos_dir: Path, fps: int, _video: bool, _episodes: list[int] | None = None
+):
     # Load data stream that will be used as reference for the timestamps synchronization
     reference_files = list(raw_dir.glob("observation.images.cam_*.parquet"))
     if len(reference_files) == 0:

lerobot/common/datasets/push_dataset_to_hub/utils.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def save_images_concurrently(imgs_array: numpy.array, out_dir: Path, max_workers
 
     num_images = len(imgs_array)
     with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
-        [executor.submit(save_image, imgs_array[i], i, out_dir) for i in range(num_images)]
+        _ = [executor.submit(save_image, imgs_array[i], i, out_dir) for i in range(num_images)]
 
 
 def get_default_encoding() -> dict:
@@ -92,24 +92,23 @@ def calculate_episode_data_index(hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset) -> Dict[str, torc
     episode_data_index = {"from": [], "to": []}
 
     current_episode = None
-    """
+    # The episode_index is a list of integers, each representing the episode index of the corresponding example.
-    The episode_index is a list of integers, each representing the episode index of the corresponding example.
+    # For instance, the following is a valid episode_index:
-    For instance, the following is a valid episode_index:
+    #   [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
-      [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
+    #
-
+    # Below, we iterate through the episode_index and populate the episode_data_index dictionary with the starting and
-    Below, we iterate through the episode_index and populate the episode_data_index dictionary with the starting and
+    # ending index of each episode. For the episode_index above, the episode_data_index dictionary will look like this:
-    ending index of each episode. For the episode_index above, the episode_data_index dictionary will look like this:
+    #     {
-        {
+    #         "from": [0, 3, 7],
-            "from": [0, 3, 7],
+    #         "to": [3, 7, 12]
-            "to": [3, 7, 12]
+    #     }
-        }
-    """
     if len(hf_dataset) == 0:
         episode_data_index = {
             "from": torch.tensor([]),
             "to": torch.tensor([]),
         }
         return episode_data_index
+    idx = None
     for idx, episode_idx in enumerate(hf_dataset["episode_index"]):
         if episode_idx != current_episode:
             # We encountered a new episode, so we append its starting location to the "from" list

lerobot/common/datasets/transforms.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from torchvision.transforms.v2 import Transform
 from torchvision.transforms.v2 import functional as F  # noqa: N812
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): Missing transform() implementation
 class RandomSubsetApply(Transform):
     """Apply a random subset of N transformations from a list of transformations.
 
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ def make_transform_from_config(cfg: ImageTransformConfig):
         raise ValueError(f"Transform '{cfg.type}' is not valid.")
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): Missing transform() implementation
 class ImageTransforms(Transform):
     """A class to compose image transforms based on configuration."""
 

lerobot/common/datasets/utils.py

@@ -135,21 +135,21 @@ def serialize_dict(stats: dict[str, torch.Tensor | np.ndarray | dict]) -> dict:
 
 def embed_images(dataset: datasets.Dataset) -> datasets.Dataset:
     # Embed image bytes into the table before saving to parquet
-    format = dataset.format
+    ds_format = dataset.format
     dataset = dataset.with_format("arrow")
     dataset = dataset.map(embed_table_storage, batched=False)
-    dataset = dataset.with_format(**format)
+    dataset = dataset.with_format(**ds_format)
     return dataset
 
 
 def load_json(fpath: Path) -> Any:
-    with open(fpath) as f:
+    with open(fpath, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return json.load(f)
 
 
 def write_json(data: dict, fpath: Path) -> None:
     fpath.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
-    with open(fpath, "w") as f:
+    with open(fpath, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(data, f, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False)
 
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ def check_version_compatibility(
     if v_check.major < v_current.major and enforce_breaking_major:
         raise BackwardCompatibilityError(repo_id, v_check)
     elif v_check.minor < v_current.minor:
-        logging.warning(V21_MESSAGE.format(repo_id=repo_id, version=v_check))
+        logging.warning("%s", V21_MESSAGE.format(repo_id=repo_id, version=v_check))
 
 
 def get_repo_versions(repo_id: str) -> list[packaging.version.Version]:
@@ -348,7 +348,9 @@ def get_safe_version(repo_id: str, version: str | packaging.version.Version) ->
     if compatibles:
         return_version = max(compatibles)
         if return_version < target_version:
-            logging.warning(f"Revision {version} for {repo_id} not found, using version v{return_version}")
+            logging.warning(
+                "Revision %s for %s not found, using version v%s", version, repo_id, return_version
+            )
         return f"v{return_version}"
 
     lower_major = [v for v in hub_versions if v.major < target_version.major]
@@ -403,7 +405,7 @@ def dataset_to_policy_features(features: dict[str, dict]) -> dict[str, PolicyFea
     for key, ft in features.items():
         shape = ft["shape"]
         if ft["dtype"] in ["image", "video"]:
-            type = FeatureType.VISUAL
+            feature_type = FeatureType.VISUAL
             if len(shape) != 3:
                 raise ValueError(f"Number of dimensions of {key} != 3 (shape={shape})")
 
@@ -412,16 +414,16 @@ def dataset_to_policy_features(features: dict[str, dict]) -> dict[str, PolicyFea
             if names[2] in ["channel", "channels"]:  # (h, w, c) -> (c, h, w)
                 shape = (shape[2], shape[0], shape[1])
         elif key == "observation.environment_state":
-            type = FeatureType.ENV
+            feature_type = FeatureType.ENV
         elif key.startswith("observation"):
-            type = FeatureType.STATE
+            feature_type = FeatureType.STATE
         elif key == "action":
-            type = FeatureType.ACTION
+            feature_type = FeatureType.ACTION
         else:
             continue
 
         policy_features[key] = PolicyFeature(
-            type=type,
+            type=feature_type,
             shape=shape,
         )
 

lerobot/common/datasets/v2/batch_convert_dataset_v1_to_v2.py

@@ -871,11 +871,11 @@ def batch_convert():
         try:
             convert_dataset(repo_id, LOCAL_DIR, **kwargs)
             status = f"{repo_id}: success."
-            with open(logfile, "a") as file:
+            with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as file:
                 file.write(status + "\n")
         except Exception:
             status = f"{repo_id}: failed\n    {traceback.format_exc()}"
-            with open(logfile, "a") as file:
+            with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as file:
                 file.write(status + "\n")
             continue
 

lerobot/common/datasets/v2/convert_dataset_v1_to_v2.py

@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ def convert_stats_to_json(v1_dir: Path, v2_dir: Path) -> None:
 
     json_path = v2_dir / STATS_PATH
     json_path.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
-    with open(json_path, "w") as f:
+    with open(json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(serialized_stats, f, indent=4)
 
     # Sanity check
-    with open(json_path) as f:
+    with open(json_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         stats_json = json.load(f)
 
     stats_json = flatten_dict(stats_json)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def get_features_from_hf_dataset(
             dtype = ft.dtype
             shape = (1,)
             names = None
-        if isinstance(ft, datasets.Sequence):
+        elif isinstance(ft, datasets.Sequence):
             assert isinstance(ft.feature, datasets.Value)
             dtype = ft.feature.dtype
             shape = (ft.length,)
@@ -232,6 +232,8 @@ def get_features_from_hf_dataset(
             dtype = "video"
             shape = None  # Add shape later
             names = ["height", "width", "channels"]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Feature type {ft._type} not supported.")
 
         features[key] = {
             "dtype": dtype,
@@ -358,9 +360,9 @@ def move_videos(
                 if len(video_dirs) == 1:
                     video_path = video_dirs[0] / video_file
                 else:
-                    for dir in video_dirs:
+                    for v_dir in video_dirs:
-                        if (dir / video_file).is_file():
+                        if (v_dir / video_file).is_file():
-                            video_path = dir / video_file
+                            video_path = v_dir / video_file
                             break
 
                 video_path.rename(work_dir / target_path)
@@ -652,6 +654,7 @@ def main():
     if not args.local_dir:
         args.local_dir = Path("/tmp/lerobot_dataset_v2")
 
+    robot_config = None
     if args.robot is not None:
         robot_config = make_robot_config(args.robot)
 

lerobot/common/datasets/v21/_remove_language_instruction.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def fix_dataset(repo_id: str) -> str:
         return f"{repo_id}: skipped (no diff)"
 
     if diff_meta_parquet:
-        logging.warning(f"In info.json not in parquet: {meta_features - parquet_features}")
+        logging.warning("In info.json not in parquet: %s", meta_features - parquet_features)
         assert diff_meta_parquet == {"language_instruction"}
         lerobot_metadata.features.pop("language_instruction")
         write_info(lerobot_metadata.info, lerobot_metadata.root)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def batch_fix():
             status = f"{repo_id}: failed\n    {traceback.format_exc()}"
 
         logging.info(status)
-        with open(logfile, "a") as file:
+        with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as file:
             file.write(status + "\n")
 
 

lerobot/common/datasets/v21/batch_convert_dataset_v20_to_v21.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def batch_convert():
         except Exception:
             status = f"{repo_id}: failed\n    {traceback.format_exc()}"
 
-        with open(logfile, "a") as file:
+        with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as file:
             file.write(status + "\n")
 
 

lerobot/common/datasets/v21/convert_dataset_v20_to_v21.py

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ V21 = "v2.1"
 
 
 class SuppressWarnings:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.previous_level = None
+
     def __enter__(self):
         self.previous_level = logging.getLogger().getEffectiveLevel()
         logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.ERROR)

lerobot/common/datasets/video_utils.py

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def decode_video_frames_torchvision(
     for frame in reader:
         current_ts = frame["pts"]
         if log_loaded_timestamps:
-            logging.info(f"frame loaded at timestamp={current_ts:.4f}")
+            logging.info("frame loaded at timestamp=%.4f", current_ts)
         loaded_frames.append(frame["data"])
         loaded_ts.append(current_ts)
         if current_ts >= last_ts:
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def decode_video_frames_torchvision(
     closest_ts = loaded_ts[argmin_]
 
     if log_loaded_timestamps:
-        logging.info(f"{closest_ts=}")
+        logging.info("closest_ts=%s", closest_ts)
 
     # convert to the pytorch format which is float32 in [0,1] range (and channel first)
     closest_frames = closest_frames.type(torch.float32) / 255
@@ -227,7 +227,9 @@ def get_audio_info(video_path: Path | str) -> dict:
         "json",
         str(video_path),
     ]
-    result = subprocess.run(ffprobe_audio_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ffprobe_audio_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, check=True
+    )
     if result.returncode != 0:
         raise RuntimeError(f"Error running ffprobe: {result.stderr}")
 
@@ -263,7 +265,9 @@ def get_video_info(video_path: Path | str) -> dict:
         "json",
         str(video_path),
     ]
-    result = subprocess.run(ffprobe_video_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ffprobe_video_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, check=True
+    )
     if result.returncode != 0:
         raise RuntimeError(f"Error running ffprobe: {result.stderr}")
 

lerobot/common/envs/configs.py

@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ class EnvConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, abc.ABC):
     def type(self) -> str:
         return self.get_choice_name(self.__class__)
 
-    @abc.abstractproperty
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def gym_kwargs(self) -> dict:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 

lerobot/common/optim/optimizers.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class OptimizerConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, abc.ABC):
         return "adam"
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def build(self) -> torch.optim.Optimizer:
+    def build(self, params: dict) -> torch.optim.Optimizer:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 

lerobot/common/policies/act/configuration_act.py

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class ACTConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        """Input validation (not exhaustive)."""
+        # Input validation (not exhaustive).
         if not self.vision_backbone.startswith("resnet"):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"`vision_backbone` must be one of the ResNet variants. Got {self.vision_backbone}."

lerobot/common/policies/act/modeling_act.py

@@ -222,6 +222,8 @@ class ACTTemporalEnsembler:
         self.chunk_size = chunk_size
         self.ensemble_weights = torch.exp(-temporal_ensemble_coeff * torch.arange(chunk_size))
         self.ensemble_weights_cumsum = torch.cumsum(self.ensemble_weights, dim=0)
+        self.ensembled_actions = None
+        self.ensembled_actions_count = None
         self.reset()
 
     def reset(self):

lerobot/common/policies/diffusion/configuration_diffusion.py

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        """Input validation (not exhaustive)."""
+        # Input validation (not exhaustive).
         if not self.vision_backbone.startswith("resnet"):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"`vision_backbone` must be one of the ResNet variants. Got {self.vision_backbone}."

lerobot/common/policies/diffusion/modeling_diffusion.py

@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ def _make_noise_scheduler(name: str, **kwargs: dict) -> DDPMScheduler | DDIMSche
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported noise scheduler type {name}")
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): Missing forward() implementation
 class DiffusionModel(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, config: DiffusionConfig):
         super().__init__()
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ class DiffusionModel(nn.Module):
         )
 
         if config.num_inference_steps is None:
+            # TODO(Steven): Consider type check?
             self.num_inference_steps = self.noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps
         else:
             self.num_inference_steps = config.num_inference_steps
@@ -333,7 +335,7 @@ class DiffusionModel(nn.Module):
         # Sample a random noising timestep for each item in the batch.
         timesteps = torch.randint(
             low=0,
-            high=self.noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps,
+            high=self.noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps,  # TODO(Steven): Consider type check?
             size=(trajectory.shape[0],),
             device=trajectory.device,
         ).long()

lerobot/common/policies/normalize.py

@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ def create_stats_buffers(
                 }
             )
         elif norm_mode is NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX:
-            min = torch.ones(shape, dtype=torch.float32) * torch.inf
+            min_norm = torch.ones(shape, dtype=torch.float32) * torch.inf
-            max = torch.ones(shape, dtype=torch.float32) * torch.inf
+            max_norm = torch.ones(shape, dtype=torch.float32) * torch.inf
             buffer = nn.ParameterDict(
                 {
-                    "min": nn.Parameter(min, requires_grad=False),
+                    "min": nn.Parameter(min_norm, requires_grad=False),
-                    "max": nn.Parameter(max, requires_grad=False),
+                    "max": nn.Parameter(max_norm, requires_grad=False),
                 }
             )
 
@@ -170,12 +170,12 @@ class Normalize(nn.Module):
                 assert not torch.isinf(std).any(), _no_stats_error_str("std")
                 batch[key] = (batch[key] - mean) / (std + 1e-8)
             elif norm_mode is NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX:
-                min = buffer["min"]
+                min_norm = buffer["min"]
-                max = buffer["max"]
+                max_norm = buffer["max"]
-                assert not torch.isinf(min).any(), _no_stats_error_str("min")
+                assert not torch.isinf(min_norm).any(), _no_stats_error_str("min")
-                assert not torch.isinf(max).any(), _no_stats_error_str("max")
+                assert not torch.isinf(max_norm).any(), _no_stats_error_str("max")
                 # normalize to [0,1]
-                batch[key] = (batch[key] - min) / (max - min + 1e-8)
+                batch[key] = (batch[key] - min_norm) / (max_norm - min_norm + 1e-8)
                 # normalize to [-1, 1]
                 batch[key] = batch[key] * 2 - 1
             else:
@@ -243,12 +243,12 @@ class Unnormalize(nn.Module):
                 assert not torch.isinf(std).any(), _no_stats_error_str("std")
                 batch[key] = batch[key] * std + mean
             elif norm_mode is NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX:
-                min = buffer["min"]
+                min_norm = buffer["min"]
-                max = buffer["max"]
+                max_norm = buffer["max"]
-                assert not torch.isinf(min).any(), _no_stats_error_str("min")
+                assert not torch.isinf(min_norm).any(), _no_stats_error_str("min")
-                assert not torch.isinf(max).any(), _no_stats_error_str("max")
+                assert not torch.isinf(max_norm).any(), _no_stats_error_str("max")
                 batch[key] = (batch[key] + 1) / 2
-                batch[key] = batch[key] * (max - min) + min
+                batch[key] = batch[key] * (max_norm - min_norm) + min_norm
             else:
                 raise ValueError(norm_mode)
         return batch

lerobot/common/policies/pi0/configuration_pi0.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class PI0Config(PreTrainedConfig):
         super().__post_init__()
 
         # TODO(Steven): Validate device and amp? in all policy configs?
-        """Input validation (not exhaustive)."""
+        # Input validation (not exhaustive).
         if self.n_action_steps > self.chunk_size:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"The chunk size is the upper bound for the number of action steps per model invocation. Got "

lerobot/common/policies/pi0/conversion_scripts/compare_with_jax.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def main():
     with open(save_dir / "noise.pkl", "rb") as f:
         noise = pickle.load(f)
 
-    with open(ckpt_jax_dir / "assets/norm_stats.json") as f:
+    with open(ckpt_jax_dir / "assets/norm_stats.json", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         norm_stats = json.load(f)
 
     # Override stats

lerobot/common/policies/pi0/conversion_scripts/convert_pi0_to_hf_lerobot.py

@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ def update_keys_with_prefix(d: dict, prefix: str) -> dict:
     return {f"{prefix}{key}": value for key, value in d.items()}
 
 
-def convert_pi0_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir: str, precision: str, tokenizer_id: str, output_path: str):
+def convert_pi0_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir: str, precision: str, _tokenizer_id: str, output_path: str):
     # Break down orbax ckpts - they are in OCDBT
     initial_params = slice_initial_orbax_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir=checkpoint_dir)
     # process projection params
@@ -432,6 +432,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     convert_pi0_checkpoint(
         checkpoint_dir=args.checkpoint_dir,
         precision=args.precision,
-        tokenizer_id=args.tokenizer_hub_id,
+        _tokenizer_id=args.tokenizer_hub_id,
         output_path=args.output_path,
     )

lerobot/common/policies/pi0/flex_attention.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
 from packaging.version import Version
 
+# TODO(Steven): Consider settings this a dependency constraint
 if Version(torch.__version__) > Version("2.5.0"):
     # Ffex attention is only available from torch 2.5 onwards
     from torch.nn.attention.flex_attention import (
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ def flex_attention_forward(
     )
 
     #  mask is applied inside the kernel, ideally more efficiently than score_mod.
-    attn_output, attention_weights = flex_attention(
+    attn_output, _attention_weights = flex_attention(
         query_states,
         key_states,
         value_states,

lerobot/common/policies/tdmpc/configuration_tdmpc.py

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class TDMPCConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        """Input validation (not exhaustive)."""
+        # Input validation (not exhaustive).
         if self.n_gaussian_samples <= 0:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"The number of gaussian samples for CEM should be non-zero. Got `{self.n_gaussian_samples=}`"

lerobot/common/policies/tdmpc/modeling_tdmpc.py

@@ -88,6 +88,9 @@ class TDMPCPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         for param in self.model_target.parameters():
             param.requires_grad = False
 
+        self._queues = None
+        self._prev_mean: torch.Tensor | None = None
+
         self.reset()
 
     def get_optim_params(self) -> dict:
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ class TDMPCPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
             self._queues["observation.environment_state"] = deque(maxlen=1)
         # Previous mean obtained from the cross-entropy method (CEM) used during MPC. It is used to warm start
         # CEM for the next step.
-        self._prev_mean: torch.Tensor | None = None
+        self._prev_mean = None
 
     @torch.no_grad()
     def select_action(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:
@@ -514,6 +517,7 @@ class TDMPCPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         update_ema_parameters(self.model_target, self.model, self.config.target_model_momentum)
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): forward implementation missing
 class TDMPCTOLD(nn.Module):
     """Task-Oriented Latent Dynamics (TOLD) model used in TD-MPC."""
 

lerobot/common/policies/vqbet/configuration_vqbet.py

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class VQBeTConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        """Input validation (not exhaustive)."""
+        # Input validation (not exhaustive).
         if not self.vision_backbone.startswith("resnet"):
             raise ValueError(
                 f"`vision_backbone` must be one of the ResNet variants. Got {self.vision_backbone}."

lerobot/common/policies/vqbet/modeling_vqbet.py

@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class VQBeTPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
 
         self.vqbet = VQBeTModel(config)
 
+        self._queues = None
+
         self.reset()
 
     def get_optim_params(self) -> dict:
@@ -535,7 +537,7 @@ class VQBeTHead(nn.Module):
                 cbet_logits, "(NT) (G C) -> (NT) G C", G=self.vqvae_model.vqvae_num_layers
             )
             cbet_probs = torch.softmax(cbet_logits / self.config.bet_softmax_temperature, dim=-1)
-            NT, G, choices = cbet_probs.shape
+            NT, _G, choices = cbet_probs.shape
             sampled_centers = einops.rearrange(
                 torch.multinomial(cbet_probs.view(-1, choices), num_samples=1),
                 "(NT G) 1 -> NT G",
@@ -578,7 +580,7 @@ class VQBeTHead(nn.Module):
             "decoded_action": decoded_action,
         }
 
-    def loss_fn(self, pred, target, **kwargs):
+    def loss_fn(self, pred, target, **_kwargs):
         """
         for given ground truth action values (target), and prediction (pred) this function calculates the overall loss.
 
@@ -605,7 +607,7 @@ class VQBeTHead(nn.Module):
         # Figure out the loss for the actions.
         # First, we need to find the closest cluster center for each ground truth action.
         with torch.no_grad():
-            state_vq, action_bins = self.vqvae_model.get_code(action_seq)  # action_bins: NT, G
+            _state_vq, action_bins = self.vqvae_model.get_code(action_seq)  # action_bins: NT, G
 
         # Now we can compute the loss.
 
@@ -762,6 +764,7 @@ def _replace_submodules(
     return root_module
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): Missing implementation of forward, is it maybe vqvae_forward?
 class VqVae(nn.Module):
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -876,13 +879,13 @@ class FocalLoss(nn.Module):
         self.gamma = gamma
         self.size_average = size_average
 
-    def forward(self, input, target):
+    def forward(self, forward_input, target):
-        if len(input.shape) == 3:
+        if len(forward_input.shape) == 3:
-            N, T, _ = input.shape
+            N, T, _ = forward_input.shape
-            logpt = F.log_softmax(input, dim=-1)
+            logpt = F.log_softmax(forward_input, dim=-1)
             logpt = logpt.gather(-1, target.view(N, T, 1)).view(N, T)
-        elif len(input.shape) == 2:
+        elif len(forward_input.shape) == 2:
-            logpt = F.log_softmax(input, dim=-1)
+            logpt = F.log_softmax(forward_input, dim=-1)
             logpt = logpt.gather(-1, target.view(-1, 1)).view(-1)
         pt = logpt.exp()
 

lerobot/common/policies/vqbet/vqbet_utils.py

@@ -34,63 +34,58 @@ from lerobot.common.policies.vqbet.configuration_vqbet import VQBeTConfig
 
 # ruff: noqa: N806
 
-"""
+# This file is part of a VQ-BeT that utilizes code from the following repositories:
-This file is part of a VQ-BeT that utilizes code from the following repositories:
+#
+#     - Vector Quantize PyTorch code is licensed under the MIT License:
+#         Original source: https://github.com/lucidrains/vector-quantize-pytorch
+#
+#     - nanoGPT part is an adaptation of Andrej Karpathy's nanoGPT implementation in PyTorch.
+#         Original source: https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT
+#
+# We also made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs. The changes are described in the code below.
 
-    - Vector Quantize PyTorch code is licensed under the MIT License:
+# This is a part for nanoGPT that utilizes code from the following repository:
-        Original source: https://github.com/lucidrains/vector-quantize-pytorch
+#
-
+#     - Andrej Karpathy's nanoGPT implementation in PyTorch.
-    - nanoGPT part is an adaptation of Andrej Karpathy's nanoGPT implementation in PyTorch.
+#         Original source: https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT
-        Original source: https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT
+#
-
+#     - The nanoGPT code is licensed under the MIT License:
-We also made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs. The changes are described in the code below.
+#
-"""
+#     MIT License
-
+#
-"""
+#     Copyright (c) 2022 Andrej Karpathy
-This is a part for nanoGPT that utilizes code from the following repository:
+#
-
+#     Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-    - Andrej Karpathy's nanoGPT implementation in PyTorch.
+#     of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-        Original source: https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT
+#     in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-
+#     to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-    - The nanoGPT code is licensed under the MIT License:
+#     copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-
+#     furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-    MIT License
+#
-
+#     The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-    Copyright (c) 2022 Andrej Karpathy
+#     copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
+#
-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+#     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+#     IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+#     FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+#     AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+#     LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#     OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-
+#     SOFTWARE.
-    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#
-    copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#     - We've made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs.
-
+#
-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#         Changed variable names:
-    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+#             - n_head -> gpt_n_head
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+#             - n_embd -> gpt_hidden_dim
-    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+#             - block_size -> gpt_block_size
-    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+#             - n_layer -> gpt_n_layer
-    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+#
-    SOFTWARE.
+#
-
+#         class GPT(nn.Module):
-    - We've made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs.
+#             - removed unused functions `def generate`, `def estimate_mfu`, and `def from_pretrained`
-
+#             - changed the `configure_optimizers` to `def configure_parameters` and made it to return only the parameters of the model: we use an external optimizer in our training loop.
-        Changed variable names:
+#             - in the function `forward`, we removed target loss calculation parts, since it will be calculated in the training loop (after passing through bin prediction and offset prediction heads).
-            - n_head -> gpt_n_head
-            - n_embd -> gpt_hidden_dim
-            - block_size -> gpt_block_size
-            - n_layer -> gpt_n_layer
-
-
-        class GPT(nn.Module):
-            - removed unused functions `def generate`, `def estimate_mfu`, and `def from_pretrained`
-            - changed the `configure_optimizers` to `def configure_parameters` and made it to return only the parameters of the model: we use an external optimizer in our training loop.
-            - in the function `forward`, we removed target loss calculation parts, since it will be calculated in the training loop (after passing through bin prediction and offset prediction heads).
-
-"""
 
 
 class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
@@ -200,9 +195,9 @@ class GPT(nn.Module):
         n_params = sum(p.numel() for p in self.parameters())
         print("number of parameters: {:.2f}M".format(n_params / 1e6))
 
-    def forward(self, input, targets=None):
+    def forward(self, forward_input):
-        device = input.device
+        device = forward_input.device
-        b, t, d = input.size()
+        _, t, _ = forward_input.size()
         assert t <= self.config.gpt_block_size, (
             f"Cannot forward sequence of length {t}, block size is only {self.config.gpt_block_size}"
         )
@@ -211,7 +206,7 @@ class GPT(nn.Module):
         pos = torch.arange(0, t, dtype=torch.long, device=device).unsqueeze(0)  # shape (1, t)
 
         # forward the GPT model itself
-        tok_emb = self.transformer.wte(input)  # token embeddings of shape (b, t, gpt_hidden_dim)
+        tok_emb = self.transformer.wte(forward_input)  # token embeddings of shape (b, t, gpt_hidden_dim)
         pos_emb = self.transformer.wpe(pos)  # position embeddings of shape (1, t, gpt_hidden_dim)
         x = self.transformer.drop(tok_emb + pos_emb)
         for block in self.transformer.h:
@@ -285,51 +280,48 @@ class GPT(nn.Module):
         return decay, no_decay
 
 
-"""
+# This file is a part for Residual Vector Quantization that utilizes code from the following repository:
-This file is a part for Residual Vector Quantization that utilizes code from the following repository:
+#
-
+#     - Phil Wang's vector-quantize-pytorch implementation in PyTorch.
-    - Phil Wang's vector-quantize-pytorch implementation in PyTorch.
+#         Original source: https://github.com/lucidrains/vector-quantize-pytorch
-        Original source: https://github.com/lucidrains/vector-quantize-pytorch
+#
-
+#     - The vector-quantize-pytorch code is licensed under the MIT License:
-    - The vector-quantize-pytorch code is licensed under the MIT License:
+#
-
+#         MIT License
-        MIT License
+#
-
+#         Copyright (c) 2020 Phil Wang
-        Copyright (c) 2020 Phil Wang
+#
-
+#         Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-        Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+#         of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-        of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+#         in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-        in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+#         to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-        to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+#         copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-        copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+#         furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-        furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
-
+#         The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-        The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#         copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-        copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
-
+#         THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-        THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#         IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-        IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+#         FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-        FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+#         AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-        AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+#         LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-        LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+#         OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-        OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+#         SOFTWARE.
-        SOFTWARE.
+#
-
+#     - We've made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs.
-    - We've made some changes to the original code to adapt it to our needs.
+#
-
+#         class ResidualVQ(nn.Module):
-        class ResidualVQ(nn.Module):
+#             - added `self.register_buffer('freeze_codebook', torch.tensor(False))` to the __init__ method:
-            - added `self.register_buffer('freeze_codebook', torch.tensor(False))` to the __init__ method:
+#                 This enables the user to save an indicator whether the codebook is frozen or not.
-                This enables the user to save an indicator whether the codebook is frozen or not.
+#             - changed the name of function `get_codes_from_indices` → `get_codebook_vector_from_indices`:
-            - changed the name of function `get_codes_from_indices` → `get_codebook_vector_from_indices`:
+#                 This is to make the function name more descriptive.
-                This is to make the function name more descriptive.
+#
-
+#         class VectorQuantize(nn.Module):
-        class VectorQuantize(nn.Module):
+#             - removed the `use_cosine_sim` and `layernorm_after_project_in` parameters from the __init__ method:
-            - removed the `use_cosine_sim` and `layernorm_after_project_in` parameters from the __init__ method:
+#                 These parameters are not used in the code.
-                These parameters are not used in the code.
+#             - changed the name of function `get_codes_from_indices` → `get_codebook_vector_from_indices`:
-            - changed the name of function `get_codes_from_indices` → `get_codebook_vector_from_indices`:
+#                 This is to make the function name more descriptive.
-                This is to make the function name more descriptive.
-
-"""
 
 
 class ResidualVQ(nn.Module):
@@ -479,6 +471,9 @@ class ResidualVQ(nn.Module):
 
         should_quantize_dropout = self.training and self.quantize_dropout and not return_loss
 
+        null_indices = None
+        null_loss = None
+
         # sample a layer index at which to dropout further residual quantization
         # also prepare null indices and loss
 
@@ -933,7 +928,7 @@ class VectorQuantize(nn.Module):
         return quantize, embed_ind, loss
 
 
-def noop(*args, **kwargs):
+def noop(*_args, **_kwargs):
     pass
 
 

lerobot/common/robot_devices/cameras/intelrealsense.py

@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ def save_image(img_array, serial_number, frame_index, images_dir):
         path = images_dir / f"camera_{serial_number}_frame_{frame_index:06d}.png"
         path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         img.save(str(path), quality=100)
-        logging.info(f"Saved image: {path}")
+        logging.info("Saved image: %s", path)
     except Exception as e:
-        logging.error(f"Failed to save image for camera {serial_number} frame {frame_index}: {e}")
+        logging.error("Failed to save image for camera %s frame %s: %s", serial_number, frame_index, e)
 
 
 def save_images_from_cameras(
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ class IntelRealSenseCamera:
             num_tries += 1
             time.sleep(1 / self.fps)
             if num_tries > self.fps and (self.thread.ident is None or not self.thread.is_alive()):
-                raise Exception(
+                raise TimeoutError(
                     "The thread responsible for `self.async_read()` took too much time to start. There might be an issue. Verify that `self.thread.start()` has been called."
                 )
 

lerobot/common/robot_devices/cameras/opencv.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ from lerobot.common.utils.utils import capture_timestamp_utc
 MAX_OPENCV_INDEX = 60
 
 
-def find_cameras(raise_when_empty=False, max_index_search_range=MAX_OPENCV_INDEX, mock=False) -> list[dict]:
+def find_cameras(max_index_search_range=MAX_OPENCV_INDEX, mock=False) -> list[dict]:
     cameras = []
     if platform.system() == "Linux":
         print("Linux detected. Finding available camera indices through scanning '/dev/video*' ports")

lerobot/common/robot_devices/motors/dynamixel.py

@@ -169,7 +169,8 @@ def convert_degrees_to_steps(degrees: float | np.ndarray, models: str | list[str
     return steps
 
 
-def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
+# TODO(Steven): Similar function in feetch.py, should be moved to a common place.
+def convert_to_bytes(value, byte, mock=False):
     if mock:
         return value
 
@@ -177,16 +178,16 @@ def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
 
     # Note: No need to convert back into unsigned int, since this byte preprocessing
     # already handles it for us.
-    if bytes == 1:
+    if byte == 1:
         data = [
             dxl.DXL_LOBYTE(dxl.DXL_LOWORD(value)),
         ]
-    elif bytes == 2:
+    elif byte == 2:
         data = [
             dxl.DXL_LOBYTE(dxl.DXL_LOWORD(value)),
             dxl.DXL_HIBYTE(dxl.DXL_LOWORD(value)),
         ]
-    elif bytes == 4:
+    elif byte == 4:
         data = [
             dxl.DXL_LOBYTE(dxl.DXL_LOWORD(value)),
             dxl.DXL_HIBYTE(dxl.DXL_LOWORD(value)),
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
             f"Value of the number of bytes to be sent is expected to be in [1, 2, 4], but "
-            f"{bytes} is provided instead."
+            f"{byte} is provided instead."
         )
     return data
 
@@ -228,9 +229,9 @@ def assert_same_address(model_ctrl_table, motor_models, data_name):
     all_addr = []
     all_bytes = []
     for model in motor_models:
-        addr, bytes = model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         all_addr.append(addr)
-        all_bytes.append(bytes)
+        all_bytes.append(byte)
 
     if len(set(all_addr)) != 1:
         raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -576,6 +577,8 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
                 # (start_pos - values[i]) / resolution <= factor <= (end_pos - values[i]) / resolution
                 low_factor = (start_pos - values[i]) / resolution
                 upp_factor = (end_pos - values[i]) / resolution
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown calibration mode '{calib_mode}'.")
 
             if not in_range:
                 # Get first integer between the two bounds
@@ -596,10 +599,15 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
                 elif CalibrationMode[calib_mode] == CalibrationMode.LINEAR:
                     out_of_range_str = f"{LOWER_BOUND_LINEAR} < {calib_val} < {UPPER_BOUND_LINEAR} %"
                     in_range_str = f"{LOWER_BOUND_LINEAR} < {calib_val} < {UPPER_BOUND_LINEAR} %"
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Unknown calibration mode '{calib_mode}'.")
 
                 logging.warning(
-                    f"Auto-correct calibration of motor '{name}' by shifting value by {abs(factor)} full turns, "
+                    "Auto-correct calibration of motor '%s' by shifting value by {abs(factor)} full turns, "
-                    f"from '{out_of_range_str}' to '{in_range_str}'."
+                    "from '%s' to '%s'.",
+                    name,
+                    out_of_range_str,
+                    in_range_str,
                 )
 
                 # A full turn corresponds to 360 degrees but also to 4096 steps for a motor resolution of 4096.
@@ -656,8 +664,8 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
             motor_ids = [motor_ids]
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, self.motor_models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
-        group = dxl.GroupSyncRead(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes)
+        group = dxl.GroupSyncRead(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte)
         for idx in motor_ids:
             group.addParam(idx)
 
@@ -674,7 +682,7 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
 
         values = []
         for idx in motor_ids:
-            value = group.getData(idx, addr, bytes)
+            value = group.getData(idx, addr, byte)
             values.append(value)
 
         if return_list:
@@ -709,13 +717,13 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
             models.append(model)
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         group_key = get_group_sync_key(data_name, motor_names)
 
         if data_name not in self.group_readers:
             # create new group reader
             self.group_readers[group_key] = dxl.GroupSyncRead(
-                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes
+                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte
             )
             for idx in motor_ids:
                 self.group_readers[group_key].addParam(idx)
@@ -733,7 +741,7 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
 
         values = []
         for idx in motor_ids:
-            value = self.group_readers[group_key].getData(idx, addr, bytes)
+            value = self.group_readers[group_key].getData(idx, addr, byte)
             values.append(value)
 
         values = np.array(values)
@@ -767,10 +775,10 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
             values = [values]
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, motor_models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
-        group = dxl.GroupSyncWrite(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes)
+        group = dxl.GroupSyncWrite(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte)
         for idx, value in zip(motor_ids, values, strict=True):
-            data = convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, self.mock)
+            data = convert_to_bytes(value, byte, self.mock)
             group.addParam(idx, data)
 
         for _ in range(num_retry):
@@ -821,17 +829,17 @@ class DynamixelMotorsBus:
         values = values.tolist()
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         group_key = get_group_sync_key(data_name, motor_names)
 
         init_group = data_name not in self.group_readers
         if init_group:
             self.group_writers[group_key] = dxl.GroupSyncWrite(
-                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes
+                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte
             )
 
         for idx, value in zip(motor_ids, values, strict=True):
-            data = convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, self.mock)
+            data = convert_to_bytes(value, byte, self.mock)
             if init_group:
                 self.group_writers[group_key].addParam(idx, data)
             else:

lerobot/common/robot_devices/motors/feetech.py

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def convert_degrees_to_steps(degrees: float | np.ndarray, models: str | list[str
     return steps
 
 
-def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
+def convert_to_bytes(value, byte, mock=False):
     if mock:
         return value
 
@@ -156,16 +156,16 @@ def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
 
     # Note: No need to convert back into unsigned int, since this byte preprocessing
     # already handles it for us.
-    if bytes == 1:
+    if byte == 1:
         data = [
             scs.SCS_LOBYTE(scs.SCS_LOWORD(value)),
         ]
-    elif bytes == 2:
+    elif byte == 2:
         data = [
             scs.SCS_LOBYTE(scs.SCS_LOWORD(value)),
             scs.SCS_HIBYTE(scs.SCS_LOWORD(value)),
         ]
-    elif bytes == 4:
+    elif byte == 4:
         data = [
             scs.SCS_LOBYTE(scs.SCS_LOWORD(value)),
             scs.SCS_HIBYTE(scs.SCS_LOWORD(value)),
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, mock=False):
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
             f"Value of the number of bytes to be sent is expected to be in [1, 2, 4], but "
-            f"{bytes} is provided instead."
+            f"{byte} is provided instead."
         )
     return data
 
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ def assert_same_address(model_ctrl_table, motor_models, data_name):
     all_addr = []
     all_bytes = []
     for model in motor_models:
-        addr, bytes = model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         all_addr.append(addr)
-        all_bytes.append(bytes)
+        all_bytes.append(byte)
 
     if len(set(all_addr)) != 1:
         raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -557,6 +557,8 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
                 # (start_pos - values[i]) / resolution <= factor <= (end_pos - values[i]) / resolution
                 low_factor = (start_pos - values[i]) / resolution
                 upp_factor = (end_pos - values[i]) / resolution
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown calibration mode {calib_mode}")
 
             if not in_range:
                 # Get first integer between the two bounds
@@ -577,10 +579,16 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
                 elif CalibrationMode[calib_mode] == CalibrationMode.LINEAR:
                     out_of_range_str = f"{LOWER_BOUND_LINEAR} < {calib_val} < {UPPER_BOUND_LINEAR} %"
                     in_range_str = f"{LOWER_BOUND_LINEAR} < {calib_val} < {UPPER_BOUND_LINEAR} %"
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Unknown calibration mode {calib_mode}")
 
                 logging.warning(
-                    f"Auto-correct calibration of motor '{name}' by shifting value by {abs(factor)} full turns, "
+                    "Auto-correct calibration of motor '%s' by shifting value by %s full turns, "
-                    f"from '{out_of_range_str}' to '{in_range_str}'."
+                    "from '%s' to '%s'.",
+                    name,
+                    abs(factor),
+                    out_of_range_str,
+                    in_range_str,
                 )
 
                 # A full turn corresponds to 360 degrees but also to 4096 steps for a motor resolution of 4096.
@@ -674,8 +682,8 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
             motor_ids = [motor_ids]
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, self.motor_models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
-        group = scs.GroupSyncRead(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes)
+        group = scs.GroupSyncRead(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte)
         for idx in motor_ids:
             group.addParam(idx)
 
@@ -692,7 +700,7 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
 
         values = []
         for idx in motor_ids:
-            value = group.getData(idx, addr, bytes)
+            value = group.getData(idx, addr, byte)
             values.append(value)
 
         if return_list:
@@ -727,7 +735,7 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
             models.append(model)
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         group_key = get_group_sync_key(data_name, motor_names)
 
         if data_name not in self.group_readers:
@@ -737,7 +745,7 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
 
             # create new group reader
             self.group_readers[group_key] = scs.GroupSyncRead(
-                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes
+                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte
             )
             for idx in motor_ids:
                 self.group_readers[group_key].addParam(idx)
@@ -755,7 +763,7 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
 
         values = []
         for idx in motor_ids:
-            value = self.group_readers[group_key].getData(idx, addr, bytes)
+            value = self.group_readers[group_key].getData(idx, addr, byte)
             values.append(value)
 
         values = np.array(values)
@@ -792,10 +800,10 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
             values = [values]
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, motor_models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[motor_models[0]][data_name]
-        group = scs.GroupSyncWrite(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes)
+        group = scs.GroupSyncWrite(self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte)
         for idx, value in zip(motor_ids, values, strict=True):
-            data = convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, self.mock)
+            data = convert_to_bytes(value, byte, self.mock)
             group.addParam(idx, data)
 
         for _ in range(num_retry):
@@ -846,17 +854,17 @@ class FeetechMotorsBus:
         values = values.tolist()
 
         assert_same_address(self.model_ctrl_table, models, data_name)
-        addr, bytes = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
+        addr, byte = self.model_ctrl_table[model][data_name]
         group_key = get_group_sync_key(data_name, motor_names)
 
         init_group = data_name not in self.group_readers
         if init_group:
             self.group_writers[group_key] = scs.GroupSyncWrite(
-                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, bytes
+                self.port_handler, self.packet_handler, addr, byte
             )
 
         for idx, value in zip(motor_ids, values, strict=True):
-            data = convert_to_bytes(value, bytes, self.mock)
+            data = convert_to_bytes(value, byte, self.mock)
             if init_group:
                 self.group_writers[group_key].addParam(idx, data)
             else:

lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/feetech_calibration.py

@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ def move_to_calibrate(
     while_move_hook=None,
 ):
     initial_pos = arm.read("Present_Position", motor_name)
+    p_present_pos = None
+    n_present_pos = None
 
     if positive_first:
         p_present_pos = move_until_block(
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ def run_arm_auto_calibration_so100(arm: MotorsBus, robot_type: str, arm_name: st
     calib["wrist_flex"] = move_to_calibrate(arm, "wrist_flex")
     calib["wrist_flex"] = apply_offset(calib["wrist_flex"], offset=80)
 
-    def in_between_move_hook():
+    def in_between_move_hook_elbow():
         nonlocal arm, calib
         time.sleep(2)
         ef_pos = arm.read("Present_Position", "elbow_flex")
@@ -207,14 +209,14 @@ def run_arm_auto_calibration_so100(arm: MotorsBus, robot_type: str, arm_name: st
 
     print("Calibrate elbow_flex")
     calib["elbow_flex"] = move_to_calibrate(
-        arm, "elbow_flex", positive_first=False, in_between_move_hook=in_between_move_hook
+        arm, "elbow_flex", positive_first=False, in_between_move_hook=in_between_move_hook_elbow
     )
     calib["elbow_flex"] = apply_offset(calib["elbow_flex"], offset=80 - 1024)
 
     arm.write("Goal_Position", calib["elbow_flex"]["zero_pos"] + 1024 + 512, "elbow_flex")
     time.sleep(1)
 
-    def in_between_move_hook():
+    def in_between_move_hook_shoulder():
         nonlocal arm, calib
         arm.write("Goal_Position", calib["elbow_flex"]["zero_pos"], "elbow_flex")
 
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@ def run_arm_auto_calibration_so100(arm: MotorsBus, robot_type: str, arm_name: st
         "shoulder_lift",
         invert_drive_mode=True,
         positive_first=False,
-        in_between_move_hook=in_between_move_hook,
+        in_between_move_hook=in_between_move_hook_shoulder,
     )
     # add an 30 steps as offset to align with body
     calib["shoulder_lift"] = apply_offset(calib["shoulder_lift"], offset=1024 - 50)

lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/lekiwi_remote.py

@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ def calibrate_follower_arm(motors_bus, calib_dir_str):
         return
 
     if calib_file.exists():
-        with open(calib_file) as f:
+        with open(calib_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
             calibration = json.load(f)
         print(f"[INFO] Loaded calibration from {calib_file}")
     else:
         print("[INFO] Calibration file not found. Running manual calibration...")
         calibration = run_arm_manual_calibration(motors_bus, "lekiwi", "follower_arm", "follower")
         print(f"[INFO] Calibration complete. Saving to {calib_file}")
-        with open(calib_file, "w") as f:
+        with open(calib_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(calibration, f)
     try:
         motors_bus.set_calibration(calibration)

lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/manipulator.py

@@ -47,8 +47,10 @@ def ensure_safe_goal_position(
     if not torch.allclose(goal_pos, safe_goal_pos):
         logging.warning(
             "Relative goal position magnitude had to be clamped to be safe.\n"
-            f"  requested relative goal position target: {diff}\n"
+            "  requested relative goal position target: %s\n"
-            f"    clamped relative goal position target: {safe_diff}"
+            "    clamped relative goal position target: %s",
+            diff,
+            safe_diff,
         )
 
     return safe_goal_pos
@@ -245,6 +247,8 @@ class ManipulatorRobot:
             from lerobot.common.robot_devices.motors.dynamixel import TorqueMode
         elif self.robot_type in ["so100", "moss", "lekiwi"]:
             from lerobot.common.robot_devices.motors.feetech import TorqueMode
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Robot type {self.robot_type} is not supported")
 
         # We assume that at connection time, arms are in a rest position, and torque can
         # be safely disabled to run calibration and/or set robot preset configurations.
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ class ManipulatorRobot:
             arm_calib_path = self.calibration_dir / f"{arm_id}.json"
 
             if arm_calib_path.exists():
-                with open(arm_calib_path) as f:
+                with open(arm_calib_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
                     calibration = json.load(f)
             else:
                 # TODO(rcadene): display a warning in __init__ if calibration file not available
@@ -322,7 +326,7 @@ class ManipulatorRobot:
 
                 print(f"Calibration is done! Saving calibration file '{arm_calib_path}'")
                 arm_calib_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-                with open(arm_calib_path, "w") as f:
+                with open(arm_calib_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                     json.dump(calibration, f)
 
             return calibration

lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/mobile_manipulator.py

@@ -262,14 +262,14 @@ class MobileManipulator:
         arm_calib_path = self.calibration_dir / f"{arm_id}.json"
 
         if arm_calib_path.exists():
-            with open(arm_calib_path) as f:
+            with open(arm_calib_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 calibration = json.load(f)
         else:
             print(f"Missing calibration file '{arm_calib_path}'")
             calibration = run_arm_manual_calibration(arm, self.robot_type, name, arm_type)
             print(f"Calibration is done! Saving calibration file '{arm_calib_path}'")
             arm_calib_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            with open(arm_calib_path, "w") as f:
+            with open(arm_calib_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 json.dump(calibration, f)
 
         return calibration
@@ -372,6 +372,7 @@ class MobileManipulator:
 
                 present_speed = self.last_present_speed
 
+        # TODO(Steven): [WARN] Plenty of general exceptions
         except Exception as e:
             print(f"[DEBUG] Error decoding video message: {e}")
             # If decode fails, fall back to old data

lerobot/common/utils/benchmark.py

@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ class TimeBenchmark(ContextDecorator):
         Block took approximately 10.00 milliseconds
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, print=False):
+    def __init__(self, print_time=False):
         self.local = threading.local()
-        self.print_time = print
+        self.print_time = print_time
 
     def __enter__(self):
         self.local.start_time = time.perf_counter()

lerobot/common/utils/import_utils.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def is_package_available(pkg_name: str, return_version: bool = False) -> tuple[b
             else:
                 # For packages other than "torch", don't attempt the fallback and set as not available
                 package_exists = False
-        logging.debug(f"Detected {pkg_name} version: {package_version}")
+        logging.debug("Detected %s version: %s", {pkg_name}, package_version)
     if return_version:
         return package_exists, package_version
     else:

lerobot/common/utils/logging_utils.py

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ class AverageMeter:
     def __init__(self, name: str, fmt: str = ":f"):
         self.name = name
         self.fmt = fmt
+        self.val = 0.0
+        self.avg = 0.0
         self.reset()
 
     def reset(self) -> None:

lerobot/common/utils/utils.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def get_safe_torch_device(try_device: str, log: bool = False) -> torch.device:
         case _:
             device = torch.device(try_device)
             if log:
-                logging.warning(f"Using custom {try_device} device.")
+                logging.warning("Using custom %s device.", try_device)
 
     return device
 

lerobot/common/utils/wandb_utils.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class WandBLogger:
             resume="must" if cfg.resume else None,
         )
         print(colored("Logs will be synced with wandb.", "blue", attrs=["bold"]))
-        logging.info(f"Track this run --> {colored(wandb.run.get_url(), 'yellow', attrs=['bold'])}")
+        logging.info("Track this run --> %s", colored(wandb.run.get_url(), "yellow", attrs=["bold"]))
         self._wandb = wandb
 
     def log_policy(self, checkpoint_dir: Path):
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class WandBLogger:
         for k, v in d.items():
             if not isinstance(v, (int, float, str)):
                 logging.warning(
-                    f'WandB logging of key "{k}" was ignored as its type is not handled by this wrapper.'
+                    'WandB logging of key "%s" was ignored as its type is not handled by this wrapper.', k
                 )
                 continue
             self._wandb.log({f"{mode}/{k}": v}, step=step)

lerobot/configs/policies.py

@@ -64,13 +64,14 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):
         self.pretrained_path = None
         if not self.device or not is_torch_device_available(self.device):
             auto_device = auto_select_torch_device()
-            logging.warning(f"Device '{self.device}' is not available. Switching to '{auto_device}'.")
+            logging.warning("Device '%s' is not available. Switching to '%s'.", self.device, auto_device)
             self.device = auto_device.type
 
         # Automatically deactivate AMP if necessary
         if self.use_amp and not is_amp_available(self.device):
             logging.warning(
-                f"Automatic Mixed Precision (amp) is not available on device '{self.device}'. Deactivating AMP."
+                "Automatic Mixed Precision (amp) is not available on device '%s'. Deactivating AMP.",
+                self.device,
             )
             self.use_amp = False
 
@@ -78,15 +79,18 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):
     def type(self) -> str:
         return self.get_choice_name(self.__class__)
 
-    @abc.abstractproperty
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def observation_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    @abc.abstractproperty
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def action_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    @abc.abstractproperty
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def reward_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):
         return None
 
     def _save_pretrained(self, save_directory: Path) -> None:
-        with open(save_directory / CONFIG_NAME, "w") as f, draccus.config_type("json"):
+        with open(save_directory / CONFIG_NAME, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f, draccus.config_type("json"):
             draccus.dump(self, f, indent=4)
 
     @classmethod

lerobot/configs/train.py

@@ -123,7 +123,10 @@ class TrainPipelineConfig(HubMixin):
         return draccus.encode(self)
 
     def _save_pretrained(self, save_directory: Path) -> None:
-        with open(save_directory / TRAIN_CONFIG_NAME, "w") as f, draccus.config_type("json"):
+        with (
+            open(save_directory / TRAIN_CONFIG_NAME, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f,
+            draccus.config_type("json"),
+        ):
             draccus.dump(self, f, indent=4)
 
     @classmethod

lerobot/scripts/configure_motor.py

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ def configure_motor(port, brand, model, motor_idx_des, baudrate_des):
         print("Scanning all baudrates and motor indices")
         all_baudrates = set(series_baudrate_table.values())
         motor_index = -1  # Set the motor index to an out-of-range value.
+        baudrate = None
 
         for baudrate in all_baudrates:
             motor_bus.set_bus_baudrate(baudrate)

lerobot/scripts/control_sim_robot.py

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ This might require a sudo permission to allow your terminal to monitor keyboard
 **NOTE**: You can resume/continue data recording by running the same data recording command twice.
 """
 
+# TODO(Steven): This script should be updated to use the new robot API and the new dataset API.
 import argparse
 import importlib
 import logging

lerobot/scripts/display_sys_info.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ np_version = np.__version__ if HAS_NP else "N/A"
 
 torch_version = torch.__version__ if HAS_TORCH else "N/A"
 torch_cuda_available = torch.cuda.is_available() if HAS_TORCH else "N/A"
-cuda_version = torch._C._cuda_getCompiledVersion() if HAS_TORCH and torch.version.cuda is not None else "N/A"
+cuda_version = torch.version.cuda if HAS_TORCH and torch.version.cuda is not None else "N/A"
 
 
 # TODO(aliberts): refactor into an actual command `lerobot env`

lerobot/scripts/eval.py

@@ -259,6 +259,10 @@ def eval_policy(
     threads = []  # for video saving threads
     n_episodes_rendered = 0  # for saving the correct number of videos
 
+    video_paths: list[str] = []  # max_episodes_rendered > 0:
+    ep_frames: list[np.ndarray] = []  # max_episodes_rendered > 0
+    episode_data: dict | None = None  # return_episode_data == True
+
     # Callback for visualization.
     def render_frame(env: gym.vector.VectorEnv):
         # noqa: B023
@@ -271,19 +275,11 @@ def eval_policy(
             # Here we must render all frames and discard any we don't need.
             ep_frames.append(np.stack(env.call("render")[:n_to_render_now]))
 
-    if max_episodes_rendered > 0:
-        video_paths: list[str] = []
-
-    if return_episode_data:
-        episode_data: dict | None = None
-
     # we dont want progress bar when we use slurm, since it clutters the logs
     progbar = trange(n_batches, desc="Stepping through eval batches", disable=inside_slurm())
     for batch_ix in progbar:
         # Cache frames for rendering videos. Each item will be (b, h, w, c), and the list indexes the rollout
         # step.
-        if max_episodes_rendered > 0:
-            ep_frames: list[np.ndarray] = []
 
         if start_seed is None:
             seeds = None
@@ -320,13 +316,19 @@ def eval_policy(
         else:
             all_seeds.append(None)
 
-        # FIXME: episode_data is either None or it doesn't exist
         if return_episode_data:
+            if episode_data is None:
+                start_data_index = 0
+            elif isinstance(episode_data, dict):
+                start_data_index = episode_data["index"][-1].item() + 1
+            else:
+                start_data_index = 0
+
             this_episode_data = _compile_episode_data(
                 rollout_data,
                 done_indices,
                 start_episode_index=batch_ix * env.num_envs,
-                start_data_index=(0 if episode_data is None else (episode_data["index"][-1].item() + 1)),
+                start_data_index=start_data_index,
                 fps=env.unwrapped.metadata["render_fps"],
             )
             if episode_data is None:
@@ -453,6 +455,7 @@ def _compile_episode_data(
     return data_dict
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): [WARN] Redefining built-in 'eval'
 @parser.wrap()
 def eval_main(cfg: EvalPipelineConfig):
     logging.info(pformat(asdict(cfg)))
@@ -489,7 +492,7 @@ def eval_main(cfg: EvalPipelineConfig):
     print(info["aggregated"])
 
     # Save info
-    with open(Path(cfg.output_dir) / "eval_info.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(Path(cfg.output_dir) / "eval_info.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(info, f, indent=2)
 
     env.close()

lerobot/scripts/push_dataset_to_hub.py

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ import torch
 from huggingface_hub import HfApi
 from safetensors.torch import save_file
 
+# TODO(Steven): #711 Broke this
 from lerobot.common.datasets.compute_stats import compute_stats
 from lerobot.common.datasets.lerobot_dataset import CODEBASE_VERSION, LeRobotDataset
 from lerobot.common.datasets.push_dataset_to_hub.utils import check_repo_id
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ def save_meta_data(
 
     # save info
     info_path = meta_data_dir / "info.json"
-    with open(str(info_path), "w") as f:
+    with open(str(info_path), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(info, f, indent=4)
 
     # save stats
@@ -120,11 +121,11 @@ def push_dataset_card_to_hub(
     repo_id: str,
     revision: str | None,
     tags: list | None = None,
-    license: str = "apache-2.0",
+    dataset_license: str = "apache-2.0",
     **card_kwargs,
 ):
     """Creates and pushes a LeRobotDataset Card with appropriate tags to easily find it on the hub."""
-    card = create_lerobot_dataset_card(tags=tags, license=license, **card_kwargs)
+    card = create_lerobot_dataset_card(tags=tags, license=dataset_license, **card_kwargs)
     card.push_to_hub(repo_id=repo_id, repo_type="dataset", revision=revision)
 
 
@@ -213,6 +214,7 @@ def push_dataset_to_hub(
         encoding,
     )
 
+    # TODO(Steven): This doesn't seem to exist, maybe it was removed/changed recently?
     lerobot_dataset = LeRobotDataset.from_preloaded(
         repo_id=repo_id,
         hf_dataset=hf_dataset,

lerobot/scripts/train.py

@@ -155,12 +155,14 @@ def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig):
 
     logging.info(colored("Output dir:", "yellow", attrs=["bold"]) + f" {cfg.output_dir}")
     if cfg.env is not None:
-        logging.info(f"{cfg.env.task=}")
+        logging.info("cfg.env.task=%s", cfg.env.task)
-    logging.info(f"{cfg.steps=} ({format_big_number(cfg.steps)})")
+    logging.info("cfg.steps=%s (%s)", cfg.steps, format_big_number(cfg.steps))
-    logging.info(f"{dataset.num_frames=} ({format_big_number(dataset.num_frames)})")
+    logging.info("dataset.num_frames=%s (%s)", dataset.num_frames, format_big_number(dataset.num_frames))
-    logging.info(f"{dataset.num_episodes=}")
+    logging.info("dataset.num_episodes=%s", dataset.num_episodes)
-    logging.info(f"{num_learnable_params=} ({format_big_number(num_learnable_params)})")
+    logging.info(
-    logging.info(f"{num_total_params=} ({format_big_number(num_total_params)})")
+        "num_learnable_params=%s (%s)", num_learnable_params, format_big_number(num_learnable_params)
+    )
+    logging.info("num_total_params=%s (%s)", num_total_params, format_big_number(num_total_params))
 
     # create dataloader for offline training
     if hasattr(cfg.policy, "drop_n_last_frames"):
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig):
             train_tracker.reset_averages()
 
         if cfg.save_checkpoint and is_saving_step:
-            logging.info(f"Checkpoint policy after step {step}")
+            logging.info("Checkpoint policy after step %s", step)
             checkpoint_dir = get_step_checkpoint_dir(cfg.output_dir, cfg.steps, step)
             save_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir, step, cfg, policy, optimizer, lr_scheduler)
             update_last_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir)
@@ -247,7 +249,7 @@ def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig):
 
         if cfg.env and is_eval_step:
             step_id = get_step_identifier(step, cfg.steps)
-            logging.info(f"Eval policy at step {step}")
+            logging.info("Eval policy at step %s", step)
             with (
                 torch.no_grad(),
                 torch.autocast(device_type=device.type) if cfg.policy.use_amp else nullcontext(),

lerobot/scripts/visualize_dataset_html.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def run_server(
                 400,
             )
         dataset_version = (
-            str(dataset.meta._version) if isinstance(dataset, LeRobotDataset) else dataset.codebase_version
+            str(dataset.meta.version) if isinstance(dataset, LeRobotDataset) else dataset.codebase_version
         )
         match = re.search(r"v(\d+)\.", dataset_version)
         if match:
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ def visualize_dataset_html(
         if force_override:
             shutil.rmtree(output_dir)
         else:
-            logging.info(f"Output directory already exists. Loading from it: '{output_dir}'")
+            logging.info("Output directory already exists. Loading from it: '%s'", {output_dir})
 
     output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 

tests/fixtures/dataset_factories.py

@@ -52,16 +52,16 @@ def get_task_index(task_dicts: dict, task: str) -> int:
     return task_to_task_index[task]
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="img_tensor_factory", scope="session")
-def img_tensor_factory():
+def fixture_img_tensor_factory():
     def _create_img_tensor(height=100, width=100, channels=3, dtype=torch.float32) -> torch.Tensor:
         return torch.rand((channels, height, width), dtype=dtype)
 
     return _create_img_tensor
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="img_array_factory", scope="session")
-def img_array_factory():
+def fixture_img_array_factory():
     def _create_img_array(height=100, width=100, channels=3, dtype=np.uint8) -> np.ndarray:
         if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.unsignedinteger):
             # Int array in [0, 255] range
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ def img_array_factory():
     return _create_img_array
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="img_factory", scope="session")
-def img_factory(img_array_factory):
+def fixture_img_factory(img_array_factory):
     def _create_img(height=100, width=100) -> PIL.Image.Image:
         img_array = img_array_factory(height=height, width=width)
         return PIL.Image.fromarray(img_array)
@@ -85,13 +85,17 @@ def img_factory(img_array_factory):
     return _create_img
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="features_factory", scope="session")
-def features_factory():
+def fixture_features_factory():
     def _create_features(
-        motor_features: dict = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES,
+        motor_features: dict | None = None,
-        camera_features: dict = DUMMY_CAMERA_FEATURES,
+        camera_features: dict | None = None,
         use_videos: bool = True,
     ) -> dict:
+        if motor_features is None:
+            motor_features = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
+        if camera_features is None:
+            camera_features = DUMMY_CAMERA_FEATURES
         if use_videos:
             camera_ft = {
                 key: {"dtype": "video", **ft, **DUMMY_VIDEO_INFO} for key, ft in camera_features.items()
@@ -107,8 +111,8 @@ def features_factory():
     return _create_features
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="info_factory", scope="session")
-def info_factory(features_factory):
+def fixture_info_factory(features_factory):
     def _create_info(
         codebase_version: str = CODEBASE_VERSION,
         fps: int = DEFAULT_FPS,
@@ -121,10 +125,14 @@ def info_factory(features_factory):
         chunks_size: int = DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
         data_path: str = DEFAULT_PARQUET_PATH,
         video_path: str = DEFAULT_VIDEO_PATH,
-        motor_features: dict = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES,
+        motor_features: dict | None = None,
-        camera_features: dict = DUMMY_CAMERA_FEATURES,
+        camera_features: dict | None = None,
         use_videos: bool = True,
     ) -> dict:
+        if motor_features is None:
+            motor_features = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
+        if camera_features is None:
+            camera_features = DUMMY_CAMERA_FEATURES
         features = features_factory(motor_features, camera_features, use_videos)
         return {
             "codebase_version": codebase_version,
@@ -145,8 +153,8 @@ def info_factory(features_factory):
     return _create_info
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="stats_factory", scope="session")
-def stats_factory():
+def fixture_stats_factory():
     def _create_stats(
         features: dict[str] | None = None,
     ) -> dict:
@@ -175,8 +183,8 @@ def stats_factory():
     return _create_stats
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="episodes_stats_factory", scope="session")
-def episodes_stats_factory(stats_factory):
+def fixture_episodes_stats_factory(stats_factory):
     def _create_episodes_stats(
         features: dict[str],
         total_episodes: int = 3,
@@ -192,8 +200,8 @@ def episodes_stats_factory(stats_factory):
     return _create_episodes_stats
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="tasks_factory", scope="session")
-def tasks_factory():
+def fixture_tasks_factory():
     def _create_tasks(total_tasks: int = 3) -> int:
         tasks = {}
         for task_index in range(total_tasks):
@@ -204,8 +212,8 @@ def tasks_factory():
     return _create_tasks
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="episodes_factory", scope="session")
-def episodes_factory(tasks_factory):
+def fixture_episodes_factory(tasks_factory):
     def _create_episodes(
         total_episodes: int = 3,
         total_frames: int = 400,
@@ -252,8 +260,8 @@ def episodes_factory(tasks_factory):
     return _create_episodes
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="hf_dataset_factory", scope="session")
-def hf_dataset_factory(features_factory, tasks_factory, episodes_factory, img_array_factory):
+def fixture_hf_dataset_factory(features_factory, tasks_factory, episodes_factory, img_array_factory):
     def _create_hf_dataset(
         features: dict | None = None,
         tasks: list[dict] | None = None,
@@ -310,8 +318,8 @@ def hf_dataset_factory(features_factory, tasks_factory, episodes_factory, img_ar
     return _create_hf_dataset
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="lerobot_dataset_metadata_factory", scope="session")
-def lerobot_dataset_metadata_factory(
+def fixture_lerobot_dataset_metadata_factory(
     info_factory,
     stats_factory,
     episodes_stats_factory,
@@ -364,8 +372,8 @@ def lerobot_dataset_metadata_factory(
     return _create_lerobot_dataset_metadata
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="lerobot_dataset_factory", scope="session")
-def lerobot_dataset_factory(
+def fixture_lerobot_dataset_factory(
     info_factory,
     stats_factory,
     episodes_stats_factory,
@@ -443,6 +451,6 @@ def lerobot_dataset_factory(
     return _create_lerobot_dataset
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+@pytest.fixture(name="empty_lerobot_dataset_factory", scope="session")
-def empty_lerobot_dataset_factory() -> LeRobotDatasetFactory:
+def fixture_empty_lerobot_dataset_factory() -> LeRobotDatasetFactory:
     return partial(LeRobotDataset.create, repo_id=DUMMY_REPO_ID, fps=DEFAULT_FPS)

tests/fixtures/files.py

@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ from lerobot.common.datasets.utils import (
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def info_path(info_factory):
-    def _create_info_json_file(dir: Path, info: dict | None = None) -> Path:
+    def _create_info_json_file(input_dir: Path, info: dict | None = None) -> Path:
         if not info:
             info = info_factory()
-        fpath = dir / INFO_PATH
+        fpath = input_dir / INFO_PATH
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        with open(fpath, "w") as f:
+        with open(fpath, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(info, f, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False)
         return fpath
 
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ def info_path(info_factory):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def stats_path(stats_factory):
-    def _create_stats_json_file(dir: Path, stats: dict | None = None) -> Path:
+    def _create_stats_json_file(input_dir: Path, stats: dict | None = None) -> Path:
         if not stats:
             stats = stats_factory()
-        fpath = dir / STATS_PATH
+        fpath = input_dir / STATS_PATH
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        with open(fpath, "w") as f:
+        with open(fpath, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(stats, f, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False)
         return fpath
 
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ def stats_path(stats_factory):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def episodes_stats_path(episodes_stats_factory):
-    def _create_episodes_stats_jsonl_file(dir: Path, episodes_stats: list[dict] | None = None) -> Path:
+    def _create_episodes_stats_jsonl_file(input_dir: Path, episodes_stats: list[dict] | None = None) -> Path:
         if not episodes_stats:
             episodes_stats = episodes_stats_factory()
-        fpath = dir / EPISODES_STATS_PATH
+        fpath = input_dir / EPISODES_STATS_PATH
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         with jsonlines.open(fpath, "w") as writer:
             writer.write_all(episodes_stats.values())
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ def episodes_stats_path(episodes_stats_factory):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def tasks_path(tasks_factory):
-    def _create_tasks_jsonl_file(dir: Path, tasks: list | None = None) -> Path:
+    def _create_tasks_jsonl_file(input_dir: Path, tasks: list | None = None) -> Path:
         if not tasks:
             tasks = tasks_factory()
-        fpath = dir / TASKS_PATH
+        fpath = input_dir / TASKS_PATH
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         with jsonlines.open(fpath, "w") as writer:
             writer.write_all(tasks.values())
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ def tasks_path(tasks_factory):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def episode_path(episodes_factory):
-    def _create_episodes_jsonl_file(dir: Path, episodes: list | None = None) -> Path:
+    def _create_episodes_jsonl_file(input_dir: Path, episodes: list | None = None) -> Path:
         if not episodes:
             episodes = episodes_factory()
-        fpath = dir / EPISODES_PATH
+        fpath = input_dir / EPISODES_PATH
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         with jsonlines.open(fpath, "w") as writer:
             writer.write_all(episodes.values())
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def episode_path(episodes_factory):
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def single_episode_parquet_path(hf_dataset_factory, info_factory):
     def _create_single_episode_parquet(
-        dir: Path, ep_idx: int = 0, hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset | None = None, info: dict | None = None
+        input_dir: Path, ep_idx: int = 0, hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset | None = None, info: dict | None = None
     ) -> Path:
         if not info:
             info = info_factory()
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def single_episode_parquet_path(hf_dataset_factory, info_factory):
         data_path = info["data_path"]
         chunks_size = info["chunks_size"]
         ep_chunk = ep_idx // chunks_size
-        fpath = dir / data_path.format(episode_chunk=ep_chunk, episode_index=ep_idx)
+        fpath = input_dir / data_path.format(episode_chunk=ep_chunk, episode_index=ep_idx)
         fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         table = hf_dataset.data.table
         ep_table = table.filter(pc.equal(table["episode_index"], ep_idx))
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def single_episode_parquet_path(hf_dataset_factory, info_factory):
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def multi_episode_parquet_path(hf_dataset_factory, info_factory):
     def _create_multi_episode_parquet(
-        dir: Path, hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset | None = None, info: dict | None = None
+        input_dir: Path, hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset | None = None, info: dict | None = None
     ) -> Path:
         if not info:
             info = info_factory()
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ def multi_episode_parquet_path(hf_dataset_factory, info_factory):
         total_episodes = info["total_episodes"]
         for ep_idx in range(total_episodes):
             ep_chunk = ep_idx // chunks_size
-            fpath = dir / data_path.format(episode_chunk=ep_chunk, episode_index=ep_idx)
+            fpath = input_dir / data_path.format(episode_chunk=ep_chunk, episode_index=ep_idx)
             fpath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
             table = hf_dataset.data.table
             ep_table = table.filter(pc.equal(table["episode_index"], ep_idx))
             pq.write_table(ep_table, fpath)
-        return dir / "data"
+        return input_dir / "data"
 
     return _create_multi_episode_parquet

tests/fixtures/hub.py

@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ def mock_snapshot_download_factory(
                 return None
 
         def _mock_snapshot_download(
-            repo_id: str,
+            _repo_id: str,
+            *_args,
             local_dir: str | Path | None = None,
             allow_patterns: str | list[str] | None = None,
             ignore_patterns: str | list[str] | None = None,
-            *args,
+            **_kwargs,
-            **kwargs,
         ) -> str:
             if not local_dir:
                 local_dir = LEROBOT_TEST_DIR

tests/fixtures/optimizers.py

@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ from lerobot.common.optim.optimizers import AdamConfig
 from lerobot.common.optim.schedulers import VQBeTSchedulerConfig
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="model_params")
-def model_params():
+def fixture_model_params():
     return [torch.nn.Parameter(torch.randn(10, 10))]
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="optimizer")
-def optimizer(model_params):
+def fixture_optimizer(model_params):
     optimizer = AdamConfig().build(model_params)
     # Dummy step to populate state
     loss = sum(param.sum() for param in model_params)
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def optimizer(model_params):
     return optimizer
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="scheduler")
-def scheduler(optimizer):
+def fixture_scheduler(optimizer):
     config = VQBeTSchedulerConfig(num_warmup_steps=10, num_vqvae_training_steps=20, num_cycles=0.5)
     return config.build(optimizer, num_training_steps=100)

tests/lerobot/common/datasets/test_utils.py

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ from lerobot.common.datasets.utils import create_lerobot_dataset_card
 def test_default_parameters():
     card = create_lerobot_dataset_card()
     assert isinstance(card, DatasetCard)
+    # TODO(Steven): Base class CardDate should have 'tags' as a member if we want RepoCard to hold a reference to this abstraction
+    # card.data gives a CardDate type, implementations of this class do have 'tags' but the base class doesn't
     assert card.data.tags == ["LeRobot"]
     assert card.data.task_categories == ["robotics"]
     assert card.data.configs == [

tests/mock_cv2.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def rotate(color_image, rotation):
 
 
 class VideoCapture:
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *_args, **_kwargs):
         self._mock_dict = {
             CAP_PROP_FPS: 30,
             CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH: 640,

tests/mock_dynamixel_sdk.py

@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@ DEFAULT_BAUDRATE = 9_600
 COMM_SUCCESS = 0  # tx or rx packet communication success
 
 
-def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes):
+def convert_to_bytes(value, _byte):
     # TODO(rcadene): remove need to mock `convert_to_bytes` by implemented the inverse transform
     # `convert_bytes_to_value`
-    del bytes  # unused
     return value
 
 
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ class PacketHandler:
 
 
 class GroupSyncRead:
-    def __init__(self, port_handler, packet_handler, address, bytes):
+    def __init__(self, _port_handler, packet_handler, _address, _byte):
         self.packet_handler = packet_handler
 
     def addParam(self, motor_index):  # noqa: N802
@@ -85,12 +84,12 @@ class GroupSyncRead:
     def txRxPacket(self):  # noqa: N802
         return COMM_SUCCESS
 
-    def getData(self, index, address, bytes):  # noqa: N802
+    def getData(self, index, address, _byte):  # noqa: N802
         return self.packet_handler.data[index][address]
 
 
 class GroupSyncWrite:
-    def __init__(self, port_handler, packet_handler, address, bytes):
+    def __init__(self, _port_handler, packet_handler, address, _byte):
         self.packet_handler = packet_handler
         self.address = address
 

tests/mock_pyrealsense2.py

@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ class format(enum.Enum):  # noqa: N801
 
 
 class config:  # noqa: N801
+    device_enabled = None
+    stream_type = None
+    width = None
+    height = None
+    color_format = None
+    fps = None
+
     def enable_device(self, device_id: str):
         self.device_enabled = device_id
 
@@ -125,8 +132,7 @@ class RSDevice:
     def __init__(self):
         pass
 
-    def get_info(self, camera_info) -> str:
+    def get_info(self, _camera_info) -> str:
-        del camera_info  # unused
         # return fake serial number
         return "123456789"
 
@@ -145,4 +151,3 @@ class camera_info:  # noqa: N801
 
     def __init__(self, serial_number):
         del serial_number
-        pass

tests/mock_scservo_sdk.py

@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ DEFAULT_BAUDRATE = 1_000_000
 COMM_SUCCESS = 0  # tx or rx packet communication success
 
 
-def convert_to_bytes(value, bytes):
+def convert_to_bytes(value, byte):
     # TODO(rcadene): remove need to mock `convert_to_bytes` by implemented the inverse transform
     # `convert_bytes_to_value`
-    del bytes  # unused
+    del byte  # unused
     return value
 
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class PacketHandler:
 
 
 class GroupSyncRead:
-    def __init__(self, port_handler, packet_handler, address, bytes):
+    def __init__(self, _port_handler, packet_handler, _address, _byte):
         self.packet_handler = packet_handler
 
     def addParam(self, motor_index):  # noqa: N802
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ class GroupSyncRead:
     def txRxPacket(self):  # noqa: N802
         return COMM_SUCCESS
 
-    def getData(self, index, address, bytes):  # noqa: N802
+    def getData(self, index, address, _byte):  # noqa: N802
         return self.packet_handler.data[index][address]
 
 
 class GroupSyncWrite:
-    def __init__(self, port_handler, packet_handler, address, bytes):
+    def __init__(self, _port_handler, packet_handler, address, _byte):
         self.packet_handler = packet_handler
         self.address = address
 

tests/scripts/save_dataset_to_safetensors.py

@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ def save_dataset_to_safetensors(output_dir, repo_id="lerobot/pusht"):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    for dataset in [
+    for available_dataset in [
         "lerobot/pusht",
         "lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human",
         "lerobot/xarm_lift_medium",
         "lerobot/nyu_franka_play_dataset",
         "lerobot/cmu_stretch",
     ]:
-        save_dataset_to_safetensors("tests/data/save_dataset_to_safetensors", repo_id=dataset)
+        save_dataset_to_safetensors("tests/data/save_dataset_to_safetensors", repo_id=available_dataset)

tests/scripts/save_image_transforms_to_safetensors.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def save_single_transforms(original_frame: torch.Tensor, output_dir: Path):
     }
 
     frames = {"original_frame": original_frame}
-    for tf_type, tf_name, min_max_values in transforms.items():
+    for tf_type, tf_name, min_max_values in transforms:
         for min_max in min_max_values:
             tf_cfg = ImageTransformConfig(type=tf_type, kwargs={tf_name: min_max})
             tf = make_transform_from_config(tf_cfg)

tests/test_cameras.py

@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ def test_camera(request, camera_type, mock):
         else:
             import cv2
 
+        manual_rot_img: np.ndarray = None
         if rotation is None:
             manual_rot_img = ori_color_image
             assert camera.rotation is None
@@ -197,10 +198,14 @@ def test_camera(request, camera_type, mock):
 @require_camera
 def test_save_images_from_cameras(tmp_path, request, camera_type, mock):
     # TODO(rcadene): refactor
+    save_images_from_cameras = None
+
     if camera_type == "opencv":
         from lerobot.common.robot_devices.cameras.opencv import save_images_from_cameras
     elif camera_type == "intelrealsense":
         from lerobot.common.robot_devices.cameras.intelrealsense import save_images_from_cameras
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported camera type: {camera_type}")
 
     # Small `record_time_s` to speedup unit tests
     save_images_from_cameras(tmp_path, record_time_s=0.02, mock=mock)

tests/test_compute_stats.py

@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ from lerobot.common.datasets.compute_stats import (
 )
 
 
-def mock_load_image_as_numpy(path, dtype, channel_first):
+def mock_load_image_as_numpy(_path, dtype, channel_first):
     return np.ones((3, 32, 32), dtype=dtype) if channel_first else np.ones((32, 32, 3), dtype=dtype)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="sample_array")
-def sample_array():
+def fixture_sample_array():
     return np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
 
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def test_sample_indices():
 
 
 @patch("lerobot.common.datasets.compute_stats.load_image_as_numpy", side_effect=mock_load_image_as_numpy)
-def test_sample_images(mock_load):
+def test_sample_images(_mock_load):
     image_paths = [f"image_{i}.jpg" for i in range(100)]
     images = sample_images(image_paths)
     assert isinstance(images, np.ndarray)

tests/test_datasets.py

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ from tests.fixtures.constants import DUMMY_CHW, DUMMY_HWC, DUMMY_REPO_ID
 from tests.utils import require_x86_64_kernel
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="image_dataset")
-def image_dataset(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
+def fixture_image_dataset(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
     features = {
         "image": {
             "dtype": "image",
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ def test_factory(env_name, repo_id, policy_name):
             if required:
                 assert key in item, f"{key}"
             else:
-                logging.warning(f'Missing key in dataset: "{key}" not in {dataset}.')
+                logging.warning('Missing key in dataset: "%s" not in %s.', key, dataset)
                 continue
 
         if delta_timestamps is not None and key in delta_timestamps:

tests/test_delta_timestamps.py

@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ def calculate_episode_data_index(hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset) -> dict[str, np.n
     table = hf_dataset.data.table
     total_episodes = calculate_total_episode(hf_dataset)
     for ep_idx in range(total_episodes):
-        ep_table = table.filter(pc.equal(table["episode_index"], ep_idx))
+        ep_table = table.filter(
+            pc.equal(table["episode_index"], ep_idx)
+        )  # TODO(Steven): What is this check supposed to do?
         episode_lengths.insert(ep_idx, len(ep_table))
 
     cumulative_lengths = list(accumulate(episode_lengths))
@@ -52,8 +54,8 @@ def calculate_episode_data_index(hf_dataset: datasets.Dataset) -> dict[str, np.n
     }
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="synced_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def synced_timestamps_factory(hf_dataset_factory):
+def fixture_synced_timestamps_factory(hf_dataset_factory):
     def _create_synced_timestamps(fps: int = 30) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
         hf_dataset = hf_dataset_factory(fps=fps)
         timestamps = torch.stack(hf_dataset["timestamp"]).numpy()
@@ -64,8 +66,8 @@ def synced_timestamps_factory(hf_dataset_factory):
     return _create_synced_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="unsynced_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def unsynced_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
+def fixture_unsynced_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
     def _create_unsynced_timestamps(
         fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4
     ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
@@ -76,8 +78,8 @@ def unsynced_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
     return _create_unsynced_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="slightly_off_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def slightly_off_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
+def fixture_slightly_off_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
     def _create_slightly_off_timestamps(
         fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4
     ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
@@ -88,22 +90,26 @@ def slightly_off_timestamps_factory(synced_timestamps_factory):
     return _create_slightly_off_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="valid_delta_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def valid_delta_timestamps_factory():
+def fixture_valid_delta_timestamps_factory():
     def _create_valid_delta_timestamps(
-        fps: int = 30, keys: list = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES, min_max_range: tuple[int, int] = (-10, 10)
+        fps: int = 30, keys: list | None = None, min_max_range: tuple[int, int] = (-10, 10)
     ) -> dict:
+        if keys is None:
+            keys = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
         delta_timestamps = {key: [i * (1 / fps) for i in range(*min_max_range)] for key in keys}
         return delta_timestamps
 
     return _create_valid_delta_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="invalid_delta_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def invalid_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
+def fixture_invalid_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
     def _create_invalid_delta_timestamps(
-        fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4, keys: list = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
+        fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4, keys: list | None = None
     ) -> dict:
+        if keys is None:
+            keys = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
         delta_timestamps = valid_delta_timestamps_factory(fps, keys)
         # Modify a single timestamp just outside tolerance
         for key in keys:
@@ -113,11 +119,13 @@ def invalid_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
     return _create_invalid_delta_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="slightly_off_delta_timestamps_factory", scope="module")
-def slightly_off_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
+def fixture_slightly_off_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
     def _create_slightly_off_delta_timestamps(
-        fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4, keys: list = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
+        fps: int = 30, tolerance_s: float = 1e-4, keys: list | None = None
     ) -> dict:
+        if keys is None:
+            keys = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
         delta_timestamps = valid_delta_timestamps_factory(fps, keys)
         # Modify a single timestamp just inside tolerance
         for key in delta_timestamps:
@@ -128,9 +136,11 @@ def slightly_off_delta_timestamps_factory(valid_delta_timestamps_factory):
     return _create_slightly_off_delta_timestamps
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+@pytest.fixture(name="delta_indices_factory", scope="module")
-def delta_indices_factory():
+def fixture_delta_indices_factory():
-    def _delta_indices(keys: list = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES, min_max_range: tuple[int, int] = (-10, 10)) -> dict:
+    def _delta_indices(keys: list | None = None, min_max_range: tuple[int, int] = (-10, 10)) -> dict:
+        if keys is None:
+            keys = DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES
         return {key: list(range(*min_max_range)) for key in keys}
 
     return _delta_indices

tests/test_examples.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _run_script(path):
 
 
 def _read_file(path):
-    with open(path) as file:
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as file:
         return file.read()
 
 

tests/test_image_transforms.py

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ from tests.scripts.save_image_transforms_to_safetensors import ARTIFACT_DIR
 from tests.utils import require_x86_64_kernel
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="color_jitters")
-def color_jitters():
+def fixture_color_jitters():
     return [
         v2.ColorJitter(brightness=0.5),
         v2.ColorJitter(contrast=0.5),
@@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ def color_jitters():
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="single_transforms")
-def single_transforms():
+def fixture_single_transforms():
     return load_file(ARTIFACT_DIR / "single_transforms.safetensors")
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="img_tensor")
-def img_tensor(single_transforms):
+def fixture_img_tensor(single_transforms):
     return single_transforms["original_frame"]
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="default_transforms")
-def default_transforms():
+def fixture_default_transforms():
     return load_file(ARTIFACT_DIR / "default_transforms.safetensors")
 
 

tests/test_io_utils.py

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ import pytest
 from lerobot.common.utils.io_utils import deserialize_json_into_object
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="tmp_json_file")
-def tmp_json_file(tmp_path: Path):
+def fixture_tmp_json_file(tmp_path: Path):
     """Writes `data` to a temporary JSON file and returns the file's path."""
 
     def _write(data: Any) -> Path:

tests/test_logging_utils.py

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import pytest
 from lerobot.common.utils.logging_utils import AverageMeter, MetricsTracker
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(name="mock_metrics")
-def mock_metrics():
+def fixture_mock_metrics():
     return {"loss": AverageMeter("loss", ":.3f"), "accuracy": AverageMeter("accuracy", ":.2f")}
 
 
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ def test_metrics_tracker_getattr(mock_metrics):
         _ = tracker.non_existent_metric
 
 
+# TODO(Steven): I don't understand what's supposed to happen here
 def test_metrics_tracker_setattr(mock_metrics):
     tracker = MetricsTracker(batch_size=32, num_frames=1000, num_episodes=50, metrics=mock_metrics)
     tracker.loss = 2.0

tests/test_online_buffer.py

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def test_non_mutate():
 def test_index_error_no_data():
     buffer, _ = make_new_buffer()
     with pytest.raises(IndexError):
-        buffer[0]
+        _ = buffer[0]
 
 
 def test_index_error_with_data():
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ def test_index_error_with_data():
     new_data = make_spoof_data_frames(1, n_frames)
     buffer.add_data(new_data)
     with pytest.raises(IndexError):
-        buffer[n_frames]
+        _ = buffer[n_frames]
     with pytest.raises(IndexError):
-        buffer[-n_frames - 1]
+        _ = buffer[-n_frames - 1]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("do_reload", [False, True])
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def test_delta_timestamps_outside_tolerance_inside_episode_range():
     buffer.add_data(new_data)
     buffer.tolerance_s = 0.04
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
-        buffer[2]
+        _ = buffer[2]
 
 
 def test_delta_timestamps_outside_tolerance_outside_episode_range():
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ def test_compute_sampler_weights_trivial(
     weights = compute_sampler_weights(
         offline_dataset, online_dataset=online_dataset, online_sampling_ratio=online_sampling_ratio
     )
+    expected_weights: torch.Tensor = None
     if offline_dataset_size == 0 or online_dataset_size == 0:
         expected_weights = torch.ones(offline_dataset_size + online_dataset_size)
     elif online_sampling_ratio == 0:

tests/test_policies.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name, unused-argument
 import inspect
 from copy import deepcopy
 from pathlib import Path

tests/test_random_utils.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name, unused-argument
 import random
 
 import numpy as np

tests/utils.py

@@ -32,16 +32,16 @@ from lerobot.common.utils.import_utils import is_package_available
 DEVICE = os.environ.get("LEROBOT_TEST_DEVICE", "cuda") if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
 
 TEST_ROBOT_TYPES = []
-for robot_type in available_robots:
+for available_robot_type in available_robots:
-    TEST_ROBOT_TYPES += [(robot_type, True), (robot_type, False)]
+    TEST_ROBOT_TYPES += [(available_robot_type, True), (available_robot_type, False)]
 
 TEST_CAMERA_TYPES = []
-for camera_type in available_cameras:
+for available_camera_type in available_cameras:
-    TEST_CAMERA_TYPES += [(camera_type, True), (camera_type, False)]
+    TEST_CAMERA_TYPES += [(available_camera_type, True), (available_camera_type, False)]
 
 TEST_MOTOR_TYPES = []
-for motor_type in available_motors:
+for available_motor_type in available_motors:
-    TEST_MOTOR_TYPES += [(motor_type, True), (motor_type, False)]
+    TEST_MOTOR_TYPES += [(available_motor_type, True), (available_motor_type, False)]
 
 # Camera indices used for connecting physical cameras
 OPENCV_CAMERA_INDEX = int(os.environ.get("LEROBOT_TEST_OPENCV_CAMERA_INDEX", 0))
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ def require_x86_64_kernel(func):
     """
     Decorator that skips the test if plateform device is not an x86_64 cpu.
     """
-    from functools import wraps
 
     @wraps(func)
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ def require_cpu(func):
     """
     Decorator that skips the test if device is not cpu.
     """
-    from functools import wraps
 
     @wraps(func)
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -102,7 +100,6 @@ def require_cuda(func):
     """
     Decorator that skips the test if cuda is not available.
     """
-    from functools import wraps
 
     @wraps(func)
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -288,17 +285,17 @@ def mock_calibration_dir(calibration_dir):
         "motor_names": ["shoulder_pan", "shoulder_lift", "elbow_flex", "wrist_flex", "wrist_roll", "gripper"],
     }
     Path(str(calibration_dir)).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "main_follower.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "main_follower.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "main_leader.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "main_leader.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "left_follower.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "left_follower.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "left_leader.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "left_leader.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "right_follower.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "right_follower.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)
-    with open(calibration_dir / "right_leader.json", "w") as f:
+    with open(calibration_dir / "right_leader.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(example_calib, f)